A Qualidade da energia elétrica é caracterizada pela disponibilidade da energia através de uma forma de onda senoidal pura, sem alterações na amplitude e freqüência. No entanto situações transitórias em sistemas de potência são comuns e estas podem provocar inúmeras interferências indesejáveis. Neste contexto, este trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver um algoritmo para detectar, localizar no tempo e classificar diversos distúrbios que ocorrem no sistema elétrico através da aplicação da transformada wavelet (TW). Foi realizado um estudo teórico desde a origem até os recentes avanços sobre a TW. Para a detecção e localização no tempo foi utilizada apenas a TW. Com relação à classificação foram comparadas três ferramentas matemáticas: TW, TRF (Transformada Rápida de Fourier) e RNA (Redes Neurais Artificiais). Através do software ATP (Alternative Transients Program) foi modelado um sistema de distribuição, cujas características seguem um sistema real. Todos os distúrbios de tensão gerados e analisados puderam ser detectados e localizados no tempo através da técnica de análise multiresolução. Em relação à classificação, foi realizada uma comparação entre a TW, a TRF e RNA com resultados satisfatórios, destacando dentre elas a TRF e a RNA. Pode-se concluir que os resultados obtidos através do algoritmo mostraram-se eficientes tanto no aspecto da detecção, localização e classificação, assim como na estimação da amplitude do distúrbio e da duração do distúrbio. / A perfect power supply would be one that is always available, maintaining the supply voltage and frequency within certain limits, and supplying pure noise free sinusoidal waveform. Nevertheless, transient events are usual in power systems, resulting in several interferences. The purpose of this study is for detecting, locating in time and to classifying with wavelet transform (WT) several disturbances that occur on power systems. A WT theoretical revision, referring to the first mention in wavelet up to the recent research advances is presented. Only WT was used in order to detect and locate in time the power system disturbances. For classification, three mathematical tools were compared: WT, FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) and ANN (Artificial Neural Networks). A distribution System, with identical characteristics as the real distribution system, was performed with ATP software (Alternative Transients Program). The results showed that multiresolution analysis technique is able to detect and locate all the generated and analyzed voltage disturbances. For classification the results were similar for the WT, FFT and ANN, however FFT and ANN results presented a better performance. The results conclude that the WT algorithm is efficient at detecting, localizing and classifying power system disturbances, as well as, at estimating the amplitude and duration of the voltage disturbance.

Resolver um problema de processamento de imagens pode ser uma tarefa bastante complexa. Em geral, isto depende de diversos fatores, como o conhecimento, experiência e intuição de um especialista, e o conhecimento do domínio da aplicação em questão. Motivados por tal complexidade, alguns grupos de pesquisa têm trabalhado na criação de técnicas para projetar operadores de imagens automaticamente, a partir de uma coleção de exemplos de entrada e saída do operador desejado. A abordagem multirresolução tem sido empregada com sucesso no projeto estatístico de W-operadores de janelas grandes. Esta metodologia usa uma estrutura piramidal de janelas para auxiliar na estimação das distribuições de probabilidade condicional para padrões não observados no conjunto de treinamento. No entanto, a qualidade do operador projetado depende diretamente da pirâmide escolhida. Tal escolha é feita pelo projetista a partir de sua intuição e de seu conhecimento prévio sobre o problema. Neste trabalho, investigamos o uso da entropia condicional como um critério para determinar automaticamente uma boa pirâmide a ser usada no projeto do W-operador. Para isto, desenvolvemos uma técnica que utiliza o arcabouço piramidal multirresolução como um modelo na estimação da distribuição conjunta de probabilidades. Experimentos com o problema de reconhecimento de dígitos manuscritos foram realizados para avaliar o desempenho do método. Utilizamos duas bases de dados diferentes, com bons resultados. Além disso, outra contribuição deste trabalho foi a experimentação com mapeamentos de resolução da teoria de pirâmides de imagens no contexto do projeto de W-operadores multirresolução. / The task of finding a good solution for an image processing problem is often very complex. It usually depends on the knowledge, experience and intuition of an image processing specialist. This complexity has served as a motivation for some research groups to create techniques for automatically designing image operators based on a collection of input and output examples of a desired operator. The multiresolution approach has been successfully used to statistically design W-operators for large windows. However, the success of this method directly depends on the adequate choice of a pyramidal window structure, which is used to aid in the estimation of the conditional probability distributions for patterns that do not appear in the training set. The choice is made by the designer, based on his intuition and previous knowledge of the problem domain. In this work, we investigate the use of the conditional entropy criterion for automatically determining a good pyramid. In order to compute the entropy, we have developed a technique that uses the multiresolution pyramidal framework as a model in the estimation of the joint probability distribution. The performance of the method is evaluated on the problem of handwritten digits recognition. Two different databases are used, with good practical results. Another important contribution of this work is the experimentation with resolution mappings from image pyramids theory in the context of multiresolution W-operator design.

Ce manuscrit présente des contributions aux méthodes de propagation et d’analyse d’incertitude pour des applications en Mécanique des Fluides Numérique. Dans un premier temps, deux schémas numériques innovantes sont présentées: une approche de type ”Collocation”, et une autre qui est basée sur une représentation de type ”Volumes Finis” dans l’espace stochastique. Dans les deux, l’élément clé est donné par l’introduction d’une représentation de type ”Multirésolution” dans l’espace stochastique. L’objectif est à la fois de réduire le nombre de dimensions et d’appliquer un algorithme d’adaptation de maillage qui puisse être utilisé dans l’espace couplé physique/stochastique pour des problèmes non-stationnaires. Pour finir, une stratégie d’optimisation robuste est proposée, qui est basée sur une analyse de décompositionde la variance et des moments statistiques d’ordre plus élevé. Dans ce cas, l’objectif est de traiter des problèmes avec un grand nombre d’incertitudes. / In this manuscript, three main contributions are illustrated concerning the propagation and the analysis of uncertainty for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) applications. First, two novel numerical schemes are proposed : one based on a collocation approach, and the other one based on a finite volume like representation in the stochastic space. In both the approaches, the key element is the introduction of anon-linear multiresolution representation in the stochastic space. The aim is twofold : reducing the dimensionality of the discrete solution and applying a time-dependent refinement/coarsening procedure in the combined physical/stochastic space. Finally, an innovative strategy, based on variance-based analysis, is proposed for handling problems with a moderate large number of uncertainties in the context of the robust design optimization. Aiming to make more robust this novel optimization strategies, the common ANOVA-like approach is also extended to high-order central moments (up to fourth order). The new approach is more robust, with respect to the original variance-based one, since the analysis relies on new sensitivity indexes associated to a more complete statistic description.

Cette thèse traite de la modélisation et la diffusion de grandes scènes 3D naturelles. Nous visons à fournir des techniques pour permettre à des utilisateurs de naviguer à distance dans une scène 3D naturelle, tout en assurant la cohérence botanique et l'interactivité. Tout d'abord, nous fournissons une technique de compression multi-résolution, fondée sur la normalisation, l'instanciation, la décorrélation, et sur le codage entropique des informations géometriques pour des modèles de plantes. Ensuite, nous étudions la transmission efficace de ces objets 3D. L'algorithme de paquétisation proposé fonctionne pour la plupart des représentations multi-résolution d'objet 3D. Nous validons les techniques de paquétisation par des expériences sur un WAN (Wide Area Network), avec et sans contrôle de congestion (Datagram Congestion Control Protocol). Enfin, nous abordons les questions du streaming au niveau de la scène. Nous optimisons le traitement des requêtes du côté serveur en fournissant une structure de données adaptée et nous préparons le terrain pour nos travaux futurs sur l'évolutivité et le déploiement de systèmes distribués de streaming 3D. / This thesis deals with the modeling and the interactive streaming of large natural 3D scenes. We aim at providing techniques to allow the remote walkthrough of users in a natural 3D scene ensuring botanical coherency and interactivity.First, we provide a compact and progressive representation for botanically realistic plant models. The topological structure and the geometry of the plants are represented by generalized cylinders. We provide a multi-resolution compression scheme, based on standardization and instantiation, on difference-based decorrelation, and on entropy coding. Then, we study efficient transmission of these 3D objects. The proposed packetization scheme works for any multi-resolution 3D representation. We validate our packetization schemes with extensive experiments over a WAN (Wide Area Network), with and without congestion control (Datagram Congestion Control Protocol). Finally, we address issues on streaming at the scene-level. We optimize the viewpoint culling requests on server-side by providing an adapted datastructure and we prepare the ground for our further work on scalability and deployment of distributed 3D streaming systems.

A Qualidade da energia elétrica é caracterizada pela disponibilidade da energia através de uma forma de onda senoidal pura, sem alterações na amplitude e freqüência. No entanto situações transitórias em sistemas de potência são comuns e estas podem provocar inúmeras interferências indesejáveis. Neste contexto, este trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver um algoritmo para detectar, localizar no tempo e classificar diversos distúrbios que ocorrem no sistema elétrico através da aplicação da transformada wavelet (TW). Foi realizado um estudo teórico desde a origem até os recentes avanços sobre a TW. Para a detecção e localização no tempo foi utilizada apenas a TW. Com relação à classificação foram comparadas três ferramentas matemáticas: TW, TRF (Transformada Rápida de Fourier) e RNA (Redes Neurais Artificiais). Através do software ATP (Alternative Transients Program) foi modelado um sistema de distribuição, cujas características seguem um sistema real. Todos os distúrbios de tensão gerados e analisados puderam ser detectados e localizados no tempo através da técnica de análise multiresolução. Em relação à classificação, foi realizada uma comparação entre a TW, a TRF e RNA com resultados satisfatórios, destacando dentre elas a TRF e a RNA. Pode-se concluir que os resultados obtidos através do algoritmo mostraram-se eficientes tanto no aspecto da detecção, localização e classificação, assim como na estimação da amplitude do distúrbio e da duração do distúrbio. / A perfect power supply would be one that is always available, maintaining the supply voltage and frequency within certain limits, and supplying pure noise free sinusoidal waveform. Nevertheless, transient events are usual in power systems, resulting in several interferences. The purpose of this study is for detecting, locating in time and to classifying with wavelet transform (WT) several disturbances that occur on power systems. A WT theoretical revision, referring to the first mention in wavelet up to the recent research advances is presented. Only WT was used in order to detect and locate in time the power system disturbances. For classification, three mathematical tools were compared: WT, FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) and ANN (Artificial Neural Networks). A distribution System, with identical characteristics as the real distribution system, was performed with ATP software (Alternative Transients Program). The results showed that multiresolution analysis technique is able to detect and locate all the generated and analyzed voltage disturbances. For classification the results were similar for the WT, FFT and ANN, however FFT and ANN results presented a better performance. The results conclude that the WT algorithm is efficient at detecting, localizing and classifying power system disturbances, as well as, at estimating the amplitude and duration of the voltage disturbance.

[pt] Este trabalho apresenta um método para extração de malhas poligonais adaptativas em multi-resolução, a partir de objetos volumétricos. As principais aplicações da extração de malhas estão ligadas à área médica, dinâmica de fluidos, geociências, meteorologia, dentre outras. Nestas áreas os dados podem ser representados como objetos volumétricos. Nos dados volumétricos as informações estão representadas implicitamente, o que dificulta o processamento direto dos objetos que se encontram representados dentro do volume. A extração da malha visa obter uma representação explícita dos objetos, de modo a viabilizar o processamento dos mesmos. O método apresentado na tese procura extrair a malha a partir de processos de Simplicação e Refinamento. Durante a simplificação é extraída uma representação super amostrada do objeto (na mesma resolução do volume inicial), a qual é simplificada de modo a se obter uma malha base ou malha grossa, em baixa resolução, porém contendo a topologia correta do objeto. A etapa de refinamento utiliza a transformada de distâ ncia para obter uma representação da malha em multi-resolução, ou seja, a cada instante é obtida uma malha de maior resolução que vai se adaptando progressivamente à geometria do objeto. A malha final apresenta uma série de propriedades importantes, como boa razão de aspecto dos triângulos, converge para a superfície do objeto, pode ser aplicada tanto a objetos com borda quanto a objetos sem borda, pode ser aplicada tanto a superfície conexas quanto a não conexas, dentre outras. / [en] This work presents a method for extracting multiresolution adaptive polygonal meshes, from volumetric objects. Main aplications of this work are related to medical area, fluid dynamics, geosciences, metheorology and others. In these areas data may be represented as volumetric objects. Volumetric datasets are implicit representations of objects, so it s very dificult to apply directly any process to these objects. Mesh extraction obtains an explicit representation of the objetc, such that it s easier to process directly the objects. The presented method extracts the mesh from two main processes: Simplification and Refinement. The simplification step extracts a supersampled representation of the object (in the same volume resolution), and simplifies it in such a way to obtain a base mesh (or coarse mesh), in a low resolution, but containing the correct topology of the object. Refinement step uses the distance transform to obtain a multiresolution representation of the mesh, it means that at each instant it s obtained an adaptive higher resolution mesh. The final mesh presents a set of important properties, like good triangle aspect ratio, convergency to the object surface, may be applied as to objects with boundary and as to objects with multiple connected components, among others properties.

La génération de formes naturelles a été le sujet de nombreuses recherches depuis plusieurs années. Plusieurs méthodes ont été proposées afin de générer des objets naturels et réalistes tels que des terrains, des plantes et arbres, des nuages, etc. Les modèles itératifs sont très connus dans ce domaine de recherche grâce à leur capacité à générer des formes rugueuses et complexes qui sont adaptées à la représentation d’objets naturels. L’inconvénient majeur de tels modèles est le manque de contrôle sur le résultat final. Ce dernier peut venir de la méthode de construction stochastique interdisant tout contrôle par définition. Pour les modèles dont la construction est déterministe, les paramètres de générations sont souvent non intuitifs et limitent ainsi le contrôle. Pour ces raisons un grand nombre de recherches ont port sur le problème du contrôle de ces modèles ainsi que sur la possibilité d’utiliser des modèles non-itératifs (esquisses, basés exemples, etc.). Bien souvent, le contrôle introduit par ces modèles est un contrôle global, c’est-à-dire sur la totalité de l’objet final et ne prend donc pas en compte les détails locaux de ce dernier. Dans notre travail, nous nous attaquons au problème du contrôle sur les formes naturelles en tenant compte du contrôle local. À cette fin, nous introduisons deux modèles différents. Le premier repose sur un formalisme itératif avec notion de détail qui se dicline en deux sous-familles, l’une basée sur les IFS et l’autre basée sur les surfaces de subdivision. Le deuxième modèle permet l’édition de caractéristiques d’un terrain sous forme de primitives vectorielles puis la génération du terrain par une méthode de diffusion guidée. Cette dernière fait l’objet d’une implémentation parallèle sur la carte graphique (GPU). / The generation of natural shapes has been the subject of much research for many years. Several methods have been proposed to generate realistic natural objects such as terrain, plants and trees, clouds, etc... Iterative models are well known in this field of research due to their ability to generate complex and rough shapes that are adapted to the representation of natural objects. The major drawback of such models is the lack of control over the final result. The latter can come from the stochastic construction method which prevents any control by definition. For models whose construction is deterministic, the parameters of generation are often non-intuitive and thus limit control. For these reasons many studieshave focused on the problem of controlling these models as well as the possibility of using non-iterative models (sketches, based on examples, etc). Often, control introduced by these models is a global control, on the whole final object and therefore does not include local details of this object. In our work, we focus in the problem of control over natural shapes, taking into account local control. To this end, we introduce two different models. The first is based on an iterative formalism with detail concept which is divided into two subfamilies, one based on IFS and the other one based on subdivisionsurfaces. The second model allows the editing of terrain features under a form of vectorial primitives which one used to generate the terrain by guided diffusion method. The latter is the subject of a parallel implementation on graphics card (GPU).

Fluidized bed dryers are used in the pharmaceutical industry for the batch drying of pharmaceutical granulate. Maintaining optimal hydrodynamic conditions throughout the drying process is essential to product quality. Due to the complex interactions inherent in the fluidized bed drying process, mechanistic models capable of identifying these optimal modes of operation are either unavailable or limited in their capabilities. Therefore, empirical models based on experimentally generated data are relied upon to study these systems.<p> Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Squares (PLS) are multivariate statistical techniques that project data onto linear subspaces that are the most descriptive of variance in a dataset. By modeling data in terms of these subspaces, a more parsimonious representation of the system is possible. In this study, PCA and PLS are applied to data collected from a fluidized bed dryer containing pharmaceutical granulate. <p>System hydrodynamics were quantified in the models using high frequency pressure fluctuation measurements. These pressure fluctuations have previously been identified as a characteristic variable of hydrodynamics in fluidized bed systems. As such, contributions from the macroscale, mesoscale, and microscales of motion are encoded into the signals. A multiresolutional decomposition using a discrete wavelet transformation was used to resolve these signals into components more representative of these individual scales before modeling the data. <p>The combination of multiresolutional analysis with PCA and PLS was shown to be an effective approach for modeling the conditions in the fluidized bed dryer. In this study, datasets from both steady state and transient operation of the dryer were analyzed. The steady state dataset contained measurements made on a bed of dry granulate and the transient dataset consisted of measurements taken during the batch drying of granulate from approximately 33 wt.% moisture to 5 wt.%. Correlations involving several scales of motion were identified in both studies.<p> In the steady state study, deterministic behavior related to superficial velocity, pressure sensor position, and granulate particle size distribution was observed in PCA model parameters. It was determined that these properties could be characterized solely with the use of the high frequency pressure fluctuation data. Macroscopic hydrodynamic characteristics such as bubbling frequency and fluidization regime were identified in the low frequency components of the pressure signals and the particle scale interactions of the microscale were shown to be correlated to the highest frequency signal components. PLS models were able to characterize the effects of superficial velocity, pressure sensor position, and granulate particle size distribution in terms of the pressure signal components. Additionally, it was determined that statistical process control charts capable of monitoring the fluid bed hydrodynamics could be constructed using PCA<p>In the transient drying experiments, deterministic behaviors related to inlet air temperature, pressure sensor position, and initial bed mass were observed in PCA and PLS model parameters. The lowest frequency component of the pressure signal was found to be correlated to the overall temperature effects during the drying cycle. As in the steady state study, bubbling behavior was also observed in the low frequency components of the pressure signal. PLS was used to construct an inferential model of granulate moisture content. The model was found to be capable of predicting the moisture throughout the drying cycle. Preliminary statistical process control models were constructed to monitor the fluid bed hydrodynamics throughout the drying process. These models show promise but will require further investigation to better determine sensitivity to process upsets.<p> In addition to PCA and PLS analyses, Multiway Principal Component Analysis (MPCA) was used to model the drying process. Several key states related to the mass transfer of moisture and changes in temperature throughout the drying cycle were identified in the MPCA model parameters. It was determined that the mass transfer of moisture throughout the drying process affects all scales of motion and overshadows other hydrodynamic behaviors found in the pressure signals.

With the proliferation of smart devices that require Internet connectivity anytime, anywhere, and the recent technological advances that make it possible, current networked systems will have to provide a various range of services, such as content distribution, in a wide range of settings, including wireless environments. Wireless links may experience temporary losses, however, TCP, the de facto protocol for robust unicast communications, reacts by reducing the congestion window drastically and injecting less traffic in the network. Consequently the wireless links are underutilized and the overall performance of the TCP protocol in wireless environments is poor. As content delivery (i.e. multicasting) services, such as BBC iPlayer, become popular, the network needs to support the reliable transport of the data at high rates, and with specific delay constraints. A typical approach to deliver content in a scalable way is to rely on peer-to-peer technology (used by BitTorrent, Spotify and PPLive), where users share their resources, including bandwidth, storage space, and processing power. Still, these systems suffer from the lack of incentives for resource sharing and cooperation, and this problem is exacerbated in the presence of heterogenous users, where a tit-for-tat scheme is difficult to implement. Due to the issues highlighted above, current network architectures need to be changed in order to accommodate the users¿ demands for reliable and quality communications. In other words, the emergent need for advanced modes of information transport requires revisiting and improving network components at various levels of the network stack. The innovative paradigm of network coding has been shown as a promising technique to change the design of networked systems, by providing a shift from how data flows traditionally move through the network. This shift implies that data flows are no longer kept separate, according to the ¿store-and-forward¿ model, but they are also processed and mixed in the network. By appropriately combining data by means of network coding, it is expected to obtain significant benefits in several areas of network design and architecture. In this thesis, we set out to show the benefits of including network coding into three communication paradigms, namely point-topoint communications (e.g. unicast), point-to-multipoint communications (e.g. multicast), and multipoint-to-multipoint communications (e.g. peer-to-peer networks). For the first direction, we propose a network coding-based multipath scheme and show that TCP unicast sessions are feasible in highly volatile wireless environments. For point-to-multipoint communications, we give an algorithm to optimally achieve all the rate pairs from the rate region in the case of degraded multicast over the combination network. We also propose a system for live streaming that ensures reliability and quality of service to heterogenous users, even if data transmissions occur over lossy wireless links. Finally, for multipoint-to-multipoint communications, we design a system to provide incentives for live streaming in a peer-to-peer setting, where users have subscribed to different levels of quality. Our work shows that network coding enables a reliable transport of data, even in highly volatile environments, or in delay sensitive scenarios such as live streaming, and facilitates the implementation of an efficient incentive system, even in the presence of heterogenous users. Thus, network coding can solve the challenges faced by next generation networks in order to support advanced information transport.

Electronic imaging technologies are faced with the challenge of power consumption when transmitting large amounts of image data from the acquisition imager to the display or processing devices. This is especially a concern for portable applications, and becomes more prominent in increasingly high-resolution, high-frame rate imagers. Therefore, new sampling techniques are needed to minimize transmitted data, while maximizing the conveyed image information. <br /><br /> From this point of view, two approaches have been proposed and implemented in this thesis: <ol> <li> A system-level approach, in which the classical 1D row sampling CMOS imager is modified to a 2D ring sampling pyramidal architecture, using the same standard three transistor (3T) active pixel sensor (APS). </li> <li> A device-level approach, in which the classical orthogonal architecture has been preserved while altering the APS device structure, to design an expandable multiresolution image sensor. </li> </ol> A new scanning scheme has been suggested for the pyramidal image sensor, resulting in an intrascene foveated dynamic range (FDR) similar in profile to that of the human eye. In this scheme, the inner rings of the imager have a higher dynamic range than the outer rings. The pyramidal imager transmits the sampled image through 8 parallel output channels, allowing higher frame rates. The human eye is known to have less sensitivity to oblique contrast. Using this fact on the typical oblique distribution of fixed pattern noise, we demonstrate lower perception of this noise than the orthogonal FPN distribution of classical CMOS imagers. <br /><br /> The multiresolution image sensor principle is based on averaging regions of low interest from frame-sampled image kernels. One pixel is read from each kernel while keeping pixels in the region of interest at their high resolution. This significantly reduces the transferred data and increases the frame rate. Such architecture allows for programmability and expandability of multiresolution imaging applications.