ABSTRACT This paper describes the limitations of the housing policy in Botswana when dealing with poverty alleviation. Botswana is faced with high levels of poverty that does not conform to the country’s economic success since independence. Very few opportunities exist for the urban poor to earn a living and work themselves out of poverty. Efforts to address poverty in the past yielded mixed results and failed the urban poor more especially that the interventions were biased towards rural areas. Evidence has been provided that housing has a critical role to play in poverty alleviation. The Government of Botswana has put in place housing projects (one of which is used for this enquiry) through which poverty can be addressed alongside other human needs such as shelter. An enabling environment has to be created for the successful exploitation of housing for poverty alleviation. It is therefore imperative that the government ensures the existence of such an environment.

This study examines the 21 competency domains of the National Policy Board of Educational Administration (NPBEA) and their importance in a collaborative effort like Cities in Schools (CIS). The purpose of the study was to identify the knowledge and skills which school principals need to facilitate an integrated service model. Data were compiled from a survey mailed to 195 CIS principals in the southeastern region of the United States. The 21 domains were rated and indicators in each of the domains were selected as essential to a CIS program. Conclusions of the study emphasize the importance of the 21 NPBEA domains when working with an interagency model. Factors such as, the length of time a principal had worked with CIS, the number of agencies involved, the percentage of children receiving free and reduced lunches and the gender of the responding principal were significant in determining the domains that principals selected as important. The domains found most significant were: motivating others, interpersonal sensitivity, leadership, delegation, staff development, judgment, problem analysis, student guidance, and written expression.

<p>The aim of this study is to find out in which way the education about climate in school is taught and how the students experience the world situation today. There are various theories about the greenhouse effect and its origin and these theories should be addressed to ensure that students get a broader understanding of how climate change occurs. This includes the natural phenomena and also the human impact on climate change. Students in school are a source of concern that only human are the cause of global warming, and know little or almost nothing about the natural phenomena of global warming.  I will mention what has emphasized in the national steering documents in the case of environmental education at school.</p><p>I have used a qualitative method, where interviews and document analysis were used as techniques. The interviews took place with five students in ninth grade and with three science teachers in the same school.</p>

This study aims at examining the prospects for a policy transfer of a Swedish municipal environmental policy (that of Växjö) to the French urban commune Blois, for which an ambition of becoming a leading eco-city in France, was declared by the mayor in 2008. In the analysis, emphasis is laid on mechanisms to institutionalize the main environmental policy principles, such as political and institutional structures and processes. Other prospects for an institutionalization of a new environmental policy that are to be investigated are economic structures as well as visions of the different decision-makers concerned. Research methods used in the study are qualitative interviews, document studies and a questionnaire. The findings of the analysis show that today’s prospects for an environmental policy in Blois close to that of Växjö, are clearly limited. The limitations can partly be found in economic structures but these seem to be rather related to a lack of priority amongst actors. Moreover, problems have been identified arising from administrative complexity with a lack of internal integration. There is a commitment amongst some of the actors working with environmental issues, but the complexity of decision-makers involved together with unclear priorities make a developed strategic approach hard to achieve.

The aim of this study is to find out in which way the education about climate in school is taught and how the students experience the world situation today. There are various theories about the greenhouse effect and its origin and these theories should be addressed to ensure that students get a broader understanding of how climate change occurs. This includes the natural phenomena and also the human impact on climate change. Students in school are a source of concern that only human are the cause of global warming, and know little or almost nothing about the natural phenomena of global warming.  I will mention what has emphasized in the national steering documents in the case of environmental education at school. I have used a qualitative method, where interviews and document analysis were used as techniques. The interviews took place with five students in ninth grade and with three science teachers in the same school.

Health indicators in Papua New Guinea (PNG) are poor by virtually any standards and have declined over the last 2 decades. As in other developing countries that find it impossible to achieve ‘health for all’ through western medical services alone, the idea of developing an integrated health system, one that incorporates traditional medicine, has been proposed as a way of addressing poor health status. The idea of developing an integrated health system in PNG is not new but only recently has it translated into action with tangible results including a draft ‘National Policy on Traditional Medicine for Papua New Guinea’. Over many years researchers have bemoaned the paucity of information on cultural beliefs and treatment practices that could make the incorporation of traditional medicine into the health system, along the lines proposed in the National Policy, better informed. To date this information gap has not been filled. / The thesis includes a review of literature on traditional medicine around PNG and the results of a case study conducted by indigenous research assistants among the Nasioi speakers of Central Bougainville. An international perspective is brought to bear through a critique of theoretical models of integration and a review of practical experiences in other countries that have tried to develop various types of integrated health systems. Information from each of these sources is considered in an endeavour to address the urgent need for information to inform the implementation of the National Policy on Traditional Medicine for Papua New Guinea. / All available studies on traditional medicine in PNG were included in the literature review. Despite PNG's vast cultural diversity it became evident that some common elements exist between different cultural groups. / The case study used a focused ethnographic approach to examine treatment-seeking responses to illness and associated beliefs and decision-making criteria in relation to traditional and modern medicine. It also investigated the organization of traditional health services, attitudes towards an integrated health system and the potential for practitioners to collaborate with one another. The case study made it possible to focus on pertinent issues that had not been covered in earlier studies. The case study suggests that in areas where the organization of and attitudes toward traditional medicine resemble those in the Nasioi area there may be great potential for a health system that incorporates traditional medicine to deliver health benefits to communities. The case study also serves as an example of research that could be replicated or adapted by provinces that need more information about their own situation before embarking on the process of incorporating traditional medicine into the local health system. / The process by which integration might proceed in PNG is considered in the context of integration experiences in other countries. Although ideologically attractive, total integration is not realistic for PNG at this stage. The informality and lack of documentation on traditional medicine as well as the lack of resources to support the development of an integrated health system mean that PNG’s own version of an incorporated or collaborative model of integration is more appropriate. / It should be noted that in this thesis the term ‘integrated health system’ is used to cover the full range of varying degrees of integration of traditional with modern medicine and should not be taken to imply only a fully integrated system. Similarly, the terms ‘integration’ and ‘incorporation’ are normally used to refer to the process and not the outcome. / Even an incorporated health system may not be a viable proposition in all parts of PNG. Where it is feasible, incorporation would need to be progressed in a carefully considered and planned manner with a realistic and long-term approach. The process would require coordination at national level and the flexibility for provinces to participate according to their own prevailing circumstances and capacity. Incorporation should proceed slowly and will require government support including the allocation of resources. It may be possible to pilot and thus fine-tune PNG’s integration model in a few places, such as the Nasioi area, before expanding to multiple provinces. / The potential benefits of an incorporated health system include strengthening of primary health care, better access to services, more affordable services, cultural relevance, a holistic approach, preservation of traditional knowledge, increased autonomy and possibly cost savings. An incorporated health system is worth pursuing because, if carefully planned and implemented, it does have the potential to improve health status in a country where health indicators desperately need to be elevated.

O aumento da renda da população em conjunto com o crescente volume de resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU) está causando uma série de impactos no meio ambiente. Considerando que parte dos resíduos pode ser reciclada, e que apenas novecentos e noventa e quatro cidades brasileiras possuem programas de coleta seletiva, parte do lixo acaba sendo misturado, o que se torna um desperdício, uma vez que a coleta seletiva além de permitir o reaproveitamento de matéria prima, diminui a quantidade final de resíduo que deve ser tratado. A Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS) sancionada em 2010 tem como objetivo a melhora na gestão do lixo a partir da divisão de responsabilidades entre a sociedade, poder público e iniciativa privada, denominada responsabilidade compartilhada pelo ciclo de vida dos produtos. Além disso, a PNRS incentiva a coleta seletiva nos munícipios. Sendo assim, o município de Santa Maria (RS) em um projeto pioneiro na região contratou uma associação de catadores de materiais reutilizáveis e recicláveis para que fizessem a coleta seletiva na cidade. Com isso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar qual a atual situação da coleta seletiva no município de Santa Maria (RS). Para a obtenção do objetivo foram realizadas entrevistas com o Secretário de Proteção Ambiental do município, com associações de catadores e com catadores autônomos. Foi possível perceber que a proposta da Prefeitura Municipal foi interessante, porém, a sociedade não recebeu treinamento adequado para se inserir em um programa de coleta seletiva, a associação contratada não está preparada para assumir tamanha responsabilidade (falta estrutura e conhecimento para tal), as outras associações estão esquecidas pelo poder público municipal e não possuem estrutura física adequada e a figura do catador autônomo é discriminada por todos. Entretanto, o município possui uma série de oportunidades para que a coleta seletiva tenha êxito, tais como: é uma cidade universitária que conta com pesquisadores que podem auxiliar na captura de recursos para tal, a presença de projetos especiais (que poderiam ser replicados), presença de órgãos federais que poderiam adotar a Coleta Seletiva Solidária e por fim a própria Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos. Portanto, para que o munícipio, após um série de tentativas frustradas tenha uma coleta seletiva eficiente, faz-se necessário que as limitações sejam resolvidas e que todos os envolvidos tenham ciência do seu papel na cadeia de reciclagem do município. / Increasing incomes of the population with the growing volume of municipal solid waste (MSW) is causing a series of impacts on the environment. Whereas part of the waste can be recycled, and only nine hundred ninety-four Brazilian cities have programs of selective collection, part of the garbage ends up being mixed, which becomes a waste, since the selective collection allows the reuse of raw material and decreases the final amount of residue to be treated. The National Policy on Solid Waste (NPSW) enacted in 2010 aims to improving the management of waste from the division of responsibilities between society, government and private initiative, called shared responsibility for the life cycle of products. In addition, PNRS encourages selective collection in towns. Therefore, the municipality of Santa Maria (RS) in a pioneering project in the region signed an association of collectors of recyclable and reusable materials to make the selective collection in the city. Thus, the objective of this study was to verify the current status of collection at Santa Maria City (RS). To achieve the objective, interviews were conducted with the Secretary of Environmental Protection of the municipality, with associations of waste pickers and autonomous waste pickers. It could be observed that the proposed City Hall was interesting, however, the society has not received adequate training to enter into a selective collection program, the association hired is not prepared to assume such responsibility (lack structure and knowledge to do so), the other associations are forgotten by the municipal government and do not have adequate physical infrastructure and the figure of the autonomous waste pickers is as broken down by everyone. However, the city has a number of opportunities for the selective collection to be successful, such as: is a university town that has researchers who can assist in the capture of resources to do so, the presence of special projects (which could be replicated) presence of federal agencies that could adopt the Joint Selective Collection and finally the National Policy for Solid Waste. Therefore, for the municipality, after a series of unsuccessful attempts to have a selective collection efficiency, it is necessary that the limitations are addressed and that all involved are aware of their role in the recycling chain in the city.

A Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS) entrou em vigor no Brasil em agosto de 2010. Devido à sua recente implantação, muitas organizações ainda estão se adaptando às novas visões que esta lei propõe sobre a gestão dos resíduos no país. A cadeia de suprimentos de materiais médico-hospitalares também faz parte dessa gama de organizações em adaptação, onde novos desafios a respeito da gestão dos resíduos têm surgido. Devido ao tipo de resíduo gerado nas atividades de saúde, o assunto ganha importância e merece atenção especial por parte dos agentes dessa cadeia de suprimentos. Boa parte dos resíduos gerados em atividades de saúde é considerada resíduo perigoso, por esse motivo, os objetivos da PNRS, como a redução do volume e da periculosidade desses resíduos, podem exercer pressões sobre os agentes envolvidos na fabricação, consumo e descarte dos mesmos. Assim, este trabalho teve por objetivo identificar como ocorre a gestão da cadeia de suprimentos de materiais médico-hospitalares no estado do Rio Grande do Sul sob o enfoque da PNRS. Para isso, foram abordados agentes de três níveis dessa cadeia: 1- fornecedores de materiais médico-hospitalares, 2- hospitais e 3- empresas de tratamento de resíduos de saúde. Com a finalidade de enriquecer a visão dessa cadeia, abordaram-se também alguns órgãos governamentais relacionados às questões de resíduos. Buscou-se identificar na cadeia, a existência ou não de colaboração entre os agentes, dificuldades e oportunidades na gestão de resíduos e produtos e processos relacionados às questões de resíduos. O método utilizado foi o estudo de caso e a coleta de dados se deu por meio de entrevistas com gestores de diferentes agentes da cadeia de suprimentos de materiais médico-hospitalares no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram abordadas 11 instituições pertencentes à cadeia mencionada, das quais foram entrevistados 17 profissionais. Foi possível identificar a ausência de colaboração com os fornecedores da cadeia, e a colaboração incipiente entre os demais membros. Também foi possível identificar dificuldades como o aumento da descartabilidade dos produtos, a má segregação e a falta de tratamento adequado aos produtos químicos. As oportunidades foram apresentadas como possibilidade de intervenção do governo sobre as questões na forma de estímulo ao desenvolvimento de produtos menos agressivos e aumento das pressões legais sobre os agentes. Entre os produtos e processos destacaram-se os produtos que contenham matérias-primas menos agressivas na destinação final, a logística reversa e a substituição do consumo de produtos por serviços. / The Brazilian National Policy on Solid Waste (NPSW) entered into force in August 2010. Due to its recent implementation, many organizations are still adjusting to new visions that this law proposes in terms of waste management in the country. The supply chain of medical and hospital supplies is also part of this group of organizations that are currently in adaptation, and where new challenges regarding waste management have emerged. Due to the type of waste generated in health activities, this issue becomes important and deserves special attention from the agents of this supply chain. Much of the waste generated in health activities is considered a hazardous waste, and for that reason, the objectives of NPSW, such as reducing the volume and hazard of the waste, can put pressure on those involved in the production, consumption and disposal of this kind of waste. This study therefore aimed to identify the management of the medical and hospital supply chain in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, under the approach of NPSW. To achieve the objectives, different agents were approached, representing the three levels of the chain: 1 - suppliers of medical and hospital material, 2 - hospitals and 3 - companies specialized in the treatment of health waste. In order to enrich the results, governmental bodies were also addressed on their views towards health waste issues. Overall, the aim was to identify the existence or absence of collaboration between agents, the difficulties and opportunities in waste management and finally, the products and processes related to waste issues within this supply chain. The case study method was used and data was collected through interviews with managers of different agents in the supply chain of medical and hospital supplies in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. In total, 17 professionals from 11 health-related institutions were interviewed. As main results, it was possible to identify the absence of cooperation with the suppliers of the chain, and incipient collaboration between the remaining members. It was also possible to identify difficulties, as the increasing disposability of products, poor segregation and lack of adequate treatment for chemical products. The opportunities were presented as a possibility for governmental intervention - that could act as stimulus for the development of less aggressive products and increase the legal pressure on chain agents to comply with the legislation. Among the products and processes investigated, interviewees highlighted products containing raw materials that are less aggressive in their final disposal, reverse logistics and replacement of consumer products for services.

Introdução: Os inúmeros processos existentes relacionados com questões de saúde no Brasil originaram a expressão conhecida como “judicialização da saúde”. Particularmente, as ações judiciais no setor que envolve a aquisição de medicamentos têm sido crescentes e apresentam uma perspectiva de comprometer o orçamento empregado na área de saúde pública. Os gastos com os processos judiciais são alarmantes. A Política Nacional de Medicamentos apresenta elencos padronizados de medicamentos e insumos com suas respectivas regulamentações. Entretanto, tem se observado, frequentemente, que as normativas existentes são ignoradas pelo Poder Judiciário que, por vezes, tem uma leitura de que a Farmácia Pública se assemelha a uma drogaria comercial, desconsiderando as políticas públicas da Assistência Farmacêutica. Objetivos: A presente pesquisa busca investigar as causas e consequências desse universo. Dessa forma, este estudo documental permitiu um melhor entendimento das ações judiciais de medicamentos que englobam essa região, durante o período de 2006 a 2014.Metodologia: Para tanto, buscou-se na base de dados da PROCERGS, através do software AME (Administração de Medicamentos Especiais), os dados para promover uma análise deste panorama na 7ª Coordenadoria Regional de Saúde (7ª CRS/RS). A 7ª CRS/RS compreende a menor Coordenadoria do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, é composta por seis municípios e possui uma população aproximada de 180.000 habitantes. A pesquisa obteve aprovação ética do Comitê de Ética da UFRGS. Resultados: Entre os resultados, as ações judiciais representam o maior desafio para a Assistência Farmacêutica nessa Coordenadoria. Elas contabilizaram 1.286 ações de solicitações de medicamentos sendo que dessas, 45,2% (581) compreendem medicamentos disponibilizados no SUS. O medicamento básico com maior demanda judicial compreende as fitas de glicemia capilar. Dentre os medicamentos especiais a insulina glargina lidera o ranking enquanto nos fármacos especializados o mais solicitado é o formoterol associado à budesonida. O tiotrópio, o qual não é contemplado em nenhum dos componentes da Assistência Farmacêutica apresenta expressivas 122 solicitações judiciais deferidas. Conclusões: Assim, o desenvolvimento deste trabalho demonstra que ainda que os atores envolvidos: juízes, defensores, procuradores, farmacêuticos, prescritores e gestores, dentro das suas diversas realidades, tenham como objetivo comum atender as necessidades do usuário, ainda há muito a desenvolver para melhorar o presente panorama da judicialização em saúde. / Introduction: The various existing lawsuits related to health issues in Brazil have originated the expression known as “judicialization of health”. The lawsuits related to the acquisition of medicaments have been particularly growing very much. Therefore, they may compromise the budget destined to the area of public health. The expenses with lawsuits are alarming. The National Policy of Medicaments presents a list of patterned medications and materials with their respective regulations. However, it has been observed oftentimes that the existing regulations are ignored by the Judiciary which sometimes sees the Public Pharmacy as a commercial drugstore, disregarding the public policy of the Pharmaceutical Assistance. Objectives: the present study aims to investigate the causes and consequences of this situation. Thus, this study allowed a better understanding of the medication lawsuits in this region during the period of 2006 to 2014. Methodology: based on the data from PROCERGS and the software AME (Special Medicaments Administration) an analysis of this situation was promoted at 7ª Coordenadoria Regional de Saúde (7ª CRS/RS) (The Seventh Regional Health Coordination Office). The 7º CRS/RS is the smallest Coordination Office in Rio Grande do Sul state, comprising six townships with approximately 180,000 inhabitants. The research obtained ethics approval by UFRGS. Results: among all results, lawsuits represent the biggest challenge for the Pharmaceutical Assistance in this Coordination Office. There were 1,286 lawsuits from medication requests and among them, 45.2% (581) come from medication available at SUS. The basic medication which involves more lawsuits is capillary blood glycemia test strips. Among the special medication, insulin glargine is the one with the most lawsuits whereas in the specialized pharmaceutical agents it is formoterol associated to budesonide. The tiotropium, which is not in any of the Pharmaceutical Assistance components, has 122 expressive lawsuits. Conclusions: Thus, this study shows that although the actors involved - judges, legal counselors, prosecutors, pharmacists, prescribers and managers in their diverse realities – have as their common goal to meet the needs of the users, there is still a lot to develop in order to improve the present situation of the judicialization of health.

A Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS) entrou em vigor no Brasil em agosto de 2010. Devido à sua recente implantação, muitas organizações ainda estão se adaptando às novas visões que esta lei propõe sobre a gestão dos resíduos no país. A cadeia de suprimentos de materiais médico-hospitalares também faz parte dessa gama de organizações em adaptação, onde novos desafios a respeito da gestão dos resíduos têm surgido. Devido ao tipo de resíduo gerado nas atividades de saúde, o assunto ganha importância e merece atenção especial por parte dos agentes dessa cadeia de suprimentos. Boa parte dos resíduos gerados em atividades de saúde é considerada resíduo perigoso, por esse motivo, os objetivos da PNRS, como a redução do volume e da periculosidade desses resíduos, podem exercer pressões sobre os agentes envolvidos na fabricação, consumo e descarte dos mesmos. Assim, este trabalho teve por objetivo identificar como ocorre a gestão da cadeia de suprimentos de materiais médico-hospitalares no estado do Rio Grande do Sul sob o enfoque da PNRS. Para isso, foram abordados agentes de três níveis dessa cadeia: 1- fornecedores de materiais médico-hospitalares, 2- hospitais e 3- empresas de tratamento de resíduos de saúde. Com a finalidade de enriquecer a visão dessa cadeia, abordaram-se também alguns órgãos governamentais relacionados às questões de resíduos. Buscou-se identificar na cadeia, a existência ou não de colaboração entre os agentes, dificuldades e oportunidades na gestão de resíduos e produtos e processos relacionados às questões de resíduos. O método utilizado foi o estudo de caso e a coleta de dados se deu por meio de entrevistas com gestores de diferentes agentes da cadeia de suprimentos de materiais médico-hospitalares no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram abordadas 11 instituições pertencentes à cadeia mencionada, das quais foram entrevistados 17 profissionais. Foi possível identificar a ausência de colaboração com os fornecedores da cadeia, e a colaboração incipiente entre os demais membros. Também foi possível identificar dificuldades como o aumento da descartabilidade dos produtos, a má segregação e a falta de tratamento adequado aos produtos químicos. As oportunidades foram apresentadas como possibilidade de intervenção do governo sobre as questões na forma de estímulo ao desenvolvimento de produtos menos agressivos e aumento das pressões legais sobre os agentes. Entre os produtos e processos destacaram-se os produtos que contenham matérias-primas menos agressivas na destinação final, a logística reversa e a substituição do consumo de produtos por serviços. / The Brazilian National Policy on Solid Waste (NPSW) entered into force in August 2010. Due to its recent implementation, many organizations are still adjusting to new visions that this law proposes in terms of waste management in the country. The supply chain of medical and hospital supplies is also part of this group of organizations that are currently in adaptation, and where new challenges regarding waste management have emerged. Due to the type of waste generated in health activities, this issue becomes important and deserves special attention from the agents of this supply chain. Much of the waste generated in health activities is considered a hazardous waste, and for that reason, the objectives of NPSW, such as reducing the volume and hazard of the waste, can put pressure on those involved in the production, consumption and disposal of this kind of waste. This study therefore aimed to identify the management of the medical and hospital supply chain in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, under the approach of NPSW. To achieve the objectives, different agents were approached, representing the three levels of the chain: 1 - suppliers of medical and hospital material, 2 - hospitals and 3 - companies specialized in the treatment of health waste. In order to enrich the results, governmental bodies were also addressed on their views towards health waste issues. Overall, the aim was to identify the existence or absence of collaboration between agents, the difficulties and opportunities in waste management and finally, the products and processes related to waste issues within this supply chain. The case study method was used and data was collected through interviews with managers of different agents in the supply chain of medical and hospital supplies in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. In total, 17 professionals from 11 health-related institutions were interviewed. As main results, it was possible to identify the absence of cooperation with the suppliers of the chain, and incipient collaboration between the remaining members. It was also possible to identify difficulties, as the increasing disposability of products, poor segregation and lack of adequate treatment for chemical products. The opportunities were presented as a possibility for governmental intervention - that could act as stimulus for the development of less aggressive products and increase the legal pressure on chain agents to comply with the legislation. Among the products and processes investigated, interviewees highlighted products containing raw materials that are less aggressive in their final disposal, reverse logistics and replacement of consumer products for services.