This thesis explores the home as a foreign place in the three films The Foster Boy (Der Verdingbub, Markus Imboden, 2011), Undine (Undine, Christian Petzold, 2020) and Synonyms (Synonymes, Nadav Lapid, 2019). The theoretical framework draws on the concepts of Heimat and home as well as on aspects of diaspora, exile and nomadism, which are combined in a conceptualisation to which I refer to as ‘the foreign home’. Relevant literary sources are Hamid Naficy, David Morley, Peter Blickle and others. The film analysis discusses how the foreign home is narrated and expressed on the narrative itself as well as on the stylistic and aesthetic level. The discussion of the foreign home occurs in reference to an underlying storytelling structure in which the home and the non-home become one place, the foreign home. The underlying storytelling structure entails five different sections that reveal the foreign home and its gradual development. These sections are: leaving home and moving on, the space and the objects of the new home, modes of displacement, adjustment to the new home, and hostility and opposition in the new home. The analysis is conducted based on these sections. This research contributes to the study of home in film and focuses especially on the opposite relationship of the home as a foreign place in film.

Examination of bird assemblages along an environmental gradient which encompasses both climate and habitat change is needed if we are to better understand the potential effects of these changes for avians and the ecological process that depend upon them. Climate change is predicted to have a significant impact on deserts and desert margins, resulting in distributional shifts of entire ecosystems and new community associations. This study explores the probable responses of avian communities to increasing desertification. In general, species richness and numbers of birds in arid zones are low compared to more mesic areas. Different combinations of habitat types and the variety of patches in a landscape influence the diversity and community structures of avians in that landscape. The role of vegetation structure in avian habitat selection in semi-arid areas is dictated by horizontal habitat density as well as vertical structure. Although bird distribution is determined by habitat boundaries, most birds are flexible and can disperse across small habitat barriers. The hypothesis tested, was that bird species assemblages along an aridity gradient are affected primarily by rainfall and secondarily by habitat type. Assessing the impacts of rainfall and habitat on bird variables, such as species richness, abundance, diversity, biomass, and life history traits, were the objectives of the study. An east-west aridity gradient of 300 mm, stretching over 370 km, was chosen in central Namibia for the study area. The climate is harsh with localised rain and considerable daily fluctuations in temperature. Grasses, and trees and shrubs up to 7 m in height are the co-dominant life-forms. Surveys were conducted over three years; one winter and one summer survey in each year. Rainfall, seasons and vegetation height were recorded as environmental variables. Three structurally different habitat types were selected for stratified sampling: open areas, rivers and thickets. Open areas were dominated by grass; river refers to ephemeral dry river lines with mature trees; and thickets comprise woody shrubs and trees. At each site, the same three habitats were used for bird sampling, resulting in 15 sample units. Sampling took place on 51 discontinuous line transects of 1km in length and without a width limit. Univariate analyses included ANOVA and t-tests. Multivariate analyses consisted of cluster analysis, MRPP tests, indicator analysis, Shannon diversity index and NMS ordinations. NMS bi-plots were used to define avian community structures responding to aridity, habitat, migration and life history traits. The results showed that bird species richness, abundance, and diversity remained relatively constant across the aridity gradient, until they declined significantly once a certain aridity threshold was crossed at the most arid site. There were significantly more bird species and individual birds at the wetter sites than at the drier sites. Rivers contained more birds than thickened or open habitat types, suggesting the importance of riparian habitat types for maintaining avian diversity. The three more mesic sites included higher numbers of species from the nesting and feeding guilds, regardless of habitat type, than the two more arid sites. The aridity threshold had a significant effect on bird community structures: more migrant and nomadic species, and omnivore and insectivore species persisted in very arid conditions. From the results it was predicted that climate change will cause avian species to undergo range shifts from west to east, resulting in community composition changes and a reduction in diversity. Life history traits affect the adaptive capabilities of bird species and it is predicted that nomadism, flexibility in diet, and adaptability of nesting requirements will contribute to species persistence in the drier conditions predicted under current climate change scenarios. Dry river lines will act as refugia for avian diversity, but crucial habitat types that currently contain less diversity are also important for maintaining unique avian assemblages. / MSc (Environmental Sciences), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Examination of bird assemblages along an environmental gradient which encompasses both climate and habitat change is needed if we are to better understand the potential effects of these changes for avians and the ecological process that depend upon them. Climate change is predicted to have a significant impact on deserts and desert margins, resulting in distributional shifts of entire ecosystems and new community associations. This study explores the probable responses of avian communities to increasing desertification. In general, species richness and numbers of birds in arid zones are low compared to more mesic areas. Different combinations of habitat types and the variety of patches in a landscape influence the diversity and community structures of avians in that landscape. The role of vegetation structure in avian habitat selection in semi-arid areas is dictated by horizontal habitat density as well as vertical structure. Although bird distribution is determined by habitat boundaries, most birds are flexible and can disperse across small habitat barriers. The hypothesis tested, was that bird species assemblages along an aridity gradient are affected primarily by rainfall and secondarily by habitat type. Assessing the impacts of rainfall and habitat on bird variables, such as species richness, abundance, diversity, biomass, and life history traits, were the objectives of the study. An east-west aridity gradient of 300 mm, stretching over 370 km, was chosen in central Namibia for the study area. The climate is harsh with localised rain and considerable daily fluctuations in temperature. Grasses, and trees and shrubs up to 7 m in height are the co-dominant life-forms. Surveys were conducted over three years; one winter and one summer survey in each year. Rainfall, seasons and vegetation height were recorded as environmental variables. Three structurally different habitat types were selected for stratified sampling: open areas, rivers and thickets. Open areas were dominated by grass; river refers to ephemeral dry river lines with mature trees; and thickets comprise woody shrubs and trees. At each site, the same three habitats were used for bird sampling, resulting in 15 sample units. Sampling took place on 51 discontinuous line transects of 1km in length and without a width limit. Univariate analyses included ANOVA and t-tests. Multivariate analyses consisted of cluster analysis, MRPP tests, indicator analysis, Shannon diversity index and NMS ordinations. NMS bi-plots were used to define avian community structures responding to aridity, habitat, migration and life history traits. The results showed that bird species richness, abundance, and diversity remained relatively constant across the aridity gradient, until they declined significantly once a certain aridity threshold was crossed at the most arid site. There were significantly more bird species and individual birds at the wetter sites than at the drier sites. Rivers contained more birds than thickened or open habitat types, suggesting the importance of riparian habitat types for maintaining avian diversity. The three more mesic sites included higher numbers of species from the nesting and feeding guilds, regardless of habitat type, than the two more arid sites. The aridity threshold had a significant effect on bird community structures: more migrant and nomadic species, and omnivore and insectivore species persisted in very arid conditions. From the results it was predicted that climate change will cause avian species to undergo range shifts from west to east, resulting in community composition changes and a reduction in diversity. Life history traits affect the adaptive capabilities of bird species and it is predicted that nomadism, flexibility in diet, and adaptability of nesting requirements will contribute to species persistence in the drier conditions predicted under current climate change scenarios. Dry river lines will act as refugia for avian diversity, but crucial habitat types that currently contain less diversity are also important for maintaining unique avian assemblages. / MSc (Environmental Sciences), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Cette recherche traite de trois figures, la grille orthogonale, la trame tissée et le réseau aléatoire. Tout en étant constituées de lignes, ces figures caractériseraient des pratiques plastiques et approches théoriques diverses. Chacune constituerait un modèle conceptuel, un paradigme pour l’art et pour l’architecture. La grille orthogonale, modèle du strié, serait à la fois division spatiale, mode d’assemblage, matière immatérielle, figure géométrique flexible et universelle, symbole de la modernité et de l’anti-modernité, structure rythmique, trace de rationalité, structure langagière, écriture du discontinu et signe de l’universel. La trame tissée tirerait sa texture de logiques mathématiques. Cette dialectique entre structure / ornement se retrouverait dans la peinture. Le tissage serait un modèle d’hybridation et d’unicité. Les entrelacs mouvants représenteraient des chemins initiatiques et serviraient de modèle pour l’architecture tout comme le tissage dans divers procédés. La trame souple permettrait des déformations, des inflexions et des plis. Modèle relationnel, omniprésent dans l’univers et la philosophie, le réseau aléatoire signifierait le nomadisme. Il tracerait sur des cartes cette vision circulatoire du monde. Labyrinthe, il représenterait l’imaginaire. Diagramme, il ferait émerger par ses mises en relations, du sens en art Il serait aussi un modèle d’interactions et d’intersubjectivité. Les artistes simuleraient les réseaux chaotiques de la nature, pour générer des formes réticulaires. Le réseau, modèle des bifurcations situationnistes et ludiques, serait également celui des flux en architecture. / This research deals with three figures, the orthogonal grid, the woven wefts and the random network. While consisting of lines, these figures characterize plastics practices and various theoretical approaches. Each would be a conceptual model, a paradigm in art and in architecture. The orthogonal grid, pattern of striated, would be both spatial division, assembly mode, immaterial matter, flexible and universal geometric figure, symbol of modernity and antimodernity, rhythmic structure, trace of rationality, language structure, writing the discontinuous and sign of the universal. The woven weft would draw its texture from mathematical logic. This dialectic between structure / ornament would be present in painting. Weaving would be a model of hybridization and uniqueness. Intertwining would represent initiatory paths and serve as a model for architecture as well as weaving in various processes. The flexible weft would allow deformations, inflections and folds. Relational model, omnipresent in the universe and philosophy, random network would mean nomadism. It would trace on maps that circulatory worldview. Maze, it would represent the imagination. Diagram, by its connections, he would reveal meaning in art. It would be also a model of interactions and intersubjectivity. Artists would simulate the chaotic network of nature to generate lattice forms. The network model of Situationists and fun bifurcations, would also be flow in architecture.

Nos últimos anos temos observado um aumento na participação das tecnologias digitais na realização de atividades cotidianas, na acessibilidade à informação e assim, um aumento das possibilidades de escolha. As cidades, com o auxílio de sistemas de comunicação - informacional e de pessoas -, passam a dispersar seus núcleos especializados, polos atrativos de mão de obra, e reforçar sua condição de espaço de fluxos espaços em/de transformação e em/de deslocamento possibilitando outras morfologias de produção do espaço urbano. A fluidez passa a ser sinônimo de instabilidade quando o indivíduo, em decorrência de pressões socioeconômicas e culturais marcadas pelo movimento, adapta seus hábitos a condições cada vez mais flexíveis, no campo pessoal e profissional, e também em sua relação com esse espaço. Novas formas de apropriação do urbano, mais individualizadas e carregadas de efemeridade, tornam-se características de uma sociedade hoje marcada pelo movimento e pela rapidez no recebimento de informações. Pequenos grupos sociais itinerantes com características comuns de comportamento, os chamados nômades pós-modernos ou globais, são norteados, principalmente, por exigências profissionais de uma economia mundializada, facilitadas pelo desenvolvimento das tecnologias de comunicação. Formas revisitadas de concepção da cidade e do edifício, tal qual a mobilidade do espaço, tornam-se possíveis pelo avanço tecnológico, mas também com embasamento sociocultural destes grupos, criando meios de apreensão temporal inéditos e novas formas de apropriação do espaço urbano que colocam em questão os limites que uma sociedade altamente mobilizada deve superar, de modo a explorar sua liberdade temporal e espacial. Este estudo objetiva melhor compreender as possibilidades atuais para morfologias urbanas e tipologias móveis na formação das cidades, analisando se a partir delas pode-se observar um aumento da temporariedade na relação do objeto com seu entorno (o urbano) e um desprendimento de ambas as formas de produção do espaço / Over the last few years we have seen an increasingly participation of digital technologies in performing daily activities and an expandingly accessibility to information, thereby also increasing the number of possible choices. The cities, assisted by communication systems - informational and of people - are now dispersing their specialized cores, labor attraction poles , and strengthening their status as \"spaces of flow\" spaces in/of transformation and on/of displacement , enabling the production of differential urban space morphologies. The fluidity becomes synonymous with instability when the individuals, due to socioeconomic and cultural pressures, marked by movement, adapt their habits to increasingly flexible conditions on personal and professional levels, but also in their relationship with this space. New forms of urban appropriation, more individualized and ephemeralized, become typical in a society now marked by the movement and the speed in informational perception. Small itinerant social groups with common characteristics and behaviors, the so-called post-modern or global nomads, are guided primarily by professional demands of a worldwide economy, facilitated by the development of communication technologies. Revisited morphologies in the conception of city and building design, like the mobile spaces, turn possible by technological advance, but also with a sociocultural basis on these groups, creating original means of temporal apprehension and new forms of urban space appropriation that argue the limits that a highly mobilized society must overcome in order to exploit its temporal and spatial freedom. This study aims to better understand the possibilities for current urban and housing mobile types in the formation of cities\' morphologies, analyzing if there is a noteworthy increase on the temporary attribute of the object when in relation to its surroundings (urban), and a detachment between both forms of space production

A dissertação propõe um estudo teórico-prático sobre a importância dos mapas subjetivos realizados por criadores de diversas áreas como dispositivos \"táticos\", capazes de propor conhecimento sobre o espaço para além da visão panóptica e impessoal da cartografia tradicional. Busca-se com a pesquisa, refletir sobre como ações de deriva e errância e seu posterior \"mapa-como-relato\", em diversos formatos, permitem arquitetar um espaço-tempo nômade dentro da cidade, capaz de ressignificar as relações que o indivíduo - tanto o próprio criador quanto o público/leitor/usuário - tem com a urbe. Isto ocorre uma vez que os caminhos percorridos, o \"entre\", é tido como um valor em si, para além dos pontos de chegada, o que cria brechas nos ditames do tempo veloz e funcional, promovendo situações de amabilidade, fruição e reflexão. Tomo como referência os mapas e livros produzidos por Guy Debord e Asger Jorn no contexto Situacionista, os livros Les dormeurs e Suite Vénitienne da artista francesa Sophie Calle, o Guia de terrenos baldios de São Paulo, de Lara Almarcegui e a trilogia I got up, I went e I met do artista conceitual japonês On Kawara. A investigação teórica se dá paralelamente à produção de um experimento prático, a criação do livro Cidade Passo, que traz o conteúdo de quinze entrevistas com moradores de cinco bairros de São Paulo em um projeto gráfico que traz à tona, visualmente, os aspectos conceituais que permeiam a pesquisa. / The dissertation proposes a theoretical-practical study about the importance of subjective maps made by creators of diverse areas as \"tactical\" devices capable of proposing knowledge about space beyond the panoptic and impersonal vision of traditional cartography. It seeks to reflect on how actions of drift and wandering and its subsequent \"map-as-reporting\", in various formats, allow the architecting of a nomadic space-time within the city, able to re-signify the relations that the individual - both the creator himself and the audience / reader / user - have with the city. This occurs because the path is taken as a value in itself, beyond the points of arrival, which creates breaches in the dictates of fast and functional time, promoting situations of kindness, fruition and reflection. I take as a reference the maps and books produced by Guy Debord and Asger Jorn in the Situationist context, the books Les dormeurs e Suite Vénitienne of the French artist Sophie Calle, The Guide of vacant lots of São Paulo (2006), by Lara Almarcegui and the trilogy I got up, I went and I met of the Japanese conceptual artist On Kawara. The research goes hand in hand with the production of a practical experiment, the creation of the book Cidade Passo, which brings the content of fifteen interviews with residents of five districts of São Paulo in a graphic project that brings to the surface visually the conceptual aspects that permeate research.

Nos últimos anos temos observado um aumento na participação das tecnologias digitais na realização de atividades cotidianas, na acessibilidade à informação e assim, um aumento das possibilidades de escolha. As cidades, com o auxílio de sistemas de comunicação - informacional e de pessoas -, passam a dispersar seus núcleos especializados, polos atrativos de mão de obra, e reforçar sua condição de espaço de fluxos espaços em/de transformação e em/de deslocamento possibilitando outras morfologias de produção do espaço urbano. A fluidez passa a ser sinônimo de instabilidade quando o indivíduo, em decorrência de pressões socioeconômicas e culturais marcadas pelo movimento, adapta seus hábitos a condições cada vez mais flexíveis, no campo pessoal e profissional, e também em sua relação com esse espaço. Novas formas de apropriação do urbano, mais individualizadas e carregadas de efemeridade, tornam-se características de uma sociedade hoje marcada pelo movimento e pela rapidez no recebimento de informações. Pequenos grupos sociais itinerantes com características comuns de comportamento, os chamados nômades pós-modernos ou globais, são norteados, principalmente, por exigências profissionais de uma economia mundializada, facilitadas pelo desenvolvimento das tecnologias de comunicação. Formas revisitadas de concepção da cidade e do edifício, tal qual a mobilidade do espaço, tornam-se possíveis pelo avanço tecnológico, mas também com embasamento sociocultural destes grupos, criando meios de apreensão temporal inéditos e novas formas de apropriação do espaço urbano que colocam em questão os limites que uma sociedade altamente mobilizada deve superar, de modo a explorar sua liberdade temporal e espacial. Este estudo objetiva melhor compreender as possibilidades atuais para morfologias urbanas e tipologias móveis na formação das cidades, analisando se a partir delas pode-se observar um aumento da temporariedade na relação do objeto com seu entorno (o urbano) e um desprendimento de ambas as formas de produção do espaço / Over the last few years we have seen an increasingly participation of digital technologies in performing daily activities and an expandingly accessibility to information, thereby also increasing the number of possible choices. The cities, assisted by communication systems - informational and of people - are now dispersing their specialized cores, labor attraction poles , and strengthening their status as \"spaces of flow\" spaces in/of transformation and on/of displacement , enabling the production of differential urban space morphologies. The fluidity becomes synonymous with instability when the individuals, due to socioeconomic and cultural pressures, marked by movement, adapt their habits to increasingly flexible conditions on personal and professional levels, but also in their relationship with this space. New forms of urban appropriation, more individualized and ephemeralized, become typical in a society now marked by the movement and the speed in informational perception. Small itinerant social groups with common characteristics and behaviors, the so-called post-modern or global nomads, are guided primarily by professional demands of a worldwide economy, facilitated by the development of communication technologies. Revisited morphologies in the conception of city and building design, like the mobile spaces, turn possible by technological advance, but also with a sociocultural basis on these groups, creating original means of temporal apprehension and new forms of urban space appropriation that argue the limits that a highly mobilized society must overcome in order to exploit its temporal and spatial freedom. This study aims to better understand the possibilities for current urban and housing mobile types in the formation of cities\' morphologies, analyzing if there is a noteworthy increase on the temporary attribute of the object when in relation to its surroundings (urban), and a detachment between both forms of space production

A dissertação propõe um estudo teórico-prático sobre a importância dos mapas subjetivos realizados por criadores de diversas áreas como dispositivos \"táticos\", capazes de propor conhecimento sobre o espaço para além da visão panóptica e impessoal da cartografia tradicional. Busca-se com a pesquisa, refletir sobre como ações de deriva e errância e seu posterior \"mapa-como-relato\", em diversos formatos, permitem arquitetar um espaço-tempo nômade dentro da cidade, capaz de ressignificar as relações que o indivíduo - tanto o próprio criador quanto o público/leitor/usuário - tem com a urbe. Isto ocorre uma vez que os caminhos percorridos, o \"entre\", é tido como um valor em si, para além dos pontos de chegada, o que cria brechas nos ditames do tempo veloz e funcional, promovendo situações de amabilidade, fruição e reflexão. Tomo como referência os mapas e livros produzidos por Guy Debord e Asger Jorn no contexto Situacionista, os livros Les dormeurs e Suite Vénitienne da artista francesa Sophie Calle, o Guia de terrenos baldios de São Paulo, de Lara Almarcegui e a trilogia I got up, I went e I met do artista conceitual japonês On Kawara. A investigação teórica se dá paralelamente à produção de um experimento prático, a criação do livro Cidade Passo, que traz o conteúdo de quinze entrevistas com moradores de cinco bairros de São Paulo em um projeto gráfico que traz à tona, visualmente, os aspectos conceituais que permeiam a pesquisa. / The dissertation proposes a theoretical-practical study about the importance of subjective maps made by creators of diverse areas as \"tactical\" devices capable of proposing knowledge about space beyond the panoptic and impersonal vision of traditional cartography. It seeks to reflect on how actions of drift and wandering and its subsequent \"map-as-reporting\", in various formats, allow the architecting of a nomadic space-time within the city, able to re-signify the relations that the individual - both the creator himself and the audience / reader / user - have with the city. This occurs because the path is taken as a value in itself, beyond the points of arrival, which creates breaches in the dictates of fast and functional time, promoting situations of kindness, fruition and reflection. I take as a reference the maps and books produced by Guy Debord and Asger Jorn in the Situationist context, the books Les dormeurs e Suite Vénitienne of the French artist Sophie Calle, The Guide of vacant lots of São Paulo (2006), by Lara Almarcegui and the trilogy I got up, I went and I met of the Japanese conceptual artist On Kawara. The research goes hand in hand with the production of a practical experiment, the creation of the book Cidade Passo, which brings the content of fifteen interviews with residents of five districts of São Paulo in a graphic project that brings to the surface visually the conceptual aspects that permeate research.

This thesis primarily discusses the development of late Iron Age Saami settlement patterns in greater Norrland's forest area, from the establishment of the Settlements through to historical times. The Settlements are chiefly characterised by hearths, but it is also important to study Saami sacrificial sites when trying to understand the significance of the settlement patterns. Central to the thesis is how the archaeological material can be applied to questions concerning the introduction of reindeer herding. During the early Viking period a significant change in the settlement pattern of greater Norrland's inland occurs. New niches start to be exploited, moving away from the earlier shore-bound model. The Settlements are relocated to areas with good reindeer grazing land, by small streams, bogs and small lakes. The principal features are concentrations of hearths, which arise in large numbers, most often in groups of three to ten. A number of the artefacts found at the settlement sites are also found at Saami sacrificial sites from between 800 to 1350 AD, suggesting that the hearths should be studied in the context of Saami culture. A wide range of artefacts have been discovered during excavation of the Settlements, which suggests extensive contacts, mainly to the east and the Ladoga area, but also with Norway to the west. The artefacts display a continuity from the Viking period into the 1700's, and the dating of the hearths show a similar chronological spread. The study area has supported a reindeer herding forest Saami society during historical times, the settlement pattern of which has close similarities to that found under the Viking period. This implies that the settlement pattern that emerged during the Viking period can probably be related to an emergent reindeer herding system. Reindeer herding was undertaken in combination with hunting and fishing - so called semi-nomadism. It is suggested that the forest land Saami society become so dependent on reindeer herding during the Viking period, that it controlled the settlement pattern. / digitalisering@umu

May the state, from a liberal point of view, operate laws and institutions that impede the mobile lifestyle of nomadic Roma and Travellers, or should the state take steps to accommodate their nomadic way of life? This is the essence of the problem of Roma and Traveller itinerancy and the question that is at the heart of this three-partite dissertation. The first part of the dissertation looks at public policy in France and the United Kingdom and describes the six public policy problems that constitute the problem of Roma and Traveller itinerancy. These problems concern the education of children, the French travel permits system, the legal conditions for voter registration and for GP registration, the housing benefits system, and the public provision of halting sites. The second part looks at liberal political theory. It suggests that contemporary liberalism divides into two strands that take different views on the entitlements of cultural and religious minorities, and it provides a detailed outline of the prime articulations of each approach, namely the multiculturalist liberalism of Kymlicka and the classic neutrality liberalism of Barry. The third part investigates what the two said liberalisms imply for the six policy problems from part 1. These analyses suggest that the two liberalisms have slightly diverging implications for the halting sites problem, the housing benefits problem and the problem of GP registration. They suggest furthermore that the two accounts converge on the question of voter registration and agree that the voter registration system must accommodate nomads, and may not make the possession of a fixed residence an absolute condition for voter registration. And the analyses suggest finally that the two liberalisms also converge over the education question and the travel permits question, but here support polices that are potentially inimical to Roma and Traveller itinerancy. The broader implications of these findings are that liberalism is potentially, but not necessarily and not intrinsically, inimical to Roma and Traveller nomadism, and that the disagreement between classic neutrality liberalism and multiculturalist liberalism is weak insofar as public policy is concerned.