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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
291

Μέθοδος Hamilton-Jacobi για τη ρύθμιση μη γραμμικών διεργασιών με ασταθή δυναμική μηδενιστών

Μουσαβερέ, Δήμητρα 13 March 2009 (has links)
Για την αντιμετώπιση του προβλήματος ρύθμισης ενός συστήματος μη ελάχιστης φάσης είναι γνωστοί δύο τρόποι από τη θεωρία των γραμμικών συστημάτων. Ο ένας αφορά στην επιλογή βέλτιστης συνθετικής εξόδου ως προς την οποία το σύστημα είναι ελάχιστης φάσης. Ο δεύτερος τρόπος περιλαμβάνει άμεση κατασκευή βέλτιστου νόμου ανάδρασης καταστάσεων ως προς ένα σύνθετο δείκτη απόδοσης. Στην παρούσα εργασία αρχικά αναπτύσσεται μέθοδος για τη σύνθεση βέλτιστου νόμου ανάδρασης καταστάσεων για μη γραμμικές διεργασίες, όπου η είσοδος υπεισέρχεται μη γραμμικά στις διαφορικές εξισώσεις, με βάση ένα σύνθετο τετραγωνικό δείκτη απόδοσης. Ο δείκτης αυτός εξαρτάται τόσο από τη ρυθμιστική απόκλιση, όσο και από την απόκλιση της μεταβλητής χειρισμού. Για την επίλυση του προβλήματος δυναμικής βελτιστοποίησης χρησιμοποιούνται οι εξισώσεις Hamilton – Jacobi μέσω των οποίων υπολογίζεται ο βέλτιστος νόμος ανάδρασης καταστάσεων. Η λύση των εξισώσεων Hamilton – Jacobi υπολογίζεται με βάση την επαναληπτική μέθοδο Newton – Kantorovich. Σε κάθε βήμα της επανάληψης επιλύεται προσεγγιστικά μια μερική διαφορική εξίσωση τύπου Zubov με τη βοήθεια αναπτύγματος σε δυναμοσειρά. Στο Νοστό βήμα της επανάληψης η μέθοδος παράγει τη Νοστής τάξης προσέγγιση του αναπτύγματος κατά Taylor του βέλτιστου νόμου ανάδρασης καταστάσεων. Η παραπάνω μέθοδος εφαρμόζεται σε προβλήμα ρύθμισης της συγκέντρωσης προϊόντος σε σύστημα δύο μη ισοθερμοκρασιακών αντιδραστήρων CSTR, όπου λαμβάνει χώρα εξώθερμη αντίδραση, στην περίπτωση που η είσοδος υπεισέρχεται μη γραμμικά στις δυναμικές εξισώσεις της διεργασίας. Επίσης μελετώνται οι ιδιότητες σύγκλισης της επαναληπτικής μεθόδου Newton – Kantorovich, όταν αυτή εφαρμόζεται για την επίλυση της εξίσωσης Hamilton – Jacobi – Bellman που αντιστοιχεί στο πρόβλημα βελτιστοποίησης ενός σύνθετου τετραγωνικού δείκτη απόδοσης υπό τους περιορισμούς μιας μη γραμμικής δυναμικής όπου η είσοδος υπεισέρχεται γραμμικά στις διαφορικές εξισώσεις. Στη συνέχεια, για τη βέλτιστη ρύθμιση μη γραμμικών συστημάτων με ασταθή δυναμική μηδενιστών (συστήματα μη ελάχιστης φάσης), χρησιμοποιείται ο συνήθης τετραγωνικός δείκτης απόδοσης ISE. Στην περίπτωση αυτή το πρόβλημα δυναμικής βελτιστοποίησης είναι ιδιόμορφο. Για την επίλυση του προβλήματος αυτού το μη γραμμικό σύστημα μετασχηματίζεται στην κανονική μορφή Byrnes-Isidori, εφαρμόζεται η θεωρία Hamilton – Jacobi και υπολογίζεται στατικά ισοδύναμη συνθετική έξοδος με ευσταθή δυναμική μηδενιστών. Η ρύθμιση της συνθετικής εξόδου στο προκαθορισμένο σημείο επιτυγχάνεται με γραμμικοποίηση εισόδου/εξόδου. Για την επίλυση των σχετικών εξισώσεων Hamilton–Jacobi αναπτύσσεται η επαναληπτική μέθοδος Newton – Kantorovich, η οποία περιλαμβάνει την επίλυση μιας μερικής διαφορικής εξίσωσης τύπου Zubov σε κάθε βήμα της επανάληψης. Η μέθοδος εφαρμόζεται σε πρόβλημα ρύθμισης της συγκέντρωσης του επιθυμητού προϊόντος σε μη ισοθερμοκρασιακό αντιδραστήρα CSTR με κινητική Van de Vusse που παρουσιάζει ασταθή δυναμική μηδενιστών. Τέλος, οι δύο μέθοδοι συγκρίνονται με βάση τους επιμέρους δείκτες απόδοσης ISE και ISC, των οποίων ο γραμμικός συνδυασμός συνιστά το σύνθετο δείκτη απόδοσης της πρώτης μεθόδου, ενώ τα αποτελέσματά τους συγκρίνονται όταν αυτές εφαρμόζονται σε πρόβλημα ρύθμισης της συγκέντρωσης του επιθυμητού προϊόντος σε μη ισοθερμοκρασιακό αντιδραστήρα CSTR με κινητική Van de Vusse. / For the control of nonlinear nonminimum – phase systems, there are two possible lines of attack, originating from linear systems theory: a) direct calculation of the optimal state feedback with respect to a quadratic performance index that represents a combination of an error measure and a control effort measure (composite index), and b) calculation of the ISE-optimal minimum-phase output and subsequent input/output linearization on that output. This work develops a numerical algorithm for the calculation of an optimal nonlinear state feedback law for nonlinear systems. A quadratic performance index is used, which contains quadratic error terms and quadratic input penalty terms. The optimization problem is solved using the Hamilton-Jacobi equations, which determine the optimal nonlinear state feedback law. A Newton-Kantorovich iteration is developed for the solution of the pertinent Hamilton-Jacobi equations, which involves solving a Zubov partial differential equation at each step of the iteration, using a power series method. At step N of the iteration, the method generates the (N+1)-th order truncation of the Taylor series expansion of the optimal state feedback function. The method is applied to the problem of controlling a system of two non-isothermal continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTR), where an exothermic reaction takes place. Convergence properties of the algorithm are also developed independently of Kantorovich’s theorem, and the results are illustrated in a numerical example. For the optimal regulation of nonminimum-phase nonlinear systems, the performance index ISE (Integral of the Square of the Error) is used. The problem of minimizing ISE subject to the dynamics of the system and closed-loop stability is singular. The problem of calculation of an ISE-optimal, statically equivalent, minimum-phase output for nonminimum-phase compensation is formulated using Hamilton-Jacobi theory and the Byrnes-Isidori normal form representation of the nonlinear system. An input/output linearizing state feedback law is applied to regulate the synthetic output to a constant set point. A Newton-Kantorovich iteration is developed for the solution of the pertinent Hamilton-Jacobi equations, which involves solving a Zubov equation at each step of the iteration. The method is applied to the problem of controlling a nonisothermal CSTR with Van de Vusse kinetics, which exhibits nonminimum-phase behaviour. Finally, the two methods are compared with respect to the constituent indexes ISE and ISC (Integral of the Square of the Control), whose linear combination forms the composite performance index. The numerical results from both methods are compared in the control of a nonisothermal CSTR with Van de Vusse kinetics.
292

Contribution à la Synthèse de Lois de Commande pour le Guidage des Avions de Transport

Bouadi, Hakim 22 January 2013 (has links) (PDF)
Compte tenu de la forte croissance du trafic aérien aussi bien dans les pays émergents que dans les pays développés soutenue durant ces dernières décennies, la satisfaction des exigences relatives à la sécurité et à l'environnement nécessite le développement de nouveaux systèmes de guidage. L'objectif principal de cette thèse est de contribuer à la synthèse d'une nouvelle génération de lois de guidage pour les avions de transport présentant de meilleures performances en terme de suivi de trajectoire. Il s'agit en particulier d'évaluer la faisabilité et les performances d'un système de guidage utilisant un référentiel spatial. Avant de présenter les principales approches utilisées pour le développement de lois de commande pour les systèmes de pilotage et de guidage automatiques et la génération de directives de guidage par le système de gestion du vol, la dynamique du vol d'un avion de transport est modélisée en prenant en compte d'une manière explicite les composantes du vent. Ensuite, l'intérêt de l'application de la commande adaptative dans le domaine de la conduite automatique du vol est discuté et une loi de commande adaptative pour le suivi de pente est proposée. Les principales techniques de commande non linéaires reconnues d'intérêt pour le suivi de trajectoire sont alors analysées. Finalement, une loi de commande référencée dans l'espace pour le guidage vertical d'un avion de transport est développée et est comparée avec l'approche temporelle classique. L'objectif est de réduire les erreurs de poursuite et mieux répondre aux contraintes de temps de passage en certains points de l'espace ainsi qu'à une possible contrainte de temps d'arrivée.
293

Nonlinear dynamical systems and control for large-scale, hybrid, and network systems

Hui, Qing 08 July 2008 (has links)
In this dissertation, we present several main research thrusts involving thermodynamic stabilization via energy dissipating hybrid controllers and nonlinear control of network systems. Specifically, a novel class of fixed-order, energy-based hybrid controllers is presented as a means for achieving enhanced energy dissipation in Euler-Lagrange, lossless, and dissipative dynamical systems. These dynamic controllers combine a logical switching architecture with continuous dynamics to guarantee that the system plant energy is strictly decreasing across switching. In addition, we construct hybrid dynamic controllers that guarantee that the closed-loop system is consistent with basic thermodynamic principles. In particular, the existence of an entropy function for the closed-loop system is established that satisfies a hybrid Clausius-type inequality. Special cases of energy-based hybrid controllers involving state-dependent switching are described, and the framework is applied to aerospace system models. The overall framework demonstrates that energy-based hybrid resetting controllers provide an extremely efficient mechanism for dissipating energy in nonlinear dynamical systems. Next, we present finite-time coordination controllers for multiagent network systems. Recent technological advances in communications and computation have spurred a broad interest in autonomous, adaptable vehicle formations. Distributed decision-making for coordination of networks of dynamic agents addresses a broad area of applications including cooperative control of unmanned air vehicles, microsatellite clusters, mobile robotics, and congestion control in communication networks. In this part of the dissertation we focus on finite-time consensus protocols for networks of dynamic agents with undirected information flow. The proposed controller architectures are predicated on the recently developed notion of system thermodynamics resulting in thermodynamically consistent continuous controller architectures involving the exchange of information between agents that guarantee that the closed-loop dynamical network is consistent with basic thermodynamic principles.
294

Controle não linear para um veículo aéreo não tripulado : aspectos teóricos e numéricos

Silva, Carlos Augusto Nogueira da January 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Prof. Dr. André Fenili / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Mecânica, Santo André, 2018.
295

Controle de microrredes CC baseado em droop adaptativo de tensão – simulação em tempo real com control-hardware-in-loop

Ferreira, Rodrigo Arruda Felício 13 March 2015 (has links)
Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-04-25T15:30:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 rodrigoarrudafelicioferreira.pdf: 7303630 bytes, checksum: 971316c74f1313f54e1c09c837c93e74 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-04-26T12:05:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 rodrigoarrudafelicioferreira.pdf: 7303630 bytes, checksum: 971316c74f1313f54e1c09c837c93e74 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-26T12:05:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 rodrigoarrudafelicioferreira.pdf: 7303630 bytes, checksum: 971316c74f1313f54e1c09c837c93e74 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-13 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre alguns dos aspectos relacionados às microrredes em corrente contínua, uma alternativa para utilização de fontes renováveis de energia em sistemas de geração distribuída. Considerando que a manutenção da tensão no barramento principal das microrredes, no qual as fontes e as cargas são conectadas, é uma das questões mais importantes para a operação de modo satisfatório destes sistemas, um sistema de controle descentralizado de tensão integrando técnicas de controle por droop de tensão e de controle por modos deslizantes é proposto. Uma microrrede CC de 10 kW conectada à rede CA e composta por arranjos fotovoltaicos e bancos de baterias, dimensionada para atender uma parcela das cargas eletrônicas e de iluminação do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia – Campus Juiz de Fora, é modelada e simulada em tempo real utilizando o conceito de simulação CHIL. Resultados experimentais utilizando controladores externos como dispositivos em teste são utilizados para analisar o comportamento do sistema em diferentes condições e para validação da metodologia proposta. Além disso, é apresentado um estudo das técnicas de análise de estabilidade de tensão para sistemas em corrente contínua. Por fim, é apresentada uma metodologia baseada em síntese de elementos reativos utilizando conversores estáticos para estabilização ativa de sistemas CC simplificados, contendo uma fonte e uma carga do tipo potência constante. / This work presents aspects related to DC microgrids, an alternative way of using renewable energy sources in a decentralized fashion. Whereas the maintenance of the microgrid main bus voltage, in which the sources and loads are connected, is one of the most important issues for the satisfactory operation of these systems, a novel methodology for regulating DC bus voltage integrating voltage droop control and sliding mode control techniques is proposed. A grid-connected 10 kW DC microgrid containing photovoltaic arrays and a battery bank, sized to meet a portion of electronic and lighting loads of the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology - Campus Juiz de Fora, is modeled and simulated in real time using the concept of CHIL simulation. Experimental results using external controllers as hardware under test are used to analyze system behavior under different conditions and to validate the proposed methodology. Furthermore, a study regarding voltage stability analysis techniques applied to DC systems is presented. Finally, a methodology based on synthesis of reactive elements using static converters for active stabilization of simplified CC systems, containing one source and one constant power load, is presented.
296

Design, modeling and control of inherently compliant actuators with a special consideration on agonist-anthropomorphic configuration / Conception, modélisation et contrôle d'actionneurs intrinsèquement conformes avec une considération spéciale sur la configuration anthropomorphe agoniste-antagoniste

Hari shankar lal das, Ganesh kumar 22 December 2016 (has links)
Conception, modélisation et contrôle des actionneurs intrinsèquement conformes avec une considération particulière sur la configuration anthropomorphe agoniste-antagoniste "La recherche vise à la conception, la modélisation et le contrôle des actionneurs intrinsèquement conformes pour les systèmes anthropomorphes.La première partie du travail se concentre sur l'étude de divers Existants et rechercher la possibilité d'autres actionneurs autres que les moteurs électriques conventionnels.Une attention particulière est accordée aux actionneurs souples à base de polymères élctroactifs qui ont un bon potentiel dans les futures applications robotiques. Parallèlement, on a synthétisé un modèle de la dynamique de l'actionneur et du contrôleur basé sur le modèle (MPC et contrôle optimal) pour un bras anthropomorphe 7 Dofs actionné par une paire antagoniste-agoniste de Muscles Artificiels Pneumatiques (PAM) à chaque articulation. Ce modèle et contrôleur est alors intégré dans l'environnement logiciel développé par l'équipe. En utilisant le bras manipulateur anthropomorphe basé sur PAM et le simulateur numérique, des tests sont effectués afin d'évaluer le potentiel de cet actionneur et de comparer avec les capacités du corps humain. / Design, modeling and control of inherently compliant actuators with a special consideration on agonist- antagonist anthropomorphic configuration" The research aims at the design, modeling and control of inherently compliant actuators for anthropomorphic systems. The first part of the work focuses on the study of various existing designs and look for the possibility of alternative actuators other than the conventional electric motors. Special attention is given to elctroactive polymer based soft actuators which have good potential in future robotic applications. In parallel, a model of the actuator dynamics and the model-based controller (MPC and optimal control) have been synthesized for an anthropomorphic 7 Dofs arm actuated by antagonist-agonist pair of Pneumatic Artificial Muscles (PAMs) at each joint. Such model and controller is then integrated within the software environment developed by the team. Using the PAMs based anthropomorphic manipulator arm and the numerical simulator, tests are done in order to evaluate the potential of this actuator and compare with the human body capabilities.
297

Contrôle automatique de véhicules aériens à voilure fixe / Nonlinear automatic control of fixed-wing aerial vehicles

Kai, Jean-Marie 29 November 2018 (has links)
Cette thèse développe une nouvelle approche de contrôle pour les avions à échelle réduite. Les lois de commande proposées exploitent un modèle non linéaire simple mais pertinent des forces aérodynamiques appliquées à l’aéronef. Ils reposent sur une structure hiérarchique de contrôle non linéaires, et sont synthétisées sur la base d’analyse de stabilité et de convergence théoriques. Ils sont conçus pour fonctionner sur un large domaine de vol. En particulier, ils évitent les singularités associées à la paramétrisation de l'attitude et la direction de la vitesse. Dans un premier temps, le problème de stabilisation de trajectoires de référence est résolu en étendant la méthode du "thrust vectoring", utilisée pour les véhicules à voilure tournante, au cas des aéronefs à voilure fixe. Dans le cas des avions, le principal défi est de prendre en compte les forces aérodynamiques dans la conception des systèmes de commande. Afin de résoudre ce problème, le contrôle proposé est conçu et analysé sur la base du modèle de forces aérodynamique proposé. Le domaine d'utilisation de cette loi de commande est élargi et englobe les trajectoires d'équilibre (trim trajectories) qui sont classiquement utilisées dans la littérature. Cette solution est ensuite adaptée au problème de suivi de chemin, afin de concevoir des lois de guidage cinématique et de contrôle dynamique applicables à presque tout chemin 3D régulier. Les lois de contrôle proposées contiennent des termes intégraux qui robustifient le contrôle vis-à-vis de dynamiques non modélisées. Plusieurs problèmes pratiques sont adressés et les lois de commande proposées sont validées par des simulations du type "hardware-in-the-loop". Enfin, des résultats d'essais en vol illustrent la performance des lois de contrôle proposées. / The present thesis develops a new control approach for scale-model airplanes. The proposed control solutions exploit a simple but pertinent nonlinear model of aerodynamic forces acting on the aircraft. Nonlinear controllers are based on a hierarchical structure, and are derived on the basis of theoretical stability and convergence analyses. They are designed to operate on a large spectrum of operating conditions. In particular, they avoid the singularities associated with the parameterization of the attitude and the heading of the vehicle, and do not rely on a decoupling between longitudinal and lateral dynamics. First, the trajectory tracking problem is addressed by extending the thrust vectoring method used for small rotor vehicles to the case of fixed wing vehicles. In the case of airplanes, the main challenge is to take into account the aerodynamic forces in the design of control systems. In order to solve this problem, the proposed control is designed and analyzed on the basis of the proposed aerodynamic forces model. The flight envelope is thus broadened beyond trim trajectories which are classically used in the literature. This solution is then adapted to the path following problem, and kinematic guidance and dynamic control laws are developed within a single coherent framework that applies to almost any regular 3D path. The proposed control laws incorporate integral terms that robustify the control with respect to unmodelled dynamics. Several practical issues are addressed and the proposed control laws are validated via hardware-in-the-loop simulations. Finally, successful flight test results illustrate the soundness and performance of the proposed control laws.
298

Ein Beitrag zur spurtreuen Führung n-gliedriger mehrachsgelenkter Fahrzeuge

Wagner, Sebastian 02 February 2010 (has links)
Die Arbeit befasst sich mit der Entwicklung automatischer Lenkungen, die die von Schienenfahrzeugen bekannte Spurtreue auf n-gliedrige, mehrachsgelenkte Straßenfahrzeuge übertragen. Spurtreu bedeutet folglich, dass die Lenkachsmittelpunkte keinen seitlichen Versatz zueinander aufweisen. Dafür wird ein modellbasiertes automatisches Lenkverfahren systematisch konzipiert, entworfen und erprobt, das sowohl eine vollautomatische Spurführung als auch eine halbautomatische Nachführung erlaubt. Die modellbasierten automatischen Lenkungen unterliegen keinen praktisch relevanten Einschränkungen. Das wird durch die Verwendung einer Steuerungsstruktur mit zwei Freiheitsgraden erreicht, die aus einer modellbasierten Vorsteuerung und einem Rückführregler besteht. In der Vorsteuerung werden die Lenkwinkel aller Achsen berechnet, mit denen der Sollweg theoretisch spurtreu befahren wird. Durch den Einsatz eines speziell angepassten, modularen Mehrkörpermodells gelingt diese Berechnung allgemein für eine Klasse n-gliedriger Fahrzeuge. Zum Ausgleich von nicht vermeidbaren Modellunbestimmtheiten und nicht gemessenen Störungen werden ein nichtlinearer Mehrgrößenregler sowie achs-individuelle lineare Eingrößenregler entworfen und miteinander verglichen. Simulationen und Fahrversuche zeigen, dass das entwickelte Verfahren in einem weiten Geschwindigkeitsbereich robust gegenüber typischen Einflussgrößen wie Fahrbahn- und Beladungszustand ist.
299

Computational Analysis of Flow Cytometry Data

Irvine, Allison W. 12 July 2013 (has links)
Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The objective of this thesis is to compare automated methods for performing analysis of flow cytometry data. Flow cytometry is an important and efficient tool for analyzing the characteristics of cells. It is used in several fields, including immunology, pathology, marine biology, and molecular biology. Flow cytometry measures light scatter from cells and fluorescent emission from dyes which are attached to cells. There are two main tasks that must be performed. The first is the adjustment of measured fluorescence from the cells to correct for the overlap of the spectra of the fluorescent markers used to characterize a cell’s chemical characteristics. The second is to use the amount of markers present in each cell to identify its phenotype. Several methods are compared to perform these tasks. The Unconstrained Least Squares, Orthogonal Subspace Projection, Fully Constrained Least Squares and Fully Constrained One Norm methods are used to perform compensation and compared. The fully constrained least squares method of compensation gives the overall best results in terms of accuracy and running time. Spectral Clustering, Gaussian Mixture Modeling, Naive Bayes classification, Support Vector Machine and Expectation Maximization using a gaussian mixture model are used to classify cells based on the amounts of dyes present in each cell. The generative models created by the Naive Bayes and Gaussian mixture modeling methods performed classification of cells most accurately. These supervised methods may be the most useful when online classification is necessary, such as in cell sorting applications of flow cytometers. Unsupervised methods may be used to completely replace manual analysis when no training data is given. Expectation Maximization combined with a cluster merging post-processing step gives the best results of the unsupervised methods considered.
300

Vision-Based Guidance for Air-to-Air Tracking and Rendezvous of Unmanned Aircraft Systems

Nichols, Joseph Walter 13 August 2013 (has links) (PDF)
This dissertation develops the visual pursuit method for air-to-air tracking and rendezvous of unmanned aircraft systems. It also shows the development of vector-field and proportional-integral methods for controlling UAS flight in formation with other aircraft. The visual pursuit method is a nonlinear guidance method that uses vision-based line of sight angles as inputs to the algorithm that produces pitch rate, bank angle and airspeed commands for the autopilot to use in aircraft control. The method is shown to be convergent about the center of the camera image frame and to be stable in the sense of Lyapunov. In the lateral direction, the guidance method is optimized to balance the pursuit heading with respect to the prevailing wind and the location of the target on the image plane to improve tracking performance in high winds and reduce bank angle effort. In both simulation and flight experimentation, visual pursuit is shown to be effective in providing flight guidance in strong winds. Visual pursuit is also shown to be effective in guiding the seeker while performing aerial docking with a towed aerial drogue. Flight trials demonstrated the ability to guide to within a few meters of the drogue. Further research developed a method to improve docking performance by artificially increasing the length of the line of sight vector at close range to the target to prevent flight control saturation. This improvement to visual pursuit was shown to be an effective method for providing guidance during aerial docking simulations. An analysis of the visual pursuit method is provided using the method of adjoints to evaluate the effects of airspeed, closing velocity, system time constant, sensor delay and target motion on docking performance. A method for predicting docking accuracy is developed and shown to be useful for predicting docking performance for small and large unmanned aircraft systems.

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