This report was the result of a study conducted in Stockholm County in Sweden. This study aimed to gain further understanding of how social workers working with domestic violence issues perceived how the COVID-19 pandemic affected women who are victims of domestic violence in Sweden. Three social workers working with victims of domestic violence were interviewed using semi structured questions. The sample consisted of two respondents from social services and one respondent from a women'sshelter. Their clients are women from the age of 18 and above with different cultural backgrounds. The results generated from the interview were analysed using feminist theory and earlier research conducted on domestic violence. Though domestic violence against women has been a social problem before the COVID-19 pandemic, the findings revealed the different factors that led to more cases of domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic such as economic dependency on the perpetrator, depression,alcohol abuse, and social isolation due to the partial lockdown. These factors cause the women (victims) to be more vulnerable to the crime perpetrated by their partners, and due to partial lockdown and the stay-at-home order by the government to combat the spread of COVID-19 virus in Sweden, the social workers believed that the women (the victims) were stuck with their perpetrators and unable to come out to seek the help needed and this made their situation more vulnerable resulting to long life effects like Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PSTD), suicidal thoughts and even death.

The global tourism and hotel industry have been among the fastest-growing sectors for years. However, the global pandemic of COVID-19 caused extreme disruption and changed the situation all around the globe. The global COVID-19 pandemic did not only leave an imprint on economic sectors all over the world but also caused changes in the everyday lives of people. Implemented travel restrictions and self-isolation have resulted in workforce reductions in all economic sectors and job losses impacting individuals, organizations, and countries globally. With regard to the hotel industry, the crisis has led to an immense number of cancellations and a loss of foreign clientele. The situation has altered and the behavior of guests has changed accordingly. This research aims to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on guest behavior and its consequences. To achieve this aim, a mixed methods research approach consisting of 2 stages of empirical study is employed. The qualitative method in the form of email interviews was aimed at the hotel staff of 5 chosen health spa hotels in Slovakia where 9 employees were asked questions about the impact of COVID-19 on the hotel industry and guest behavior from a hotel employee’s perspective. The collected data were analyzed by using thematic analysis. The quantitative method was used to investigate the impact of the global pandemic from hotel guests’ points of view themselves. The second part of the research therefore involves 100 participants of an online survey about guest behavior during the pandemic, change in values and behavior patterns. The findings proved that there is a significant change in guest behavior induced by the COVID-19 pandemic and its consequences. Furthermore, the aftermath of adopted behaviors has been identified, including the change in the booking process, difficulties in rules compliance, and main differences in hotel stays before and during the pandemic.

HIV/AIDS is a real threat for Sub-Saharan Countries. It increased adult mortality substantially. HIV/AIDS pandemic causes the death of the most productive part of affected population. Human capital passing on to future generations is limited. Low economic performance and income inequality induce higher HIV vulnerability. Contra wise HIV/AIDS has significant negative effect on the welfare of affected population. The sources of pandemic in Sub-Saharan Africa are not only social and cultural. Health and nutrition situation play considerable role. Holistic approach based on education, fidelity, abstinence and improvement of economic situation and moderate condom use (as the last way of prevention) seems to be an effective way of pandemic elimination.

Bakgrund: Covid-19-pandemin har ställt stora krav på arbetsplatserna. Tidigare forskning visar att organisationer påverkas på många olika sätt i krissituationer. Hur dessa kriser bemöts och hanteras av ledare kan vara avgörande för organisationens framtid. I och med att både ledarskap och kriser är svåra att definiera är ledarskapsrollen i kriser intressant samt aktuellt eftersom vii skrivande stund befinner oss mitt i covid-19-pandemin.   Problem: Den snabba smittspridningen har ställt krav på arbetsplatser som i sin tur påverkatsmycket av detta. Tidigare rutiner och vanor kan inte följas på samma sätt som tidigare vilket kan skapa oro och problem inom företag. Det krävs hantering av situationen med covid-19-pandemin samtidigt som företag måste lyckas utföra sina vardagliga arbetsuppgifter föröverlevnad på lång sikt. Oavsett om den nya vardagen gynnar eller hämmar företag måsteåtgärder vidtas. Ledarna måste använda sina egenskaper för att hantera situationen på bästa möjliga sätt samtidigt som deras egna tankar och åsikter spelar mindre roll när det ställs krav på att saker och ting måste utföras på ett specifikt sätt. Det finns inte mycket erfarenheter som kan användas kring varje specifik kris eftersom en del är helt nya och unika krävs det att ledare är medvetna om vad som skulle kunna uppkomma och hur de ska agera. Ledare behöver besitta olika typer av kompetenser beroende på kris för att lyckas hantera den komplexa situationen som organisationen står inför.   Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur ledarskapets utförande har påverkats undercovid-19-pandemin. Tanken med denna undersökning är att både involvera ledare och medarbetare. Utifrån ledare och medarbetare är målet att skapa en förståelse utifrån deras uppfattningar för att erhålla en tydligare bild på hur ledarskap faktiskt har påverkats av covid-19-pandemin.   Metod: Vår forskningsstrategi var att genomföra en fallstudie för att skapa en större förståelse hur ledarskap påverkas vid krissituationer. I undersökningen används två kvalitativa metoderför att både få en bred och djup förståelse utifrån respondenterna. En avgränsning har gjorts i undersökningen till att undersöka en liten del av Volvo Lastvagnar AB och specifikt hur ledarskapet har påverkats inom denna del.   Studiens resultat: Det är näst intill ingenting som är sig likt jämfört med ledarskapet innancovid-19-pandemin. Det som visat sig vara den största påverkande faktorn på ledarskapet harvarit distansarbete. Trots att ledarna inte upplever att ledarskapet fungerat bra upplevermedarbetarna det vilket visar att de finns olika uppfattningar kring detta område. Undersökningen visar även att det finns olika uppfattningar kring arbetsutförandet. Dessa olika uppfattningar har påverkat avdelningen positivt då det genererat flera nya lösningar på problem som uppstått. Medarbetarna har fått större ansvar för arbetsutförandet vilket har lett till merkreativa lösningar jämfört med tidigare. Genom att ledarna har givit mer ansvar tillmedarbetarna har det visat sig att deras livssituation påverkats positivt genom mer egenplanering av arbetet. / The written language of this paper is Swedish.   Background: The Covid-19 virus has come to demand huge requirements for all businesses. Research shows that different organizations has been affected in different ways during critical situations, how these situations is being answered and handled by the leaders can be crucial for the organizations future. However good leadership and critical situations is hard to define, the role of a leader during crisis is a very interesting subject in this moment when we are actually living during a pandemic right now.     Problem: The quick development around the spread of infection has demanded a lot for companies. Old routines and habits can’t be followed in the same way as before which causes worries inside the company by the employees. Management around the pandemic situation are important and at the same time the company has to proceed and manage to keep their regular work going on and manage to survive at longer terms. Even though this new way of work gains or inhibits the company some measures have to take action. The leaders must use their knowledge to handle certain situations in the best possible way. At the same time their own thoughts and opinions does not play a role in this when the work must be dealt with in a specific way. There is not a lot of experience when it comes to handle a specific crisis because the crises are brand new and unique which means that the leaders have to be beware of what can show up and how to take action for it. A leader needs to have a lot of knowledge around different areas depending on the situation to actually manage the complex situation the organization is facing.   Purpose: The purpose of this essay is to investigate the outcome of how leadership has been affected during the pandemic. The thought of this investigation is to involve leaders for the companies and also the employees. Our target is to create an understanding based on their thoughts on how to keep up a clear view on how good leadership actually has been affected during the pandemic.   Method: Our research strategy was to implement a study that creates a bigger understanding on how leadership affects during a critical crisis. In this investigation we’ve used two qualitative methods to get a wider and deeper knowledge based on the respondents. During this investigation a boundary has been made during the research for a small part of the company Volvo Lastvagnar AB on how specific the leadership has been affected.   The result: It’s basically nothing that is what it used to be when it comes to leadership compared to what it was before the pandemic. The study shows that the biggest element on leadership has been the distance work. The leaders do not believe that their style of leadership is doing great for the company, although if we ask the employees, they think it works which shows that there are a lot of different opinions in this area. The study shows that around during different working situations, there are a lot of opinions that actually affected the company positively because it has generated new and improved solutions on upcoming problems. The employees have been titled with more responsibility during work which has led to more creative solutions compared to earlier. By the bigger responsibility handed out by the leaders, the employees have a more positive feeling when it comes to life in general just because they have their own structure and planning of their work.

Sammanfattning Titel: Håll i, håll ut... men håll er borta! - Krishanteringen hos ishockeyföreningar och museer under en rådande pandemikris Författare: Viktor Gustafsson, Filip Svensson, Marcus Söderström Program: Ekonomprogrammet, inriktning redovisning/ekonomistyrning Handledare: Thomas Karlsson Examinator: Petter Boye Institution: Ekonomihögskolan på Linnéuniversitetet i Kalmar Inledning: Den pågående coronapandemin har medfört flera typer av restriktioner som avståndshållning och antal personer som får samlas i allmänna sammankomster. Det har medfört att idrotts- och kulturverksamheter har påverkats negativt ekonomiskt och har fått ekonomiskt stöd från staten. För ishockeyföreningar har det inneburit att publikantalet har begränsats och matcher har ställts in. För museer har restriktionerna resulterat i stängda eller begränsade publika verksamheter. Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att få en ökad förståelse av krishantering hos ishockeyföreningar och museer under en pågående pandemi. Tillsammans med tidigare forskning och våra fynd avser vi att konstruera en modell som illustrerar åtgärderna som organisationerna har vidtagit. Metod: För att besvara syfte och forskningsfråga har vi använt oss av en abduktiv ansats. Genom kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer med tre ishockeyföreningar och fyra museer samlades empiriskt material. Empirin analyserades och tolkades med hjälp av tidigare forskning om krishantering för att uppfylla syftet. Slutsats: Vi kom fram till att organisationerna inte genomförde några åtgärder innan krisen. Under krisen har organisationerna genomfört nedskärningar, åtgärder för att dämpa smittspridningen och ökat användningen av digitala verktyg. Flera av åtgärderna har gett lärdomar som medför att vissa åtgärder överlever efter krisen och kan skapa nya framtida strategier. / Abstract Title: Persevere, endure… but mind the distance! - Crisis management in ice hockey clubsand museums during an ongoing pandemic crisis Authors: Viktor Gustafsson, Filip Svensson, Marcus Söderström Programme: Business administration and Economics Programme, specialization in Accounting and Management Control Advisor: Thomas Karlsson Examiner: Petter Boye Institute: School of Business and Economics at Linnaeus University in Kalmar Introduction: The ongoing corona pandemic has brought various forms of restrictions such as social distancing and the maximum number of people allowed to gather in crowds. This has resulted in negative economic impact among sports and cultural organizations who have received financial support from the government. For ice hockey clubs this has meant that the number of attendances allowed has been restricted and ice hockey games have been cancelled. For museums, the restrictions have resulted in either closed or restricted public operations. Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to increase the understanding of crisis management among ice hockey clubs and museums during an ongoing pandemic. By combining the findings of this paper with former research we have the intention to create a model that illustrates the responses that the organizations have made. Method: To achieve the purpose and answer the research question we used abductive reasoning. By conducting qualitative semi-structured interviews with three ice hockey clubs and four museums we gathered empirical evidence. The gathered evidence was analyzed and interpreted by using former research about crisis management to fulfill the purpose. Conclusion: We found that the organizations did not conduct any responses before the crisis. During the crisis the organizations conducted retrenchment responses, responses aimed to mitigate the spread of the corona virus and increased the use of digital tools. Several of the responses have resulted in some responses surviving after the crisis and could create new strategies in the future.

Studien undersöker huruvida pandemin Covid-19 påverkade graden av underprissättning för börsnoteringar på börsen Nasdaq First North. Åren som undersöks är 2018-2021 där åren 2018 och 2019 klassificeras som åren innan pandemin och 2020 samt början av 2021 som åren under pandemin. Börsnoteringarna som kvarstår efter det slutgiltiga urvalet uppgick till 38 innan pandemin och 42 under pandemin. Inledningsvis undersöks hur börsnoteringarna presterade innan och under pandemin, och därefter variablernas samt pandemins förmåga att förklara variansen av underprissättning. Statistisk signifikans erhölls för variablerna marknadsvärde, teckningsåtagande och relativ erbjudandestorlek som prediktorer för underprissättning.

Bakgrund: COVID-19 pandemin har förändrat samhället och påverkat olika företags förhållningssätt. Konsumentbeteendet har förändrats på grund av isoleringar, statliga rekommendationer och riktlinjer i försök att minska smittspridningen. Detta har påverkat livsmedelsbutiker, de har infört olika åtgärder och förändringar för att möta nya efterfrågan och krav från samhället. Det är därför intressant att studera ifall konsumentbeteenden och åtgärder orsakad av COVID-19 pandemin är bestående när rekommendationer och riktlinjer har avskaffats. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka olika konsumentbeteenden och åtgärder inom livsmedelsbranschen som har uppstått till följd av COVID-19 pandemin. Studien identifierar på vilket sätt dessa nyligen antagna beteenden och åtgärder är bestående efter pandemin.  Metod: Studien utgår från en kvalitativ forskningsmetod där semistrukturerade intervjuer medtre olika bolag har sammanställts utifrån resultatet från fem olika livsmedelsföretag. Studien har antagit en abduktiv forskningsansats med fokus på att skapa en tematisk analys.  Slutsats: Studien visar att konsumentbeteendet har förändrats som ett resultat av pandemin. Samtliga livsmedelsföretag ser numera att konsumenter köper mer produkter med längre hållbarhet. Konsumenter är numera mer strategiska i sin handling av matvaruprodukter. Ehandel har ökat som ett resultat tack vare pandemin och används mer frekvent av konsumenter. Bestående åtgärder är allt ifrån plexiglas i kassor, handdesinfektion runt om i butiker för personal och kunder. / Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has transformed society and impacted how businesses operate regularly. Consumer behaviour has altered due to isolations and government recommendations and guidelines with the goal at reducing the spread of the virus. This has influenced how grocery stores conduct their businesses, as they have implemented various measures and changes to be able to meet the new demands and social requirements. Hence it is interesting to study whether consumer behaviours and measures caused by the COVID-19 pandemic are enduring when recommendations and guidelines have been repealed. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate various consumer behaviours and measures within grocery stores that have emerged as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The study aims to identify the extent to which these recently adopted behaviours and measures have persevered after the pandemic. Method: This study has utilised a qualitative research methodology, where semi-structured interviews with three different companies have been compiled based on the findings from five distinct grocery stores. The study has adopted an abductive research approach relying on a thematic analysis. Conclusion: Key findings present that consumer behaviour has changed as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Each grocery store now observes that consumers are purchasing more products with a longer sustainability. Consumers are now more strategic while shopping for groceries. E-commerce has increased as a result of the pandemic and is now being used more frequently by consumers. Enduring implemented measures range from plexiglass at checkouts to hand sanitizing stations for both staff and customers throughout the stores.

The diploma thesis deals with a topic related to the Covid-19 pandemic, specifically the impact on the sex business, resp. to people who move in this segment of commercial sexual services. The work aimed to analyze and describe the possible effects in the defined areas, which arose from the available studied sources (mainly foreign). The impacts were examined using qualitative methods in the areas (psychosocial and socio-economic, health, safety, change of sex business, and legalization of sex business) about those who move in this area and earn their living, family security, and benefits other liabilities (e.g., debts). The analyzed areas and the described impacts resulting from the semi-structured interviews were compared in discussion with the results of foreign research reports or with Czech sources of helping organizations, and were suggested possible ways to mitigate these impacts or may be prevented by future measures.

We study how individuals' formation of inflation expectations are affected by the stringent containment and economic support measures put in place during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Using the New York Fed Survey of Consumer Expectations (SCE) and the Oxford COVID‐19 Government Response Tracker (OxCGRT), we find that policies aimed at containing the pandemic lead to an increase in individuals' inflation expectations and inflation uncertainty. We also find some heterogeneity in the impact across different demographic groups.

During the final months of the Great War, the loss of human life was not confined to the battlefields of Western Europe. The Spanish influenza virus was rapidly spreading around the globe¸ and would ultimately leave millions dead in its wake. Some American groups, both public and private, saw the pandemic as a blessing in disguise. They interpreted the pandemic as a sign that their work, whether religious, political, commercial, or health, was more vital to the world than ever before. Influenza reinforced their existing beliefs in the rightness and necessity of their causes, and used the pandemic as a call to increase their activities. American missionaries interpreted the pandemic and its spread as a sign of the backwardness of native peoples, and they argued that the United States and Americans had an increased duty after the War and pandemic to help foreign populations with education, sanitation, and religion. For American diplomats, the pandemic was a nuisance to their work of promoting and expanding American trade. Although it devastated societies, it was not destructive to international commerce. It did, though, provide an opportunity for Americans to teach foreign peoples about better health to protect them from future diseases, and to strengthen commercial ties with the rest of the world. The U.S. Government was greatly distracted with the war effort when the epidemic hit, and refused to take it seriously. They appropriated a small amount of money to the United States Public Health Service (PHS) to deal with the epidemic. This appropriation, although small, continued a trend of the federal government becoming more involved in health efforts at the expense of states, and was used as a justification for later federal health initiatives. The PHS actively used the influenza epidemic to push for their own expansion, arguing that their success in combatting influenza showed their merit, and used it to ensure that they would maintain their power and authority after the epidemic ceased. For all of these groups, the Spanish influenza epidemic provided an opportunity for their work, and reinforced their beliefs that their efforts were needed and vital to the nation and world.