Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The shortage of appropriate student housing in South Africa has been under the spotlight for the past few years. This has been made explicit by the Report on the Ministerial committee for the review of the provision of student housing at South African universities, revealing shocking realities regarding the State of student residences and deplorable conditions under which many students are forced to live. The inequalities in higher education as a result of the legacy of apartheid reflect glaring gaps in resources between Historically Advantaged Institutions (HAIs) and Historically Disadvantaged Institutions (HDIs). The inequity present within higher education impacts on student learning, as HAIs have more resources than HDIs, giving students attending these institutions a different exposure to opportunities. Having a safe, conducive space that facilitates learning is key to ensuring that students are able to learn properly. This research study uses the work of Nancy Fraser to understand how her notion of social justice and the ability to participate as equals (participatory parity) relates to residence life at a HDI in South Africa. Fraser contends that economic, cultural and political dimensions influence participatory parity and either enable or impede the achievement of social justice. The research study considers what suitable institutional arrangements need to be put in place to facilitate more equitable participation for students to enable them to flourish at university. This study is located at the student residences of the University of the Western Cape (UWC). A participatory action research (PAR) design was used, with the study conducted in two phases. The first phase targeted 40 students across UWC residences and used Participatory Learning and Action (PLA) techniques, including the ‘River of Life’ and ‘Community Mapping’. The second phase, involving the same 40 students, comprised a Photovoice process and individual interviews. Nancy Fraser’s participatory parity framework and the dimensions was used as a lens to make sense of the data. The findings of this study revealed several constraints and enablements which affected student learning, namely economic, cultural and political dimensions. The economic dimension revealed constraints relating to poorly resourced facilities, insufficient and ineffective services and problematic technology. Students reported how maldistribution of resources affected them when the lack of those resources prevented them from participating as equals in relation to their peers. The cultural dimension indicated whose status at residences held esteem and whose did not, and consequently what perceived attributes are valued and devalued at residences. Differently abled students, students struggling with poverty, students living with mental health issues, LGBTIQ issues, issues of gender, as well as foreign national students, found themselves being devalued, meaning that they were misrecognised because of their status. The political dimension was used to examine whether students felt that they had a voice in decision making and whether they felt that their needs and opinions were represented. The study also examined whether students were misframed. Misframing occurs when students are excluded from the frame of justice and determines whether they count and have a valid claim to justice. Foreign national students reported experiencing misframing at residences since, in some respects, they did not qualify as claimants for rights. The study highlights how Fraser’s dimensions are mutually intertwined and reciprocally influence and reinforce one another but that none is reducible to another. Referring to each of the dimensions, the study examines affirmative and transformative strategies for remedying injustices, focusing on existing strategies as well as possible strategies which could bring about participatory parity for students. Finally, the study presents a list of recommendations which the university could consider to improve student learning at residences.

A participação de usuários de serviços de saúde mental em pesquisas acadêmicas é uma tendência recente que vem, de forma incipiente, sendo adotada no Brasil. São iniciativas interessantes na medida em que promovem a democratização da produção de conhecimento, conferindo a grupos populares a oportunidade de ter se colocarem frente às suas necessidades específicas. Rose (2003) coloca que existem vários níveis de participação e essas iniciativas não representam necessariamente a emancipação dos usuários, sendo necessário que se observe e qualifique o protagonismo dos participantes. A presente tese visa avaliar quais os efeitos do envolvimento de uma associação de usuários (a AFLORE) junto a uma aliança internacional de pesquisa (a ARUCI-SMC). Nos utilizamos da metodologia da pesquisa ação participante afim de que os membros da associação pudessem se envolver diretamente em diferentes etapas desta pesquisa, como a formulação de perguntas de pesquisa e a sistematização da experiência. As análises aqui propostas baseiam-se no conceito de paridade participativa em Nancy Fraser, que é composto por três dimensões interligadas: o reconhecimento, a redistribuição e a representação. Partiremos destas dimensões para avaliar em que medida a parceria de pesquisa promove a paridade participativa dos envolvidos. A participação de usuários em pesquisas na aliança em questão parte do reconhecimento dos mesmos enquanto sujeitos portadores de um saber único, que advém da experiência. No entanto o contrato entre universidade e comunidade e reforça estruturas sociais que bloqueiam a paridade participativa, promovendo a desigualdade. É necessário que a academia se disponha a rever aspectos como a vinculação formal com a universidade e a possibilidade de remuneração para pesquisadores comunitários. Além disso a linguagem é apresentada como aspecto que dificulta a participação de membros da comunidade. Uma estratégia de linguagem adotada nesta pesquisa é a produção audiovisual realizada de forma dialógica entre técnico do audiovisual e pesquisadores, potencializando a sistematização do conhecimento a partir das demandas do grupo de pesquisadores comunitários / The participation of mental health service consumers in academic research is a recent trend that has being adopted in Brazil. Such initiatives promote the democratization of knowledge production. This way popular groups have the opportunity to put forward their specific needs. Rose (2003) states that there are several levels of participation and these initiatives do not necessarily represent the empowerment of consumers, being necessary to observe and qualify the role of the participants. This thesis aims to assess what effects the involvement of an association of consumers (AFLORE) next to an international research alliance (the ARUCISMC). The use of participatory action research methodology enables consumers to be directly involved at different stages of this research. Consumers were involved in the formulation of research questions and the systematization of experience. The analysis proposed here is based on the concept of participatory parity in Nancy Fraser, which consists of three interrelated dimensions: recognition, redistribution and representation. We leave these dimensions to assess to what extent the research partnership promotes participatory parity of those involved. Consumers participation in the alliance research is based on the recognition that they are subjects with a unique knowledge that comes from experience. However, the contract between the university and community reinforces social structures that block the participatory parity, promoting inequality. Academy has to review aspects such as the formal link between the university and community researchers. Also the language is presented as an aspect that hinders the participation of community members. A language strategy adopted in this research is the audiovisual production

A participação de usuários de serviços de saúde mental em pesquisas acadêmicas é uma tendência recente que vem, de forma incipiente, sendo adotada no Brasil. São iniciativas interessantes na medida em que promovem a democratização da produção de conhecimento, conferindo a grupos populares a oportunidade de ter se colocarem frente às suas necessidades específicas. Rose (2003) coloca que existem vários níveis de participação e essas iniciativas não representam necessariamente a emancipação dos usuários, sendo necessário que se observe e qualifique o protagonismo dos participantes. A presente tese visa avaliar quais os efeitos do envolvimento de uma associação de usuários (a AFLORE) junto a uma aliança internacional de pesquisa (a ARUCI-SMC). Nos utilizamos da metodologia da pesquisa ação participante afim de que os membros da associação pudessem se envolver diretamente em diferentes etapas desta pesquisa, como a formulação de perguntas de pesquisa e a sistematização da experiência. As análises aqui propostas baseiam-se no conceito de paridade participativa em Nancy Fraser, que é composto por três dimensões interligadas: o reconhecimento, a redistribuição e a representação. Partiremos destas dimensões para avaliar em que medida a parceria de pesquisa promove a paridade participativa dos envolvidos. A participação de usuários em pesquisas na aliança em questão parte do reconhecimento dos mesmos enquanto sujeitos portadores de um saber único, que advém da experiência. No entanto o contrato entre universidade e comunidade e reforça estruturas sociais que bloqueiam a paridade participativa, promovendo a desigualdade. É necessário que a academia se disponha a rever aspectos como a vinculação formal com a universidade e a possibilidade de remuneração para pesquisadores comunitários. Além disso a linguagem é apresentada como aspecto que dificulta a participação de membros da comunidade. Uma estratégia de linguagem adotada nesta pesquisa é a produção audiovisual realizada de forma dialógica entre técnico do audiovisual e pesquisadores, potencializando a sistematização do conhecimento a partir das demandas do grupo de pesquisadores comunitários / The participation of mental health service consumers in academic research is a recent trend that has being adopted in Brazil. Such initiatives promote the democratization of knowledge production. This way popular groups have the opportunity to put forward their specific needs. Rose (2003) states that there are several levels of participation and these initiatives do not necessarily represent the empowerment of consumers, being necessary to observe and qualify the role of the participants. This thesis aims to assess what effects the involvement of an association of consumers (AFLORE) next to an international research alliance (the ARUCISMC). The use of participatory action research methodology enables consumers to be directly involved at different stages of this research. Consumers were involved in the formulation of research questions and the systematization of experience. The analysis proposed here is based on the concept of participatory parity in Nancy Fraser, which consists of three interrelated dimensions: recognition, redistribution and representation. We leave these dimensions to assess to what extent the research partnership promotes participatory parity of those involved. Consumers participation in the alliance research is based on the recognition that they are subjects with a unique knowledge that comes from experience. However, the contract between the university and community reinforces social structures that block the participatory parity, promoting inequality. Academy has to review aspects such as the formal link between the university and community researchers. Also the language is presented as an aspect that hinders the participation of community members. A language strategy adopted in this research is the audiovisual production

In line with the global trend of increased language requirements for naturalization, the Swedish government decided in 2019 to introduce a language test for citizenship. Drawing on Norton Peirce’s (1995) notion of investment and Fraser’s (2000) definition of participatory parity, this study investigates adult second language learners’ attitudes towards the test and analyzes how investment in language learning and perception of possibilities for participatory parity influence their views. Furthermore, the study considers some of the potential consequences of the new policy, for example, for acts of linguistic citizenship (Stroud, 2018). Eighteen SFI-students at level 3C, one of the highest levels at the language course, responded to a questionnaire. Nine respondents favored the test, four opposed it, four were neutral, and one was unsure. Interviews were conducted with six volunteers out of these participants, five out of six were supporters of the language test. The qualitative data was analyzed thematically. While all participants were motivated to learn Swedish, the findings indicate how diverse forms of capital, ideologies, and desired or actual identities in Swedish, that is, the nature of their investment and perceived possibilities for economic and social participation, influenced their attitudes towards the language test. Furthermore, supporters of the test considered that the language requirement would improve possibilities for participatory parity, whereas the opponents emphasized the risk of misrecognition and misrepresentation. The policy redefines Swedish citizenship: by making a test of Swedish language mandatory for prospective citizens, it formally demands that immigrants learn Swedish provided they want to integrate. As the results suggest, however, the participants in this study were engaged in a wide range of acts of linguistic citizenship in Swedish and had similar reported proficiency levels, regardless of their opinions of the Swedish test. The study calls for more research on the effects of language requirements for naturalization to examine to what extent and in what ways a language test for citizenship affects already motivated language learners.

In line with the global trend of increased language requirements for naturalization, the Swedish government decided in 2019 to introduce a language test for citizenship. Drawing on Norton Peirce’s (1995) notion of investment and Fraser’s (2000) definition of participatory parity, this study investigates adult second language learners’ attitudes towards the test and analyzes how investment in language learning and perception of possibilities for participatory parity influence their views. Furthermore, the study considers some of the potential consequences of the new policy, for example, for acts of linguistic citizenship (Stroud, 2018). Eighteen SFI-students at level 3C, one of the highest levels at the language course, responded to a questionnaire. Nine respondents favored the test, four opposed it, four were neutral, and one was unsure. Interviews were conducted with six volunteers out of these participants, five out of six were supporters of the language test. The qualitative data was analyzed thematically. While all participants were motivated to learn Swedish, the findings indicate how diverse forms of capital, ideologies, and desired or actual identities in Swedish, that is, the nature of their investment and perceived possibilities for economic and social participation, influenced their attitudes towards the language test. Furthermore, supporters of the test considered that the language requirement would improve possibilities for participatory parity, whereas the opponents emphasized the risk of misrecognition and misrepresentation. The policy redefines Swedish citizenship: by making a test of Swedish language mandatory for prospective citizens, it formally demands that immigrants learn Swedish provided they want to integrate. As the results suggest, however, the participants in this study were engaged in a wide range of acts of linguistic citizenship in Swedish and had similar reported proficiency levels, regardless of their opinions of the Swedish test. The study calls for more research on the effects of language requirements for naturalization to examine to what extent and in what ways a language test for citizenship affects already motivated language learners.

[pt] A presente tese de pesquisa doutoral estará alicerçada no conceito tridimensional de justiça desenvolvido pela filósofa contemporânea da teoria crítica - Nancy Fraser. O objetivo é investigar os impactos que o Programa Bolsa Família - PBF - gerou na diminuição das desigualdades sociais na vida das famílias beneficiárias quanto aos aspectos da redistribuição, do reconhecimento e da participação paritária. Realizamos análise bibliográfica das pesquisas feitas sobre o Programa Bolsa Família do ano de 2003 a 2014. O percurso teórico desta tese buscou o aprofundamento dos conceitos de pobreza e de exclusão social, a análise do processo de desenvolvimento brasileiro e das políticas públicas para o enfrentamento das desigualdades sociais nas décadas de 60 a 90, focalizando também a experiência da transição democrática pós-Constituição Federal de 1988. Levamos em consideração os princípios constitucionais de 1988 e os tratados internacionais que respaldam a responsabilidade do Estado e da sociedade brasileira para a implantação de políticas sociais como o Programa Bolsa Família. Concluímos que o PBF produziu resultados importantes na vida dos beneficiários, garantindo a justiça redistributiva e de reconhecimento e potencializando essas pessoas para a paridade participativa como sujeitos integrais na sociedade. Reconhecemos o avanço do desenho institucional da política social brasileira, proporcionado pelo PBF, inaugurando assim um novo modelo de proteção social, capaz de identificar a vulnerabilidade social das famílias brasileiras em situação de pobreza e de articular a redistribuição de renda e o reconhecimento, por meio do Sistema Único da Assistência Social - Suas. / [en] This doctoral research thesis is founded on the three-dimensional concept of justice developed by contemporary philosopher of critical theory Nancy Fraser. The objective is to investigate the impact that the Bolsa Família Program (PBF) generated in the reduction of social inequalities in the lives of beneficiary families considering aspects of redistribution, recognition and equal participation. An literature review of research was conducted on the Bolsa Família Program from 2003 to 2014. The theoretical path of this thesis aimed the investigation of the concepts of poverty and social exclusion, the analysis of the Brazilian development process and the public policies for dealing with social inequalities from the 60 s to the 90 s also focusing on the democratic transition experience post-constitution of 1988. We took into account the constitutional principles of 1988 and international treaties that support the responsibility of the Brazilian State and society to the implementation of social policies such as the Bolsa Família Program. We concluded that the PBF produced important results in the lives of the beneficiaries, ensuring redistributive and recognition justice, empowering those people to participatory parity as integral individuals in society. We recognize the progress of the institutional design of the Brazilian social policy, provided by the PBF, starting a new model of social protection, able to identify the social vulnerability of the Brazilian families in state of poverty and to articulate the redistribution of income and the recognition by the Single Social Assistance System - Suas.

This is paper is an argument analysis of citizenship and its allocation using an interpretation of Linda Bosniaks theory of Divided Citizenship. The starting point of this paper is the absence of a thorough or exhaustive legal definition of citizenship and legal binding and enforceable citizenship allocation laws within international migration law. Referring primarily to the absence of principals of social justice and global ethics within the legal framework. In total this leads to a multitude of different ethical problems. Therefore, there is a need for researching and evaluating alternative definitions and principles concerning citizenship and its allocation beyond the most common ones.The research material of this paper consists of chapters from two books Spheres of Justice by Michael Walzer and Scales of Justice by Nancy Fraser. The conclusion of this paper is that the combination of the “all subjected-principle” and “the membership-principle” are best suited to the demands that a wide definition of citizenship poses. Citizenship and its allocation are today less and less dependent on the state itself and can today easily be supplemented by other institutions depending on geographic and political needs, while still using democratic governance. Therefore, it is desirable to link the allocation of citizenship to the goal of establishing participatory parity. Deliberative democracy is the necessary foundation of all political organization. All other forms of citizenships and rights are necessary preconditions for people to be able to participate in the political process and protect all equal value of all people. The denial of citizenship is always the first in a long train of abuses.