Object permanence (OP) is a cognitive ability that enables animals to mentally represent the existence of hidden objects even if they can not be perceived by senses. In humans, OP develops during six qualitative stages, in which the understanding of relationships between objects in space and time changes. Current research shows that primates, some carnivores and several species of birds also acquire various degrees of this ability depending on their social life and foraging strategies. Many studies of OP have focused on food-storing birds but yet only in the Corvidae family. Therefore we decided to test this ability in two species of the Paridae family, food-storing coal tit (Periparus ater, N=23) and non-storing great tit (Parus major, N=24) to find out which stage they can achieve and whether there is a difference between these species in relation to their caching ability. Our results suggest that food-storing coal tits search for completely hidden objects significantly better than great tits. Most of the great tits were not able to solve this task. However, the upper limit for both species is probably Stage 4 because coal tits probably solved OP tasks with more screens randomly or used alternative strategies rather than mental representation. Substantial interindividual variability in the...

Global displacement is accelerating‭. ‬Climate change is proposed to be a main driver of migration‭, ‬together with conflict‭, ‬poverty‭, ‬and a promise of a better life in wealthier parts of the world‭. ‬This builds on a legacy of an extractive geopolitical relation between the Global North and the Global South and the general response from the field of architecture has been to offer temporary solutions‭, ‬such as tents and containers organized in Refugee Camps‭. ‬This way of responding is highly problematic as it is stigmatizing refugees to become temporary victims‭, ‬motivating a migratory reception build on the idea of a visit rather than a long-term stay‭. ‬Regardless of the circumstances of displacement‭, ‬this report argues for a response that moves between a temporary and permanent condition‭, ‬based on concepts of affordability and local affiliation‭. ‬Building on a conversation on vernacular architecture‭, ‬the project proposes to expand vernacular knowledge to meet present standards‭, ‬in terms of construction methods‭, ‬material use‭, ‬and climatic strategies‭,  ‬both responding to meet the needs of displacement‭, ‬and a degrading environment‭. ‬ The project is set in rural Turkey‭, ‬addressing a situation where informal‭, ‬migratory workers of the agriculture sector are currently living scattered in tent settlements‭, ‬in the province of Torbali‭, ‬Izmir‭. ‬It suggests a housing proposal‭, ‬more specifically‭ ‬a dormitory for seasonal communities‭. ‬In its essence‭, ‬it acts as a theoretical proposal intended to contribute to a discussion on the role of architecture and the potential of the vernacular‭, ‬in a situation of displacement‭. ‬

The building sector was in 2018 responsible almost 40% of Sweden’s domestic greenhouse gas emissions. These numbers demands a lot from our profession and has made the topic of sustainability essential.In the Brundtland Reports definition of sustainability it’s called for  ”Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”. Within these words, sustainability could be defined as that what lasts.
The project Spatial Sustainability aims to explore the architecture that lasts, based on the conclusion that this demands balance between the contradicting terms adaptability and stability. 
I believe that the architecture that’s both adaptable and stable should be, re-usable and capable of being re-organised, but it should also have a strong physical presence in it’s urban situation. In the intersection of this contradiction I hope to find one path leading to long-lasting architecture.

A project about working with permanence. This constant struggle to find a balance between the general and specific.  There is a very strong contemporary tendency to shun the general, to be very afraid of it, and to work against it. The tension between the two is a core architectural question. A tension that comes to a head in the everyday ordinary building. The following project is about finding a harmony between the general and the specific in a building and site from the detailed zoning plan of the fourth phase of Barkabystaden.

How can we generate sustainable architecture in relation to permanence and aging? How can we bring knowledge about old existing buildings in the design process for new architecture? I think it is important to reflect on choice of material because of a buildings life span. Also to be aware of what frame of references are the start for the designprocess. I have been investigated old existing buildings in Småland with focus on permanence in architecture that I think have aged well. I think it is a gap between the design process and the manufacturing industry in Småland. To maintain and develop the knowledge and work close together I think it could gain the whole process to add education in the region. The outcome of this investigation is an art and design school as boarding school in a rural area in the outskirt of Eksjö. The design proposal are based on some concept out of the site analysis and the wooden survey. Organic shaped volumes in relation to a structural grid system is the main construction at the site. This kind of architecture creates an interesting contrast to the existing built environment at the site.

This thesis explores the nature of building in a tower form at the special edge between land and water. Secondly, it pursues a coherent order both formal and ontological based on a circular geometry. This proposition is in the form of a tower/terminal for the Staten Island Ferry in New York City. It targets certain issues of circularity, permanence, and solidity which have become recurrent pursuits of the author. This entire inquiry is presented through the utilization of photographs, drawings, and text. / Master of Architecture

214 f. / Submitted by Suelen Reis (suziy.ellen@gmail.com) on 2013-04-25T18:20:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Dyane Santos.pdf: 938511 bytes, checksum: b3e15263cba13519c1d88f5c06b38aff (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Auxiliadora Lopes(silopes@ufba.br) on 2013-06-10T17:38:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Dyane Santos.pdf: 938511 bytes, checksum: b3e15263cba13519c1d88f5c06b38aff (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-06-10T17:38:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Dyane Santos.pdf: 938511 bytes, checksum: b3e15263cba13519c1d88f5c06b38aff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Esta Tese de Doutorado tem como principal objetivo, analisar como as Políticas Institucionais de Permanência têm sido elaboradas e/ou incorporadas pela Universidade Federal da Bahia e qual o significado material e simbólico desta permanência. A política de reserva de vagas nas universidades públicas brasileiras, como parte das Políticas Públicas de Ações Afirmativas, existe no país desde o ano de 2002, mas somente em 2005 - por força das pressões exercidas pelos movimentos estudantis e Movimento Negro - a Universidade Federal da Bahia altera a sua resolução que dispõe sobre o sistema vestibular e implementa a reserva de vagas em seus cursos superiores. As políticas de acesso ao ensino superior trouxeram a presença maciça de estudantes pretos e pobres a cursos que historicamente não se observava esta “nova presença”. Os estudantes ingressos pelo sistema de reserva de vagas também encontraram inúmeras e agudas dificuldades para permanecer no curso superior, tanto a nível material (recursos financeiros) quanto ao nível simbólico, aqui entendido como as possibilidades de identificar-se com o grupo dos demais universitários, ser reconhecido e pertencer a ele. A partir das categorias analíticas de Kant e Lewis, definimos o conceito de permanência como o ato de durar no tempo que deve possibilitar não só a constância do indivíduo, como também a possibilidade de transformação e existência. A permanência deve ter o caráter de existir em constante fazer e, portanto, ser sempre transformação. Para atender aos objetivos da pesquisa e buscar possíveis respostas ao problema, foi realizada uma abordagem qualitativa com estudos quantitativos, na qual buscamos aplicar um instrumento com 100 estudantes autodeclarados negros, pretos ou pardos e em sua maioria ingressos pelo sistema de reserva de vagas. A pesquisa em profundidade foi realizada com nove estudantes de diversos cursos da UFBA, bem como técnicos e gestores dos programas institucionais de permanência. Os resultados encontrados na pesquisa empírica sustentam a nossa tese de que a permanência (material e simbólica) como política de ação afirmativa na UFBA é um processo em construção e pode ser descrita como alguns poucos projetos institucionais de permanência e uma gama de estratégias informais criadas pelos estudantes a fim de se manter na universidade. A identificação e compreensão destes projetos e destas práticas podem fornecer subsídios para a formulação de políticas que contribuam para uma permanência qualificada por um lado e por outro amplie as possibilidades de inserção destes estudantes nos demais campos sociais a fim de possibilitar oportunidades de mobilidade social. A diversidade étnico-racial e social, hoje mais presente nas universidades públicas brasileiras é um fenômeno que enriquece a todos e o mapeamento da exclusão social, da discriminação e da desigualdade racial no ensino superior, interessa não somente à produção cientifica quanto á formulação de políticas públicas de boa qualidade. / Salvador

In this thesis, I investigate permanence through exploring tattoo consumption in terms of the social-historical context of being tattooed. The analysis is based on four years of data collection adopting a grounded theory approach. I present an analysis of how permanence occurs in terms of tattoo consumption, with particular interest in the physical permanence in relation to identity creation. This is set within the framework of Consumer Culture Theory (CCT). The reason for this is twofold, firstly to illustrate the ability of using tattooing as an instrument to investigate permanence within CCT. Secondly, to show the lack of use of the socio-historical perspective within such an investigation, and to show that the use of such data is a valid strategy and which adds depth and context to such an investigation. Furthermore, I suggest that tattoo consumption has become a site of embodied expression that is bounded by physicality, and permanence. I present a typology of tattooed consumers based on levels of commitment and explore in depth two main categories, physicality, and, permanence. I find that the physical permanence is shown through the commitment to tattoo usage. Its permanent nature determines the tattoo as an act of consumption that is dualistic in nature; both accepted, and yet equally rejected, which is seen within the consumers‘ negotiation of its use, in terms of mimicry and placement. Being tattooed represents a form of consumption that contravenes certain rules and norms of society, and yet at the same time is the basis for community membership and adherence to a set of sub-cultural norms and values.

Bien avant de pouvoir saisir le monde en couleurs, les photographes se sont, pendant un certain temps, employés à le capturer, dans sa réalité formelle et lumineuse en Noir & Blanc. Néanmoins, depuis les balbutiements de la photographie dans les années 1820, et au vu de ses avancées depuis, certains professionnels ou amateurs n’ont pas pour autant cessé d’utiliser le Noir & Blanc. Aujourd’hui encore, à l’ère du souffle numérique qui boit la couleur du monde sans modération, beaucoup de praticiens continuent à présenter des photographies monochromes. Ainsi, alors que la tendance est effectivement au réalisme de la couleur et que les moyens technologiques ne proposent plus que cela, pourquoi observe-t-on encore de nos jours une permanence du noir et blanc dans la photographie ? Notre thèse espère donc produire une synthèse sur cette question, forte d’une bibliographie sur le Noir & Blanc, et d’axes d’analyses et de théorisations bénéficiant d’une approche pluridisciplinaire, à la croisée des sciences de l’art et de l’image, de l’esthétique et de l’histoire de l’art. Elle bénéficiera également, des travaux pionniers des penseurs et spécialistes de la photographie tel que W. BENJAMIN, R. BATHES, S. SONTAG qui ont eu le mérite de débroussailler l’univers foisonnant de la photographie, avec des concepts opérants, éventuellement réaménagés pour la question spécifique du Noir & Blanc. / Long before being able to seize the world in color, photographers have worked, for a certain time, to catch it in its luminous formal Black and White reality. Nevertheless, since photography's early stages in the 1820s, and in view of its advances since then, some professionals or amateurs never stopped using Black and White. Even today, in the digital age which drinks world's colors without moderation, a lot of photographers still show monochrome photos. So, whereas color realism is very trendy and technological devices only offer this, why can we still observe a Black and White perennity in photography ? This thesis wants to produce a synthesis on this query, with a strong Black and White bibliography, and analysis axes and theorizations benefiting from a multidisciplinary approach, between art and picture sciences, aesthetic and art history. It also benefit from pioneering work of thinkers and photography specialists as W. BENJAMIN, R. BARTHES and S. SONTAG, who have the virtue to clear the photography abundant universe with effective concept, eventually reorganized for the specific Black and White question.

This dissertation analyzes the basis for and magnitudes of discount factors based on the characteristics of greenhouse gas emission (GHGE) offsets that are applied to the GHGE reduction projects, concentrating on agricultural projects. Theoretical approaches to discount factors, estimation and incorporation of discount factors procedures are developed. Discount factors would be imposed by credit purchasers due to noncompliance with regulatory program of the credits with GHG program including consideration of shortfall penalties and limited durations. Discount factors are proposed for (i) additionality, (ii) leakage, (iii) permanence, and (iv) uncertainty. Additionality arise when the region where an AO project is being proposed would have substantial adoption of the AO practice in the absence of GHG programs (business as usual GHGE offset). Leakage arises when the effect of a program is offset by an induced increase in economic activity and accompanying emissions elsewhere. The leakage effect depends on demand and supply elasticities. Permanence reflects the saturation and volatility characteristics of carbon sequestration. Carbon is stored in a volatile form and can be released quickly to the atmosphere when an AO practice is discontinued. The permanence discount depends on the project design including practice continuation after the program and the dynamic rate of offset. Also, consideration of multiple offsets is important. Uncertainty arises due to the stochastic nature of project quantity. The uncertainty discount tends to be smaller the larger the size of the offset contract due to aggregation over space and time. The magnitude of these discounts is investigated in Southeast Texas rice discontinuation study. The additionality and the leakage discounts are found to play an important role in case of rice lands conversion to other crops but less so for pasture conversions and yet less for forest conversions. The permanence discount is important when converting to other crops and short rotation forestry. When all discounts are considered, rice lands conversion to forest yields claimable credits amounting to 52.8% ~ 77.5% of the total offset. When converting rice lands to pasture, the claimable credits 45.1% ~ 64.2%, while a conversion of rice lands to other crops yields claimable credits 38.9% ~ 40.4%.