Traditionally, the Middle Horizon has been characterized by the presence or influence of Wari imperialism throughout ancient Peru. With lesser known areas of the Andes now being explored, this view is considered somewhat passé, monolithic, and lacking heuristic value. Although many Middle Horizon peoples may not have fallen under the rubric of direct Wari control, others certainly did, and it is this variability in degrees of administrative control across regions that is considered a classic hallmark of imperialism. With that said, Middle Horizon research in Cuzco offers a unique opportunity to study a Wari region that was under direct imperial control. Archaeological investigations of Wari Cuzco sites show that this region was not only tightly administered by the Wari heartland, but also that the control that the Wari imposed upon it endured for more than two centuries. This chapter reviews evidence for exchange between the Cuzco Wari and people in other regions towards an understanding of its highly controlled nature. It considers how Cuzco was run and why it was so important to the empire as a whole. / Por todo el antiguo Perú, el Horizonte Medio tradicionalmente ha sido caracterizado por la presencia o influencia del Imperio wari. Con la exploración reciente de áreas hasta hace poco desconocidas, esta perspectiva está considerada anticuada y sin valor. Aunque mucha gente del Horizonte Medio pudo no haber estado bajo el control administrativo de los wari, otra gente si lo estaba y esta diferencia, la cual existía por todas las regiones, representaba el sistema imperialista. Habiendo dicho esto, las investigaciones sobre el Horizonte Medio en Cuzco ofrecen una oportunidad única para estudiar una región bajo el control administrativo directo de los wari. Investigaciones en los sitios arqueológicos wari en Cuzco muestran que esta región ha estado no solo controlada estrictamente por el gobierno de la capital wari, sino que también fue un control que duró por más que dos siglos. Este capítulo revisa la evidencia del intercambio que hubo entre los wari del Cuzco y la gente de otras regiones, para poder llegar a un entendimiento de la naturaleza de este control. También se considera cómo Cuzco funcionaba y la influencia del imperio.

Orientador: Ticiano Jose Saraiva dos Santos / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T08:34:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LipaSalas_VictorRaul_M.pdf: 17006979 bytes, checksum: 16167c41fcd332d58cc142fd38f2bc4b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Este trabalho objetiva determinar o comportamento estrutural, assim como as características petrográficas, metamórfica e idade do Plúton Abancay. A área de estudo abrange aproximadamente 280 km2 e está localizada na parte central da Cordilheira Ocidental dos Andes Peruanos, Província de Abancay, sul do Perú. Geologicamente a área situa-se no extremo sul da zona denominada 'Deflexão de Abancay'. Esta deflexão representa uma zona transcorrente que marca o limite norte da zona vulcânica no Perú, o limite de exposição do embasamento Neoproterozóico e a extensão continental da dorsal de Nazca. A região de Abancay é composta por seqüências sedimentareas datadas do Carbonífero Inferior ao Quaternário. Rochas plutônicas de composição entre tonalitos, monzonitos, quartzo dioritos e granodioritos do Eoceno a Oligoceno Superior (48 a 32 Ma) são correspondentes ao Batólito de Abancay. Neste batólito tem-se um plúton com feições texturais próprias que foi chamado 'Plúton Abancay'. A análise descritiva e cinemática da deformação definiu para o Plúton Abancay, com base em elementos estruturais, dois domínios estruturais. Um definido como zona deformada (ZD), situado na porção norte do plúton e outro como zona pouco deformada (ZPD), na parte sul do corpo. A análise petrográfica identificou rochas metamórficas (ortognaisses anfibolíticos e quartzo-feldspáticos) que foram submetidas a mais de uma fase de deformação, assim como rochas ígneas. Há uma gradação deformacional entre as rochas ígneas e metamórficas. As microtexturas predominantes são granonematoblásticas, nematogranoblásticas e lepidoblásticas nas rochas da zona deformada ZD e da ZPD, apresentam textura alotriomórfica e granular alotriomórfica principalmente. Datações geocronológicas pelo método U-Pb em zircão e Sm-Nd rocha total no Plúton Abancay forneceram a idade de cristalização do corpo entre 216 ± 1,3 e 224 ± 0,92 Ma. Análise pelo método Sm-Nd apresenta idades modelos em um intervalo de 789; 864-891 e 989-1020 Ma. Determinando uma diferenciação manto-crosta entre o Mesoproterozóico e o Neoproterozóico para o Plúton Abancay. Com os novos dados geocronológicos fez-se um quadro da evolução tectono-magmática do plúton e seu relacionamento com as rochas encaixantes na área de estudo / Abstract: This work aims to determine the structural framework, the petrography, metamorphism and age of the Abancay Pluton. The study area is 280 km2 approximately and is located at the Central portion of the Occidental Cordillera of the Peruvian Andes, Abancay Province, southern Peru. Geologically this area is located at the southern most of the ¿Abancay Deflection¿. This deflection represents a transcurrent zone highlighting the northern border of the volcanic zone of Peru, the Neoproterozoic basement limit and the Nazca continental dorsal extension. The Abancay region is formed by sedimentary sequences from Lower Carboniferous to Quaternary, plutonic rocks like tonalite, monzonite, quartz diorite and granodiorite are from Eocene to later Oligocene (32-48 My) and correspond to the Abancay Batolith. Inside this batolith we can find a pluton whit textural feature, which was called ¿Pluton Abancay¿. The descriptive and kinematics analysis of deformation defined two structural domains to the Abancay pluton: i) the deformed zone (DZ), located at the northern portion of the pluton, and ii) lower deformed zone (LDZ), at the southern portion of the body. The spectrographic descriptions identify metamorphic rocks (amphibolite and quartz feldspathic orthogneiss) that were submitted to more than one deformation facies. We can find a gradational deformation between the igneous rocks to the methamorphic ones. The predominant microtextures at the DZ are granonematoblastic, nematoblastic, and lepidoblastic and at the LDZ are allotriomorphic to granular allotriomorphic textures. The U-Pb (zircon) geochronology data and Sm-Nd (whole rock) at the Abancay pluton get a crystallization age between 216 ± 1,3 to 224 ± 0,92 My. The Sm-Nd model age is between 789, 864-891 and 989-1020 My, that means a mantle-crust differentiation between Mesoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic to the Abancay Pluton. With a new geochronologic data we got a tectonomagmatic evolution chart and its relations to hosted rocks at the study area / Mestrado / Metalogenese / Mestre em Geociências

Orientadores: Neura Bragagnolo, Delia Rodriguez-Amaya / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-26T11:32:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Baggio_SueliRegina_M.pdf: 15557636 bytes, checksum: 59755a727aaa95421646fbb3f2a6c504 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2000 / Resumo: Considerando que o colesterol é um esterol largamente distribuído no reino animal, susceptível à oxidação quando exposto ao ar, a temperaturas elevadas, luz, radiação ou à combinação destes fatores, pode ocorrer a formação de vários produtos de oxidação, tais como: 25-hidroxicolesterol; colestan-3 beta-5alfa-6 beta-triol; 5,6alfa-epoxicolesterol; 5,6 beta-epoxicolesterol; 7alfa-hidroxicolesterol; 7 beta-hidroxicolesterol; 7-cetocolesterol e colesta-4,6-dien-3-ona. Estes compostos são considerados mais aterogênicos do que o próprio colesterol na formação de placas ateroscleróticas. A oferta de carne de peru tem aumentado muito nos últimos anos com a suposta característica de apresentarem baixos teores de colesterol, lipídios totais e de ácidos graxos saturados. Esses componentes influenciam no nível de colesterol sanguíneo, sendo que altos níveis é um dos fatores de risco às doenças cardiovasculares. Com base nestes fatos, os objetivos do trabalho foram: (1) otimizar e validar uma metodologia para a determinação simultânea, por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE), de óxidos de colesterol e colesterol em carne de peru; (2) determinar os teores de óxidos de colesterol, colesterol, lipídios totais e a composição de ácidos graxos em carne de peru. Cinco diferentes lotes de amostras compostas de carne de peru, constituídos por três unidades, foram analisados. As amostras foram divididas em: asa, coxa, peito e pele. Para a otimização da metodologia para determinação simultânea de óxidos de colesterol e colesterol, foram testados cinco métodos e oito condições cromatográficas, sendo selecionada a metodologia desenvolvida por SANDER et aI. (1989). As condições cromatográficas estabelecidas no presente trabalho foram: coluna Nova Pak CN HP 300 x 3,9mm, 4'mu' (Watters, USA); fase móvel de hexano/isopropanol (96+4) e detector por conjunto de diodos fixado a 210nm. O método foi validado através da recuperação, coeficiente de variação, limite de detecção e limite de quantificação. A identificação do colesterol e seus óxidos foi feita por comparação com o tempo de retenção do padrão, espectros de absorvância e co-cromatografia, e a confirmação por espectros de massas. Foram identificados dois óxidos de colesterol (7-cetocolesteol e 7 beta-hidroxicolesterol), sendo que o 7-cetocolesterolvariou de 0,33 '+ ou -' 0,03 no peito a 7,65 '+ ou -' 0,87 'mu'g/g na pele. Não foi possível quantificar o 7 beta-hidroxicolesterol nas condições estabelecidas no presente trabalho. Os valores de colesterol obtidos para a carne da asa, coxa, peito e pele foram 46 '+ ou -' 5; 35 '+ ou -'2; 27 '+ ou -' 3; 81 '+ ou -' 6mg/100g, respectivamente, sendo significativamente maior na pele e menor no peito. A partir da mesma extração utilizada para análise do colesterol e seus óxidos (FOLCH et ai. 1957), foi determinado o teor de lipídios totais e a composição de ácidos graxos. Os teores de lipídios totais para a asa, coxa, peito e pele foram 0,9 '+ ou -' 0,4; 1,1 '+ ou -' 0,2; 0,5 '+ ou -' 0,1 e 12 '+ ou -' 3g/100g, respectivamente. O peito apresentou teor significativamente menor de lipídios totais, enquanto que a pele apresentou teor significativamente maior. A composição de ácidos graxos foi realizada por cromatografia gasosa com coluna capilar de sílica fundida CP-SIL 88 (S0m x 0,25mm, 0,20 'mu'm de polietilenoglicol). / Abstract: Not informed. / Mestrado / Mestre em Ciência de Alimentos

Orientador: Pedro Eduardo de Felicio / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-29T05:01:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Neves_MarcoAntonio_M.pdf: 12527493 bytes, checksum: 38c89338461d482f02ad6b8d34c6b923 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001 / Resumo: Produtos de peru como presuntos e apresuntados, elaborados com sobrecoxas, são bem aceitos como alternativa a produtos tradicionais de carne suína. No entanto, a tendência de aves em depositar ácidos graxos insaturados e a natural dificuldade de perus em absorver e acumularvitamina E (a-tocoferol) em seus tecidos, tornam os produtos a base de carne de peru particularmente susceptíveis à oxidação de gorduras e pigmentos. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o efeito de diferentes níveis de suplementaçãode a-tocoferol na ração de perus sobre a estabilidade de cor de produtode perutipo apresuntado. Quatrocentos e oitenta perus de um dia foram criados até a idade de 15 semanas utilizando ração basal padrão contendo 20 mg de a-tocoferil acetato por kg de ração. As aves foram, então, aleatoriamente divididas em cinco grupos e alimentadas com diferentes níveis de a-tocoferil acetato, ao longo de 3 semanas, num total de cinco tratamentos: T1, 20 mg/kg de ração por 3 semanas (controle); T2, 100 mg/kg de ração por 3 semanas; T3, 200 mg/kg de ração por 3 semanas; T4, 20 mg/kg de ração por 1 semana e 200 mg/kg de ração por 2 semanas; TS,20 mg/kg de ração por 2 semanas e 200 mg/kg de ração por 1 semana. Todas as aves foram abatidas com idade de 18 semanas. A carne de sobrecoxas foi utilizada para elaborar apresuntados de peru. Os produtos de peru foram fatiados (1mm), embalados com filme de PVC (8000 - 12000 cm302/m2/dia/atm) e expostos sob condições de refrigeração (10°C) e iluminação (1800 lux) por 120 minutos. Nos tempos de exposição de zero, 60 e 120 minutos as fatias foram analisadas para determinação de cor utilizando-se métodos sensoriais e um colorimetro Minolta (CIE L*, a*, b*). As concentraçõesde a-tocoferol nas sobrecoxase apresuntados obtidos de T3 e T4 apresentaram valores maiores (p<0,05) que a dos outros tratamentos. O tratamento T5 resultou em concentração maior (p<0,05) nas sobrecoxas que o observado para o tratamento T1, mas nenhuma diferença (P>0,05) foi observada entre os apresuntados dos dois tratamentos. Sobrecoxas e apresuntados obtidos de T1 e T2 não apresentaram diferença (P>0,05)na concentraçãode a-tocoferol. Comparando-se os resultados das análises de cor, dentro de cada tratamento, observou-se que as médias das notas sensoriais apresentaram diferenças (P<0,05) entre os três tempos de exposição indicando descoloraçãoem todos os grupos. Os valores de a* e a*/b* apresentaram correlação relativamente alta com as notas sensoriais (r=-0,70 e r=-0,79 respectivamente). Considerando-se cada tempo de exposição, a comparação entre os tratamentos não mostrou diferença (P>0,05) entre as médias das notas obtidas na análise sensorial. Também, nenhuma diferença (P>0,05) foi observada entre os tratamentos com maior suplementação de a-tocoferol (T3 e T4) e o controle para os valores de a* e a*/b* nos tempos de exposiçãode 60 e 120 minutos. O efeito da suplementação de vitamina E na alimentação das aves, visando aumentar a estabilidade de cor em apresuntado de peru, não foi confirmado por análises sensoriais e objetivas para os níveis de suplementação e condições de exposição utilizadas neste trabalho / Abstract: Turkey ham and other turkey products, made from boneless, skinless turkey thigh meat, have competed well with traditional pork products. However, the tendency of birds to deposit highly unsaturatedfat and the low capacity of turkeys to store the natural vitamin E (a-tocopherol) in their tissues, turn turkey products especially susceptible to rancidity and related discoloration. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of various levels of dietary a-tocopherol on the colour stability of sliced ham-typeturkey product. Four hundred eighty day-old turkey chicks were raised to 15 weeks of age using basal feed containing 20 mg of a-tocopheril acetate per kg feed. Then the turkeys were randomly divided into five dietary groups for 3 weeks and fed diets supplemented with different levels of a-tocopheryl acetate in five treatments: Ti, 20 mg/kg feed for 3 weeks (control); T2, 100 mg/kg feed for 3 weeks; T3, 200 mg/kg feed for 3 weeks; T4, 20 mg/kg feed for 1 week and 200 mg/kg feed for 2 weeks; T5, 20 mg/kg feed for 2 weeks and 200 mg/kg feed for 1 week. Ali turkeys were slaughtered at 18 weeks of age. Thigh meat from control and treatment groups was used to manufacture reformed cooked turkey ham. Turkey products were sliced (1" mm thick), packaged in overwrap packaging (8000 - 12000 cm302/m2/day/atm)and displayed under refrigerated (10°C) iIIuminated (1800 lux) conditions for 120 minutes. Samples were analyzed for colour using sensorial methodsand a Minolta colorimeter (color expressed as L*, a*, b* values) in display time of zero, 60 and 120 minutes. The a-tocopherol concentrationsfor fresh thighs and reformed cooked turkey hams T3 and T4 were greater (p<0.05) than those from turkeys of the others diet groups. Thighs from T5 showed a-tocopherol concentration greater (p<0.05) than that from T1, but no differences (P>0.05) were found in the a-tocopherol concentrations for the cooked products from these two diet groups. Fresh thighs and reformedcooked turkey ham from T2 and those from T1 showed no difference (P > 0.05)in a-tocopherol concentrations. Sensorial notes average showed significant differences (P<0,05) between the three measure times within each group. The a* values and the a*/b* values presented relatively high correlation with sensorial notes (r=-0.70 and r=-0.79, respectively) . Comparing values between treatments, concerning each time of exposure, showed no significant differences (P>0.05) in sensorial notes. Also, no significant differences (P>0.05) were found between supplemented treatments and control group in a* values and a*/b* for 60 and 120 minutes of exposure. The effect of increasingdietary vitamin E levei on improving colour stability in reformed cooked turkey ham was not validated by sensory and objective analysis for supplementedlevels and exposureconditions used in this study. / Mestrado / Mestre em Tecnologia de Alimentos

This thesis examines social change in the Quechua-speaking town of Chinchero (Peru), located 30 km away from the city of Cuzco. It does so by studying the conditions created by touristic development in the Region. It is an ethnography that builds on, and dialogues with, previous ethnographies done in Chinchero before. It focuses on issues of landscape and cultural heritage, as these are some of the domains most affected by the changes brought about by tourism, among other forms of modernization. The thesis looks at processes of re-territorialization and social exclusion that have followed the reconversion of the Inca ruins into an Archaeological Park. It also studies the town´s reputed textile tradition in a context of growing commercialization. Over the last few years, coinciding with a surge in tourism in the region, the tourist demand for “authentic” indigenous crafts has fostered significant changes in the textile production of Chinchero. The multiplication of weaving centers where the ethnicity is performed for the tourist gaze, plus the social implications of this new mode of social organization, comes into scrutiny. Another major focus of attention is the project of the New International Airport of Cuzco in Chinchero land. The airport is a direct consequence of tourist development in the Region. This thesis explores processes of social disruption and environmental conflict as the project is deeply dividing the community and raising expectations of progress that that are unlikely to be met. Additionally, the airport intersects with issues of indigeneity and the redefinition of the ethnic identity as the project engages with the supposed incompatibility between being indigenous, and thus “traditional”, and being modern, a process that involves the commercialization of “ancestral” land and the heavy reworking of a landscape where the ancestors and other-than-human forces still dwell.

Introduction. Eating disorders (EDs) are a public health problem, and their relationship to mass media is still controversial. Objective. To assess whether there is an association between models of body image shown in mass media and the risk of developing EDs among female adolescent students from Lima, Peru. Methodology. Cross-sectional study conducted in three schools located in the district of La Victoria, Lima, Peru. The risk of developing EDs was measured using the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26), while mass media influence was measured using the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-3 (SATAQ-3), which was categorized into tertiles both in the overall score and its subscales (information, pressure, general internalization, and athletic internalization). Adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) for EDs were estimated. Results. Four hundred and eighty-three students were included, their median age was 14 ± 3 years old. A risk of developing an ED was observed in 13.9% of them. Students who are more influenced by mass media (upper tertile of the SATAQ-3) have a higher probability of having a risk of developingan ED (aPR: 4.24; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.10-8.56), as well as those who have a greater access to information (PR: 1.89; 95% CI: 1.09-3.25), suffer more pressure (PR: 4.97; 95% CI: 2.31-10.69), show a greater general internalization (PR: 5.00; 95% CI: 2.39-10.43), and show a greater level of athletic internalization (PR: 4.35; 95% CI: 2.19-8-66). Conclusion.The greater the influence of mass media, the greater the probability of having a risk of developing an ED among female students from Lima, Peru. / Introducción. Los trastornos de conducta alimentaria (TCA) son un problema de salud pública y su relación con los medios de comunicación es aún controversial. Objetivo. Evaluar si existe asociación entre los modelos de imagen corporal mostrados por los medios de comunicación y el riesgo de TCA en adolescentes escolares mujeres de Lima, Perú. Metodología. Estudio transversal realizado en tres centros educativos del distrito de La Victoria, Lima, Perú. Se midió el riesgo de TCA con la prueba de actitud alimentaria (Eating Attitudes Test-26; EAT-26, por sus siglas en inglés) y la influencia de los medios de comunicación con el cuestionario sobre actitudes socioculturales con respecto a la apariencia (Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-3; SATAQ-3, por sus siglas en inglés), categorizada en terciles tanto en el puntaje global como en sus subescalas (acceso a la información, presión, internalización general y atlética). Se calcularon las razones de prevalencia ajustadas (RPa) para TCA. Resultados. Se incluyeron483 escolares con edad mediana de 14 ? 3 años. El 13,9% presentó riesgo de padecer TCA. Las escolares que presentan mayor influencia de los medios de comunicación (tercil superior del SATAQ-3) tienen mayor probabilidad de tener un riesgo de TCA (RPa: 4,24; IC 95%: 2,10-8,56), así como quienes tienen mayor acceso a la información (RP: 1,89; IC 95%: 1,09-3,25), mayor presión (RP: 4,97; IC 95%: 2,3110,69), las que presentaron mayor internalización general (RP: 5,00; IC 95%: 2,39-10,43) y las que mostraron mayor grado de internalización atlética (RP: 4,35; IC 95%: 2,19-8,66). Conclusión. A mayor influencia de los medios de comunicación, existe una mayor probabilidad de riesgo de padecer TCA en escolares mujeres en Lima, Perú.

Master of Science / Department of Agricultural Economics / Aleksan Shanoyan / With the recent increase in record-breaking weather events and the inherent susceptibility of the fishmeal industry to temperature fluctuations, the industry dynamics and sustainability of the Peruvian fishmeal sector has gained renewed attention. Among important causes of concern are the cyclical impact of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events on productivity and profitability of fishmeal producing firms, long-term structural changes in the industry, and resulting socio-economic consequences. Although distinct risk management strategies have been implemented by industry players and a range of policy initiatives have been introduced by the government over the years, the firms in the Peruvian fishmeal industry remain highly susceptible to the effects of ENSO events. The increased frequency and magnitude of ENSO events over the past decade has forced relatively less resilient firms out of business and has been accompanied by an observable trend towards increased industry concentration. While there is a potential for efficiency gains and economies of scale from increased concentration, policy makers and industry players have concerns about negative social implications from declining numbers of small and medium firms and shifting competitive dynamics in the industry. As a result, policy-makers and industry stakeholders are in the continuous search for effective strategies and mechanisms for enhancing the resilience of individual fishmeal producers and the overall industry to the effects of ENSO events. The objective of this study is to expand the understanding of factors that affect the resilience of firms to ENSO events in the Peruvian fishmeal industry. The analysis is based on a panel database that combines information from the Peruvian Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática (Statistics Institute), Aduanet (Peruvian Customs website), and the Oceanic Niño Index (ONI). The objective is to identify firm characteristics and factors that can potentially enhance the resilience of a firm to the negative impacts of ENSO events. The specific period of study covers the ENSO event that lasted from July 2009 to April 2010. The resilience of individual firms is measured by applying system resilience framework proposed by Barroso et al. (2015). Subsequently, the effect of a range of characteristics on firm resilience is estimated using a fractional response logit method. Among key parameters of interest are the estimated effects of size, experience, location, and participation in government support programs. The results indicate positive relationship between resilience and experience, diversification, access to government subsidy programs, and share of imported inputs. The results also indicate a negative effect of firm size on resilience to ENSO events. The industry and policy implications of the findings are discussed, while highlighting the number of methodological limitations. The overall contribution of this study is twofold. First it presents an application of resilience triangle approach to measuring firm resilience in the context of Peruvian fishmeal industry. Second, it provides new insights on the factors affecting firm resilience to the negative impact of ENSO events. The findings have a potential to inform policy and industry initiatives designed to enhance the industry’s ability to cope with negative consequences of ENSO events.

Objective: To assess the presence of Dengue, Chikungunya, and Zika in serum samples of patients with acute febrile illness in Piura, Peru and describe the most common clinical features. Results: Dengue was the most common arbovirus detected in 170/496 (34.3%), followed by Zika in 39/496 (7.9%) and Chikungunya in 23/496 (4.6%). Among the 170 samples positive for Dengue, serotype 2 was the most predominant type present in 97/170 (57.1%) of samples, followed by the serotype 3 in 9/170 (5.3%). Headaches, muscle pain, and joint pain were the most common symptoms associated with fever in patients with Dengue and Zika. No symptoms predominance was observed in patients with Chikungunya.Dengue is considered the most frequent arbovirus in Peru and the number of cases has increased dramatically in the last 5 years. However, it is not the only arbovirus that circulates along the northern coast of Peru. It has also been determined the presence of Zika and Chikungunya in our population, which may suggest the circulation of other arboviruses that have not been detected.

No description available.

This essay looks at cultural commoditization by indigenous people in Third World countries in response to tourism. The common assumption is that commoditization invalidates a culture and that it somehow becomes inauthentic. I show that even though the Indians of the Peruvian highlands sell their “Indianess” for tourists to photograph, the real commoditization takes place by mestizos who appropriate Indian culture: their dress, rituals, handicrafts. The Indians and mestizos are both trying to maximize their share of tourism revenue, little of which actually gets to the highlands. Neither culture, however, becomes inauthentic in the process. While the meanings of cultural products may be altered over time, no culture is static and fixed in time: new meanings are relevant within the context of contemporary society. / Arts, Faculty of / Anthropology, Department of / Graduate