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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
151

Fotólise de brometos de orto-xilila: um estudo em solventes apolares / Benzylbromides photolysis: an investigation on apolar solvents

Rezende, Daisy de Brito 01 December 1994 (has links)
O presente trabalho tem por objetivo o estudo da fotólise de uma série de brometos de benzila orto-substituídos em solventes apoIares, visando contribuir para a elucidação, tanto dos mecanismos operativos após a homólise de ligações carbono., halogênio em sistemas benzílicos, como das espécies intermediárias envolvidas no processo. Assim sendo, irradiaram-se soluções benzênicas dos compostos α-bromo-o-xileno (MBX), &#945, α-dibromo-o-xileno (GBX), &#945, α-dibromo-o-xileno (DBX), &#945, α α\'tribromo-o-xileno (TRBX) e &#945, α &#945, α-tetrabromo-o-xileno (TBX) e soluções de MBX e DBX em iso-octano, utilizando-se uma lâmpada de vapor de mercúrio de baixa pressão ( λemissão=254nm). Os produtos foram analisados e identificados por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massas e confirmados por co-injeção de amostras autênticas, sintetizadas por via térmica. Os rendimentos quânticos dos produtos foram calculados, utilizando-se o leucocianeto de verde-malaquita como actinômetro. A análise dos produtos revelou que a homólise da ligação C-Br é seguida de uma série de reações de abstração de hidrogênio e recombinação de radicais resultando sempre em xilenos menos e mais bromados que o xileno de partida. Benzaldeídos, resultantes da hidrólise dos dibrometos geminais, também são formados, devido à presença de traços de água. Quando o solvente é iso-octano, o produto menos bromado aparece com maior rendimento quântico relativo, devido à abstração de hidrogênio do solvente pelo fotoproduto primário, um radical benzila; além disso, observa-se a formação de um novo produto: o 2-bromo-2,4,4-trimetil-pentano. Os rendimentos quânticos de desaparecimento de substrato observados na fotólise de soluções benzênicas de MBX (0,33) e DBX (0,52) foram superiores àqueles encontrados ao se utilizar iso-octano como solvente: 0,22 e 0,32, respectivamente. Isto sugere que o benzeno excitado esteja intermediando o processo (i.e., agindo como sensibilizador), transferindo energia de excitação para o brometo de benzila. Um intermediário bi-radicalar do tipo orto-quinodimetano (o-xilileno) era esperado em caso de: (i) fotólise do radical benzila formado (processo bifotônico) ou (ii) abstração de hidrogênio intramolecular. Entretanto, não se observaram produtos derivados de adição de Diels-Alder, quando ciclo-hexeno foi adicionado ao sistema. Também não se observou formação perceptível de brometo de hidrogênio, em nenhum dos sistemas investigados. Foram feitos, também, estudos de fotólise por pulso de laser, em iso-octano, para os compostos MBX, DBX, GBX e TBX utilizando-se o 4º harmônico de um laser de Nd:YAG (λ =266nm). As soluções de trabalho foram desaeradas por, pelo menos, três ciclos de congelamento-degaseamento-descongelamento até 10-5mmHg. A cinética de decaimento das absorções observadas foi analisada como sendo devida a duas espécies, isto é, os resultados são compatíveis com um decaimento duplo-exponencial, cujos tempos de vida seriam da ordem de µs e ms, para as espécies de tempos de vida curto e longo, respectivamente. Além disso, as distribuições espectrais observadas a 0,1 e 10µs mostraram-se diferentes, indicando a presença de dois transientes. A análise da cinética de decaimento das absorções transientes de MBX e DBX, além das distribuições espectrais obtidas para as transições Dn←Do (λ.=320nrn e 338nm, respectivamente) mostram que, na fotólise destes dois compostos, forma-se, inicialmente, um radical, de tempo de vida da ordem de microssegundos, por cisão homolítica da ligação C-Br: o-metil-benzila, no caso de MBX e o-(bromo-metil)benzila para DBX. Além destas espécies, formam-se cátions (detectáveis para todos os compostos estudados) que apresentam uma banda de absorção larga e desestruturada (de 330 a 360nrn;λ .max = 347nrn) e com tempo de vida da ordem de milissegundos nas condições de trabalho, a partir de um radical excitado, pela perda de um segundo elétron (Tokumura et a/ii 1989; 1991). Resultados análogos foram obtidos para a fotólise de DBX e TBX, em solução benzênica, empregando-se um laser de exímero de XeCI (308nrn), tendo sido nestes experimentos que se detectou o radical gerado de TBX, o qual não é observável em iso-octano. Em benzeno observou-se, também, a formação do complexo Br./benzeno (λ..max = 550nrn), fato este que vem a reforçar a proposição de estarem-se gerando radicais nestes sistemas. / In the present work, the photolyses, in apoIar soIvents, of a series of bromoderivatives of o-xylene is investigated, aiming at attaining an improved understanding of the reaction mechanism and at the identification of the transient species formed after homolysis ofthe carbon-halogen bond. α-Bromo-o-xylene (MBX), α, α -dibromo-o-xylene (GBX), α, α\' -dibromo-o-xylene (DBX), α, α, α \' -tribromo-o-xylene and α, α, α,α\' -tetrabromo-o-xylene (TBX) were subjected to steady-state 254nm irradiation in deaerated benzene and isooctane. The products were identified by GC-MS and also by co-injection of authentic samples. The analysis of the products formed revealed that homolysis of C-Br bond is followed by a series of hydrogen abstraction and radical recombination reactions, resulting in xylenes more and less brominated than the starting compound. Benzaldehydes are also formed from hydrolysis of the geminal dibromides, due to the presence of trace amounts of water. When isoöctane is the solvent, the less brominated products are formed with higher relative quantum yields, as the solvent undergoes hydrogen abstraction by the primary photoproduct, the o-methylbenzyI radical, a process also leading to the formation of 2-bromo-2,4,4-trimethylpentane. This notwithstanding, no trace of HBr was detected. The photolysis of MBX and DBX presented higher absolute quantum yields in benzene than in isoöctane, indicating sensitization by the solvent in the former case. A biradical intermediate, belonging to the orto-quinodimethane c1ass, was expected on the occurrence of either (a) photolysis of the o-methylbenzyl radical formed (a biphotonic process) or (b) intramolecular hydrogen abstraction. However, in the presence of cyclohexene no Diels-AIder adduct was observed. Laser flash-photolysis studies at 266nm (quadrupled Nd:YAG) have been performed for MBX, DBX, GBX and TBX, using degassed isoöctane as solvent. The observed transient spectral and kinetic data indicates initial formation of a radical and of a cation, which present micro and millisecond lifetimes, respectively. Moreover, the spectral distributions were different at 0.1 and 10µs, as expected for two different transients. Similar results were obtained from DBX, on 308nm laser irradiation (XeCl eximer). For TBX, however, on1y in these latter conditions we were able to detect the α-bromo-o-(dibromomethyl)benzyl radical (which half-life is toa short in isoöctane to be detected by our apparatus). Both substracts also gave rise to the Br/benzene complex (λmax = 550nm), in the 308nm photolyses, thus confirming the presence ofBro in the system under study.
152

Estudo de um complexo trinuclear de rutênio como potencial liberador de óxido nítrico / Study of nitric oxide photorelease from a trinuclear ruthenium cluster

Cacita, Natacha 05 April 2013 (has links)
Resumo O presente trabalho teve como objetivo sintetizar e caracterizar um novo complexo trinuclear de rutênio, [Ru3O(CH3OO)6(3-pic)2(NO)]+, através de rotas sintéticas previamente descritas na literatura para complexos análogos. Para a obtenção deste complexo, foram necessárias cinco etapas de síntese, cada qual gerando o precursor da etapa seguinte. Os complexos precursores [Ru3O(CH3OO)6(3-pic)3]+, [Ru3O(CH3OO)6(3-pic)2(CO)] e [Ru3O(CH3OO)6(3-pic)2(H2O)]+, foram caracterizados por técnicas espectroscópicas e voltamétricas. Para o complexo de interesse, [Ru3O(CH3OO)6(3-pic)2(NO)]+, além da caracterização por técnicas espectroscópicas e voltamétricas, foram realizados estudos de fotólise e de interação com albumina de soro humano (HSA). Pelas técnicas espectroscópicas, pudemos ratificar as estruturas propostas tanto para o nitrosilo quanto para os precursores estudados. Para a caracterização do complexo [Ru3O(CH3OO)6(3-pic)2(NO)]+, utilizando a técnica de espectroscopia de infravermelho verificamos a coordenação do ligante NO ao centro metálico [Ru3O], devido ao estiramento característico deste ligante. Os espectros de absorção UV-vis e RMN mostraram que existe uma forte interação entre o elétron desemparelhado do centro metálico e o elétron do ligante NO. Pelos estudos de voltametria cíclica, observamos que os processos redox envolvendo o ligante NO, são compartilhados com o centro metálico. A fotólise do complexo [Ru3O(CH3OO)6(3-pic)2(NO)]+, mostrou-se eficiente, uma vez que a liberação fotoinduzida do NO ocorreu na região do visível e em pH fisiológico. Pelos estudos de supressão de fluorescência, observamos que o complexo realmente interage com a HSA na proporção de 1:1, na região em que se encontra o resíduo de triptofano. / The aim of the present study was synthesize and characterize a new trinuclear ruthenium complex, [Ru3O(CH3OO)6(3-pic)2(NO)]+, via synthetic routes previously described in the literature for analogous complexes. To obtain this complex, it took five synthetic steps, each one yielding a precursor for the next step. The precursor complexes [Ru3O(CH3OO)6(3-pic)3]+, [Ru3O(CH3OO)6(3-pic)2(CO)] and [Ru3O(CH3OO)6(3-pic)2(H2O)]+, were characterized by spectroscopic and voltammetric techniques. For the complex of interest, [Ru3O(CH3OO)6(3-pic)2(NO)]+, in addition to characterization by spectroscopic and voltammetric studies, it was carried out photolysis and interaction with human serum albumin. By spectroscopic techniques, we could confirm the proposed structures for both the nitrosyl and precursors. For characterization of the complex [Ru3O(CH3OO)6(3-pic)2(NO)]+, infrared spectroscopy allowed us to verify that the ligand coordination to the metal center [Ru3O], due to the characteristic stretching band of that ligand. The absorption spectra of UV-vis and NMR showed that there is a strong interaction between the unpaired electron of the metal center and the NO ligand. By cyclic voltammetry studies, we observed that the redox processes involving the NO ligand are shared with the metal center processes. The photolysis of the complex [Ru3O (CH3OO) 6 (3-pic) 2 (NO)] +, was efficient, since the photoinduced release of NO occurred in the visible region and at physiological pH. By fluorescence quenching studies, we observed that the complex actually interacts with the HSA in a 1:1 ratio, in the region which is the residue of tryptophan.
153

Estudo da fotodegradação do bisfenol A em solução aquosa via fotólise direta. / Study of the photodegradation of bisphenol A in aqueous solution by direct photolysis.

Santos, Flaviane da Silva 03 October 2016 (has links)
Neste trabalho, estudou-se a degradação do bisfenol A (BPA) em solução aquosa através da fotólise direta sob radiação UV em 254 nm. Os experimentos foram realizados um reator fotoquímico tubular de vidro de 3,9 L, equipado com uma lâmpada de vapor de mercúrio de baixa pressão tubular concêntrica (36 W). Avaliaram-se os efeitos da taxa específica de emissão de fótons (0,87×10 18 ; 1,4×1018 e 3,6×1018 fótons L-1 s-1 ) e da concentração inicial de BPA (10 a 50 mg L-1 ), conforme um projeto experimental Doehlert. Os resultados dos experimentos indicaram que a degradação do BPA diminui com o aumento de sua concentração inicial, seguindo decaimento de pseudo primeira-ordem. A constante cinética de velocidade de degradação do BPA variou de 0,001 a 0,0066 min-1 , enquanto a porcentagem de degradação de BPA ao final de 120 minutos variou de 14 a 55%; já a remoção do carbono orgânico total variou entre 1,5 e 12,5%. Houve a formação de produtos persistentes e as espécies reativas de oxigênio (1 O2 oOH ) mostraram-se muito importantes durante a degradação do BPA. O rendimento quântico para fotólise de BPA foi de 0,0075 mol BPA mol fótons-1, determinado a partir dos dados experimentais através de um modelo matemático para degradação fotolítica do BPA em função do tempo. Para tanto, considerou-se um sistema de tratamento formado por um reator tubular e um tanque de mistura com recirculação entre eles, sendo o reator tubular tratado como uma série de três reatores contínuos de mistura perfeita (CSTR) associados entre si. Através da análise estatística dos dados experimentais para duas respostas (constante específica de degradação do BPA e porcentagem de degradação do BPA ao final de 120 minutos) avaliaram-se os efeitos das variáveis envolvidas (concentração inicial de BPA e taxa específica de emissão de fótons). / The aim of this study was to evaluate bisphenol A (BPA) degradation in aqueous solution by direct photolysis under UV radiation at 254 nm, considering the effects of the specific rate of photon emission (0.87×1018; 1.4×1018 and 3.6×1018 fótons L-1 s-1) and the initial BPA concentration (10-50 mg L-1), according to a Doehlert experimental design. The experiments were performed in a glass tubular photochemical reactor of 3.9 L equipped with a concentric low pressure mercury vapor lamp of 36 W. The experimental results indicated that BPA degradation decreases with increasing initial concentration, following pseudo first-order decay, and increases with increasing specific rate of photon emission. The values of the specific BPA degradation rate varied in the range 0.001-0.0066 min-1, while BPA percent degradation at 120 minutes of irradiation varied from 14 to 55%; TOC removal varied from 1.5 to 12.5%. Persistent degradation products were formed, and oxygen reactive species (1O2, oHO) showed to exhibit an important role during BPA degradation. The obtained quantum yield of BPA photolysis was 0.0075 mol BPA mol photons-1, determined from the experimental data through a mathematical model for BPA photolytic degradation versus time. With that aim a treatment system formed by a tubular reactor connected with a mixing tank with recirculation between them was considered; the tubular reactor was treated as a series of three associated continuous perfect mixing reactors (CSTR). Through statistical analysis of the experimental data for two responses (specific BPA degradation rate and BPA percent degradation at 120 minutes), the effects of the variables involved in BPA degradation (initial BPA concentration and specific rate of photon emission) were discussed.
154

Influência da complexação com ciclodextrinas sobre a degradação fotolítica do pizotifeno em solução aquosa / Influence of cyclodextrin complexation over the photolytic degradation of pizotifeno in aqueous solution

Lopes Junior, José Arthur Peres 21 February 2011 (has links)
As ciclodextrinas são oligossacarídeos descobertos há mais de cem anos e utilizados para modificação de propriedades físico-químicas de moléculas, aplicadas especialmente para aumentar/modificar sua solubilidade através da formação de complexos de inclusão tipo hóspede-hospedeiro entre sua cavidade apolar e grupamentos afins das moléculas hóspedes. O sucesso na obtenção dos complexos de inclusão depende muito do método empregado e é necessário conhecer as opções disponíveis para selecionar a melhor relação entre eficiência e rendimento. Dentre as técnicas utilizadas para a obtenção destes complexos as mais destacadas são a coprecipitação, coevaporação, neutralização, liofilização, spray-drying, malaxagem, moagem e fluidos supercríticos. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a influência da complexação do pizotifeno (PZT) com ciclodextrinas (CDs) sobre a sua fotodegradação em solução aquosa. Para isso foram utilizados diferentes tipos de CDs (α, β e γ ). Adicionalmente, um método analítico indicador de estabilidade por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência foi desenvolvido e validado. Este método cromatográfico foi avaliado quanto a sua seletividade, linearidade, precisão intermediária, exatidão, estimativas de limites inferiores de quantificação e detecção, robustez e saturação dos filtros. A coluna cromatográfica utilizada foi uma Wakosil II 5C18 RS, 250mm x 4,6mm (5µm). A fase móvel (FM) utilizada consistiu numa mistura de solução aquosa de (NaH2PO4 + Pic B8) 2 mmol/l:acetonitrila:trietilamina (600:400:2, v/v) com pH aparente de 3,00±0,05. A vazão de trabalho utilizada foi de 1,5 ml/min e a temperatura da coluna foi mantida a 30°C. O método avaliado mostrou-se capaz de separar o PZT de seus principais produtos de degradação, preciso, exato, satisfatoriamente linear (r2>0,99, intercepto-y próximo de zero), robusto quanto ao pH, composição e vazão da FM e a condição de filtração ideal foi através de filtros de PVDF hidrofílico. A mudança na fotoestabilidade do pizotifeno puro e complexado com α, β e γ ciclodextrinas em solução aquosa foi avaliada em câmara de fotoestabilidade sob luz branca e UV por doze dias em frascos de vidro lacrados. Os complexos de inclusão conferiram ao fármaco uma velocidade de degradação no mínimo 19% menor em relação ao PZT puro e uma proteção relativa de até 1,61. A magnitude da fotoproteção foi maior para o complexo formado com β-ciclodextrina independentemente do tipo de radiação. / Cyclodextrins (CDs) are oligosaccharides discovered over one hundred years ago and used to change physicochemical properties of molecules, acting especially over its aqueous solubility through the formation of guest-host type inclusion complexes between its apolar cavity and similar structures in the guest molecule. Among the techniques employed to obtain these inclusion complexes the most commonly used are coprecipitation, coevaporation, neutralization, freeze-drying, spray-drying, kneading, grinding and precipitation from supercritical fluids. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the influence of the complexation of pizotifen (PZT) with various CDs (α, β and γ) over its photostability in aqueous solution. Also, a stability indicating high performance chromatographic method was developed and fully validated regarding its selectivity, linearity, intermediate precision, accuracy, lower limits of detection and quantification, robustness and filter saturation. The column used was a Wakosil II 5C18 RS with (250 x 4,6) mm, 5 µm particle size and kept at 30°C. The mobile phase (MP) used consisted of a mixture of a saline aqueous solution (NaH2PO4 + Sodium Octanesulfonate) 2 mmol/l:acetonitrile:tryethylamine (600:400:2 v/v) with its apparent pH adjusted to 3 and with a flow rate of 1,5 ml/min. The method was selective regarding PZT peak even among its degradation products and also precise, exact, linear (r2>0,99 and y-intercept close to zero), robust regarding MP\'s pH, composition and flow rate and the best filtration condition was with hydrophilic PVDF. Photostability changes in pure and complexed PZT in aqueous solution inside sealed glass vials were assessed for 12 days under both white and UV light in a photostability chamber regarding PZT\'s observed degradation rate, half-life and relative protection. Inclusion complexation significantly reduced PZT\'s degradation constant at least 20%, with equivalent increase in its half-life and a maximum relative protection of 1,61. The most significant protection was observed in the β-CD complex solution for both types of irradiation.
155

Influência da complexação com ciclodextrinas sobre a degradação fotolítica do pizotifeno em solução aquosa / Influence of cyclodextrin complexation over the photolytic degradation of pizotifeno in aqueous solution

José Arthur Peres Lopes Junior 21 February 2011 (has links)
As ciclodextrinas são oligossacarídeos descobertos há mais de cem anos e utilizados para modificação de propriedades físico-químicas de moléculas, aplicadas especialmente para aumentar/modificar sua solubilidade através da formação de complexos de inclusão tipo hóspede-hospedeiro entre sua cavidade apolar e grupamentos afins das moléculas hóspedes. O sucesso na obtenção dos complexos de inclusão depende muito do método empregado e é necessário conhecer as opções disponíveis para selecionar a melhor relação entre eficiência e rendimento. Dentre as técnicas utilizadas para a obtenção destes complexos as mais destacadas são a coprecipitação, coevaporação, neutralização, liofilização, spray-drying, malaxagem, moagem e fluidos supercríticos. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a influência da complexação do pizotifeno (PZT) com ciclodextrinas (CDs) sobre a sua fotodegradação em solução aquosa. Para isso foram utilizados diferentes tipos de CDs (α, β e γ ). Adicionalmente, um método analítico indicador de estabilidade por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência foi desenvolvido e validado. Este método cromatográfico foi avaliado quanto a sua seletividade, linearidade, precisão intermediária, exatidão, estimativas de limites inferiores de quantificação e detecção, robustez e saturação dos filtros. A coluna cromatográfica utilizada foi uma Wakosil II 5C18 RS, 250mm x 4,6mm (5µm). A fase móvel (FM) utilizada consistiu numa mistura de solução aquosa de (NaH2PO4 + Pic B8) 2 mmol/l:acetonitrila:trietilamina (600:400:2, v/v) com pH aparente de 3,00±0,05. A vazão de trabalho utilizada foi de 1,5 ml/min e a temperatura da coluna foi mantida a 30°C. O método avaliado mostrou-se capaz de separar o PZT de seus principais produtos de degradação, preciso, exato, satisfatoriamente linear (r2>0,99, intercepto-y próximo de zero), robusto quanto ao pH, composição e vazão da FM e a condição de filtração ideal foi através de filtros de PVDF hidrofílico. A mudança na fotoestabilidade do pizotifeno puro e complexado com α, β e γ ciclodextrinas em solução aquosa foi avaliada em câmara de fotoestabilidade sob luz branca e UV por doze dias em frascos de vidro lacrados. Os complexos de inclusão conferiram ao fármaco uma velocidade de degradação no mínimo 19% menor em relação ao PZT puro e uma proteção relativa de até 1,61. A magnitude da fotoproteção foi maior para o complexo formado com β-ciclodextrina independentemente do tipo de radiação. / Cyclodextrins (CDs) are oligosaccharides discovered over one hundred years ago and used to change physicochemical properties of molecules, acting especially over its aqueous solubility through the formation of guest-host type inclusion complexes between its apolar cavity and similar structures in the guest molecule. Among the techniques employed to obtain these inclusion complexes the most commonly used are coprecipitation, coevaporation, neutralization, freeze-drying, spray-drying, kneading, grinding and precipitation from supercritical fluids. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the influence of the complexation of pizotifen (PZT) with various CDs (α, β and γ) over its photostability in aqueous solution. Also, a stability indicating high performance chromatographic method was developed and fully validated regarding its selectivity, linearity, intermediate precision, accuracy, lower limits of detection and quantification, robustness and filter saturation. The column used was a Wakosil II 5C18 RS with (250 x 4,6) mm, 5 µm particle size and kept at 30°C. The mobile phase (MP) used consisted of a mixture of a saline aqueous solution (NaH2PO4 + Sodium Octanesulfonate) 2 mmol/l:acetonitrile:tryethylamine (600:400:2 v/v) with its apparent pH adjusted to 3 and with a flow rate of 1,5 ml/min. The method was selective regarding PZT peak even among its degradation products and also precise, exact, linear (r2>0,99 and y-intercept close to zero), robust regarding MP\'s pH, composition and flow rate and the best filtration condition was with hydrophilic PVDF. Photostability changes in pure and complexed PZT in aqueous solution inside sealed glass vials were assessed for 12 days under both white and UV light in a photostability chamber regarding PZT\'s observed degradation rate, half-life and relative protection. Inclusion complexation significantly reduced PZT\'s degradation constant at least 20%, with equivalent increase in its half-life and a maximum relative protection of 1,61. The most significant protection was observed in the β-CD complex solution for both types of irradiation.
156

Estudo da reatividade do estado excitado triplete de benzopsoralenos empregando a t?cnica de fot?lise por pulso de laser / Study of the reactivity of the triplet excited state benzopsoralenos employing photolysis technique of laser pulse

MAIA, Julio Eduardo Paiva Sena 10 June 2016 (has links)
Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-05-10T19:35:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Julio Eduardo Paiva Sena Maia.pdf: 4252378 bytes, checksum: c4558d5e8e37e740e16bcf9b41d1c55b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-10T19:35:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Julio Eduardo Paiva Sena Maia.pdf: 4252378 bytes, checksum: c4558d5e8e37e740e16bcf9b41d1c55b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-10 / Laser flash photolysis (LFP) studies have been performed in order to investigate the triplet reactivity toward hydrogen and electron donors of the benzo-fused furan psoralens 3-ethoxycarbonyl-2H-benzofuro[2,3-e]-1-benzopyran-2-one (1) and 3-ethoxycarbonyl-2H-benzofuro[3,2-d]-1-benzopyran-2-one (2). Photolysis of the psoralens 1 and 2 results in the formation of the corresponding triplet excited state which is efficiently quenched by DABCO, triethylamine and phenols containing polar substituents. The reaction of the triplet state of 1 and 2 with electron donors (DABCO and triethylamine) leads to the formation of the corresponding anion radical whereas with phenols the corresponding aryloxyl radical was easily detected. Quenching rate constants for psoralen 2 are at least one order of magnitude greater than for 1. The Hammett plot for the reaction of 1 and 2 with phenols yielded a reaction constant ? of - 1.88?0.29 and -1.60?0.21, respectively, which reflects the high electrophilicity of the carbonyl group of both psoralens. / Estudos empregando a t?cnica de Fot?lise por Pulso de Laser foram realizados a fim de investigar a reatividade dos estados excitados triplete dos benzopsoralenos 3-etoxicarbonil-2-H-benzofuro[2,3-e]-1-benzopiran-2-ona (Pso 1) e 3-etoxicarbonil-2-H-benzofuro[3,2-d]-1-benzopiran-2-ona (Pso 2) frente a doadores de el?tron e hidrog?nio. A fot?lise dos psoralenos Pso 1 e Pso 2 resulta na forma??o do estado excitado triplete correspondente os quais reagem de forma eficiente com DABCO, trietilamina, fenol e seus derivados contendo substituintes polares. A rea??o dos estados excitados triplete de Pso 1 e Pso 2 com doadores de el?tron (DABCO e trietilamina) levou ? forma??o do ?nion radical correspondente, enquanto que na presen?a de doadores de hidrog?nio como o fenol e seus derivados houve forma??o dos radicais fenoxila correspondentes. As constantes de velocidade obtidos para Pso 2 s?o pelo menos uma ordem de grandeza maior do que as obtidas para Pso 1. Um gr?fico de Hammett para as rea??es do triplete de Pso 1 e Pso 2 frente a fen?is e seus derivados produziu constante de rea??o (?? de - 1,88?0,29 e de -1,60 ? 0,21, respectivamente, o que reflete a alta eletrofilicidade do grupo carbon?lico para ambos os benzopsoralenos.
157

(¤@)Pyrolytic and Photolytic Study of 1,2-Bis(3-methoxy-2- naphthyl)ethene (¤G)Photolytic Study of £\-Azidotoluene and Its Derivatives

Chien, Wei-Chen 18 August 2011 (has links)
(¤@) Pyrolysis of 1,2-bis(3-methoxy-2-naphthyl)ethene (35) gave polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) 42¡B43¡B44 and 45. In addition, photolysis of 35 gave photocyclic products 50. (¤G) Photolysis of £\-azidotoluene (35) and 2-azido1-(2-furanyl)ethanone(45) gave dimer products benzylbenzene (51)¡B2-(furan-2-carbon-yl)-amino-1-(2-furyl)ethan-one (60) and 2-(2-formylfuranyl)-4-(2-furan-yl)-imidazole (48).
158

Kinetic Study on Degradation of Gas-phase 1, 3-Butadiene and Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether Acetate (PGMEA) by UV/O3

Huang, Bo-Jen 24 October 2005 (has links)
This study investigates the rate kinetics for BD and PGMEA oxidation by UV/O3 process. The reactor constructs of a 100 cm x 20 cm x 85 cm (L x W x H) stainless steel chamber, in which four vertical steel plates (20 cm x 65 cm, W x H) were inserted to establish a plug flow path for the flowing gas. The reactor has a total effective volume of 170 L. Each of the five compartments of the reactor is equipped with an individual UV irradiation system with a 3.0-cm x 15-cm (ID x L) quartz sheath that housed an UV lamp, and two electric UV power inputs of 0.147 or 0.294 W/L were obtained. The gas flows perpendicularly to the UV lamps in the reactor. The influent tested VOC concentration was adjusted to about 50 ppm, and the gas flows were controlled at the individual flow rate of 60 and 120 L/min. The effects of moisture content (relative humidity, RH), ozone dosage (initial molar ratio of ozone to the tested VOC, m) and UV volumetric electric power input on the removal of the tested VOCs are investigated in the study. Also, kinetic models of the tested VOCs by photolysis, ozonation and UV/O3 have been developed and confirmed with reference to the experimental data. According to the kinetic models, both photolysis rate and oxidation rate by UV/O3 are following the first order behavior with respect to the tested VOC concentrations which are low. The result reveals the absorbance for the reactions is weak absorbance under UV irradiation. The reaction rates are proportional to the UV electric power inputs in UV-initiated reactions. And the parameter, £i, which represents the ratio of OH radical consumption rate by the tested VOC to the total OH radical consumption rate, can be obtained by simulating the performance of experimental data of OH reactions. The experimental results reveal that for BD oxidation with a gas space time of 85 sec and RH = 40 ¡V 99%, BD photolysis did not occur at wavelength of 185 nm with UV electric power inputs of 0.147 and 0.294 W/L. The ozonation efficiency of BD reached 90% at m = 3.5, and RH had no influence on the removal efficiency of BD. The removal efficiencies by UV/O3 process reached 90% with m = 2.2 and 1.6 for UV power inputs of 0.147 and 0.294 W/L, respectively. The addition of ozone apparently encouraged BD removal efficiency by UV/O3 process. And the enhancement of ozone dosage (m = 0.5 ¡V 4.4) would promote the decomposition of BD more effectively than the enhancements of UV power input (from 0.147 to 0.294 W L-1) and RH (from 40 to 99%). For PGMEA photolysis in a batch reactor with volume of 1.188 L, the photolysis occurred at wavelength of 185 nm under UV irradiation. And the photolysis rate follows the first order behavior with respect to the concentration of PGMEA. But PGMEA photolysis did not occurred at UV wavelength of 254 nm. PGMEA ozonation was performed in the same batch reactor; and the removal efficiency of only 50% at m = 3.96 would take 35 min. So, PGMEA ozonation in the plug flow reactor did not be observed at the conditions of the gas space time of 85 sec and RH = 15 ¡V 99%. Besides, the photolysis of PGMEA was carried out at the above conditions. The removal efficiency of PGMEA by UV/O3 could reach 90% at the conditions of the gas space time of 170 sec, UV volumetric electric power input of 0.294 W/L and m = 2.9. And the enhancement of UV power input (from 0.147 to 0.294 W L-1) would promote the decomposition of PGMEA more effectively than the addition of ozone dosage (m = 1.05 ¡V 15.63) and RH = 15 ¡V 99%.
159

Oxidation characteristics of fluorine-, nitrogen-, and sulfur-containing organic compounds by UV/O3

Chang, Ken-Lin 10 September 2007 (has links)
DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) is a liquid with a high boiling point (189 oC) that has been extensively utilized in various industries owing to its ability to dissolve various organic and inorganic compounds. DMSO is increasingly being adopted as a detergent or a photo-resistant stripping solvent in manufacturing semiconductors and liquid crystal displays (LCD). Therefore, DMSO is now a major component of wastewater. The biological treatment of DMSO-containing wastewater generates noxious DMS (dimethyl sulfide) and other compounds that may cause odor problems. Also having a high water solubility and a moderate boiling point (110 oC), tetrafluoro propanol (TFP) has been extensively applied in the manufacture of CD-R and DVD-R, due to its ability to dissolve organic dyes. The spin coating process produces a large amount of wastewater containing TFP. No reports have been written on the biodegradability of TFP to the authors¡¦ knowledge. Additionally, HMDS (hexamethyldisilazane) has been extensively used in life science microscopy and material science. For instance, the semiconductor industry employs HMDS to promote the adhesion of photo-resistant material to oxide(s). HMDS is classified as a carcinogen, and has an ammonia odor. Condensing incinerators have been found to be unsuitable for treating HMDS-containing waste gases, because of the formation of silicon dioxide, which blocks porous adsorbents. Biological treatment also appears to be unpromising due to its low water solubility and limited biodegradability. This investigation evaluates the feasibility, effectiveness and oxidation characteristics of aqueous DMSO, TFP and gaseous HMDS (hexamethyldisilazane) by UV/O3 processes. A reactor made entirely of acrylic plastic with an effective volume of 10 L was employed for the reactions. The tested VOCs concentrations were adjusted to 400¡V890mg/L and 772¡V887 mg/L for DMSO and TFP, respectively, and the gas (ozone-enriched air) flow rate was controlled at 3L/min. The effects of various solution pH values (acidic, alkaline, uncontrolled), solution temperatures (26 oC, 37 oC, 48 oC and 60 oC), and UV wavelengths (254 nm and 185+254 nm) on the removal of tested VOCs were studied . Additionally, the operation costs of treating DMSO and TFP by UV/O3 were estimated. Experimental results demonstrate that acidic conditions (pH = 3.6) favored the degradation of DMSO, and that the removal efficiency could reach 95% at a volumetric UV intensity P/V of 2.25 W/L and a reaction time of 120 min. However, alkaline conditions (pH = 9.5) favored the decomposition of TFP, with the removal efficiency reaching 95% at P/V = 2.5 W/L and a reaction time of 60 min. Both DMSO and TFP exhibited zero-order degradation kinetics when sufficient ozone was supplied. Raising the oxidation temperature did not increase the UV/O3 oxidation of TFP in the tested concentration and temperature ranges. Operation costs of the UV/O3 per unit volume of wastewater with DMSO or TFP are comparable to those of the methods described in the literature. For the gaseous HMDS oxidation, two batch reactors with effective volumes of 1.2 and 5.8 L were used employed with the decomposition occurred under UV (185+254 nm) irradiation and UV (254 nm)/O3 processes. Tests were performed with initial HMDS concentrations of 32¡V41mg/m3 under various initial ozone dosages (O3 (mg)/HMDS (mg) =1¡V5), atmospheres (N2, O2, and air), temperatures (28 oC, 46 oC, 65 oC and 80 oC), relative humilities (20%, 50%, 65% and 99%) and volumetric UV power inputs (0.87 W/L, 1.74 W/L, 4.07 W/L and 8.16 W/L) to assess their effects on the HMDS degradation rate. Results of this study demonstrate that the decomposition rates for the UV (185+254 nm) irradiation exceeded those for the UV (254 nm)/O3 process for all conditions. UV (185+254 nm) decompositions of HMDS displayed apparent first-order kinetics. A process with irradiation of UV (185+254 nm) to HMDS in air saturated with water at temperatures of 46¡V80 oC favors the HMDS degradation. With the above conditions and a P/V of around 8 W/L, k≈ 0.20 s−1, and over 90% of the initial HMDS was degraded in a time of 12s. The main mechanisms for the HMDS in wet air streams irradiated with UV (185+254 nm) were found to be caused by OH free radical oxidation produced from photolysis of water or O (1D) produced from photolysis of oxygen. Economic evaluation factors of UV (185+254 nm) and UV (254 nm)/O3 processes at various UV power inputs were also estimated.
160

Laser flash photolysis studies of some gas phase reactions of atmospheric interest

Zhao, Zhijun 20 August 2009 (has links)
Radical reactions play central roles in regulating regional air quality and global climate. Some potentially important gas phase radical reactions are being investigated in this research project, including Cl reactions with acetone, butanone, 3-pentanone, pyridine, and dimethyl selenide (DMSe), HO2 complex formation and dissociation with formic and acetic acids, and reactive and non-reactive quenching of O(1D) by the potent greenhouse gases SO2F2, NF3, and SF5CF3. The involved radicals are generated by laser flash photolysis (LFP). Temporal profiles of either the radical reactant or a product are monitored in "real time" using atomic resonance fluorescence spectroscopy (RF), time-resolved UV-visible absorption spectroscopy (TRUVVAS), or tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS), allowing kinetic and mechanistic information of these reactions to be obtained. These studies provide new knowledge of the investigated radical reactions and facilitate a better understanding of their significance in atmospheric chemistry.

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