Ethnic groups are a visible feature of Canadian society. That this is so indicates that there must be methods for making them recognizable as well as methods of accounting for that visible difference. In this thesis, I am concerned to explicate the socially organized practices which constitute particular members and groups in society as different from other members and groups. The argument presented is that it is the practices of all members of society which constitute this difference, rather than the difference being an attribute of any particular ethnic, or immigrant group. The work proceeds in two ways. First, the constitution of ethnic difference, located in the theoretical literature, is investigated. It is demonstrated that the theoretical formulations rest on an unexplicated common-sense understanding of ethnic groups and their members as different. Second, observations and descriptions of the everyday lived relations of Portuguese immigrants are analyzed. The observations include interviews with social service workers, taped discussions of participants at a conference on multiculturalism, as well as interviews with Portuguese immigrants themselves. This second source of data provides an understanding of how difference is constituted in descriptions and explanations of ethnic phenomena in Vancouver. Through the use of a method of analysis derived from Marx and developed for sociology by Smith, I have focussed the ethnography on the socially organized practices which constitute ethnic difference in Vancouver. The enactment of ethnicity in the theoretical literature, in the fieldwork, and in the observations, explanations, descriptions and accounts are treated a6 data for the analysis of the method by which ethnic difference is constituted socially. It is demonstrated that descriptions which reference cultural origin, like those which reference personality factors, disattend to the constitution of social location in Vancouver. Cultural descriptions are a method of constituting immigrant/ethnic difference. The location of immigrant/ethnic groups and their members within a particular social organization is recreated at every moment in the descriptions and other activities of members of society within the family, labour force and social service delivery system of Vancouver society. / Arts, Faculty of / Anthropology, Department of / Graduate

Orientador: Charlotte Marie Chambelland Galves / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T03:43:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Yano_CynthiaTomoe_M.pdf: 1425568 bytes, checksum: 4e23bdff6f9157ebb8d5279dd5e237e5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O presente trabalho tem como objetivo compreender melhor o funcionamento do sistema de pontuação do português europeu do período do século XVI ao século XIX, focalizando a análise do emprego da vírgula antes de oração completiva verbal e oração completiva nominal. A escolha desses contextos de uso da vírgula não foi fortuita e se deu por duas razões: primeiro, pela dificuldade dos gramáticos, até o início do século XVIII, em definir as diferenças entre as orações completivas e as relativas restritivas e explicativas e, portanto, o uso de vírgula nesses tipos de construções também, e segundo, pela variação no uso de vírgula que se observa em textos literários escritos e publicados na época. Para a análise foi realizada a leitura de gramáticas e tratados de ortografia publicados do século XVI ao XIX e foi selecionado um corpus composto por quatorze textos de autores portugueses nascidos no mesmo período, do século XVI ao XIX, no qual foram realizadas buscas por todas as sentenças em que ocorrem os tipos de construções citados acima, precedida e não precedida por vírgula, com o auxílio da ferramenta de busca Corpus Search. Todos os dados, posteriormente, foram classificados segundo dois critérios: o primeiro de acordo com o ano e a presença ou não de vírgula antes da oração completiva, e o segundo de acordo com a presença ou não de um elemento interpolado entre o verbo e a oração completiva. Após a análise dos resultados, observou-se que a maioria dos dados tinha como verbo regente um verbo dos tipos de discurso, de pensamento ou de opinião, típicos de discurso relatado. Isso levou à hipótese e à confirmação de que a vírgula possuía mais uma função: de introduzir discurso relatado, além das descritas pelos gramáticos e ortografistas, que foi corroborada pelo fato de haver, nos mesmos textos, ocorrências com os mesmos verbos seguidos de dois pontos, que tem como função primeira introduzir citações e discursos indiretos na escrita. Além disso, notou-se também que, a partir do século XVIII, há uma queda progressiva na porcentagem de ocorrências com orações completivas precedidas por vírgula. Apesar do que as gramáticas da época mostram e alguns estudos, como o de Rocha (1997), afirmam, o modo de empregar a vírgula teria sofrido modificações desde a primeira metade do século XVIII, e não a partir do século XVII e nem mais tarde, a partir da segunda metade do século XVIII. Outro resultado interessante a que se chegou com este estudo, ainda que não seja categórico, foi o de que a variação no uso da vírgula entre uma oração completiva e o verbo que a rege nos textos quinhentistas e seiscentistas, embora à primeira vista pareça aleatória, poderia ter como motivação a presença ou não de um elemento seguindo o verbo. A análise pareceu mostrar que, quando não há nenhum elemento interpolado a preferência é pela não colocação de vírgula antes da oração completiva e quando há um elemento, a colocação de vírgula é mais frequente. Já quanto aos textos setecentistas e oitocentistas, foram poucos os casos com vírgula encontrados e desses, a maioria apresenta uma configuração bastante diferenciada, ou com uma oração relativa, uma oração parentética ou um vocativo, que devem obrigatoriamente ser isolados por pontuação, ou são ambíguos, podendo a oração completiva ser interpretada como complemento do verbo que a precede imediatamente ou como complemento ou adjetivo do verbo ou nome da oração anterior / Abstract: The objective of this study is to gain a better understanding of how the punctuation system of European Portuguese worked from 16th to 19th centuries, focusing on the analysis of the use of the comma before completive clauses selected by verb and noun. These contexts of use of the comma were chosen for two reasons: first, because of the difficulty the grammarians had in defining the differences between completive clauses and restrictive and explicative relative clauses and, therefore, the use of the comma in these contexts; and second, because of the variation in the use of the comma in literary texts written and published in the same period of time. For the analysis, we read grammars and orthography treatises published from 16th to 19th centuries and built a corpus composed of fourteen texts written by Portuguese authors born in the same period of time, in which we searched for all the sentences with a completive clause preceded or not by a comma with the help of the program Corpus Search. All data collected were, afterwards, classified according to two criteria: the author's birth year and whether there was a comma before the completive clause and whether there was an element interpolated between the verb and the completive clause. After analyzing the results, we observed that in most of the data the regent verb was a verb of discourse, thought or opinion, typical of reported speech. That led to the hypothesis that the comma had one more function, besides the one described by grammarians and orthographists: to introduce reported speech. That hypothesis was corroborated by the fact that in the same texts there are instances of the same type of verbs followed by a colon, whose main function is to introduce quotations and indirect speech in written texts. Moreover, we also noticed that from the 18th century on the percentage of instances of a completive clause preceded by a comma declines progressively. Besides what grammars and some works, like Rocha (1997), say, it seems that the use of the comma changed in the first half of the 18th century, and not from the 17th century on nor later, from the second half of the 18th century on. Another interesting result of this research, even though it is not categorical, was that the variation in the use of the comma between a completive clause and the regent verb in the 15th and 16th century texts is not random, but could be motivated by the presence or not of an element following the verb. The analysis showed that when there wasn't an element interpolated, the preference was not to put a comma before the completive clause, and when the element was present, the use of the comma was more frequent. In the 18th and 19th centuries texts only a few data with comma were found, of which most have a relative clause, a parenthetical clause or a vocative that must be isolated by a comma, after the verb, or are ambiguous and the completive clause may be interpreted as a complement of the preceding verb or as a complement or adjective of the verb of noun of the preceding clause / Mestrado / Linguistica / Mestra em Linguística

Although the Portuguese diminutive has been analyzed for centuries, there is a lack of descriptive experimental data regarding how native speakers form the diminutive including participants from each state in Brazil. For this study, 1,053 native speakers from each of the 26 states and the federal district of Brazil filled out an online survey, providing information about their age, gender, birth state, and current state of residence in Brazil. Participants selected the form(s) of the diminutive which they would use for 60 test words. Results indicate that the most influential factors in the formation of the diminutive are the age and state of origin of the participant, in addition to the final phone and stress of the word being diminutized. An apparent time shift in diminutive formation is seen in the diminutive endings of -inho and -zinho.

Includes bibliographies. / This dissertation seeks to trace the forty-year evolution or the Portuguese or Madeiran immigrant community of Woodstock between the 1940s and 1980s. As the majority of Portuguese in Woodstock came from Madeira the terms, Portuguese and Madeiran, will be used interchangeably when referring to the immigrants. Throughout this period, Woodstock began to attract significant numbers of Portuguese immigrants, earning it the name' Little Madeira'. It became, in fact, the first suburb in Cape Town in which a distinct, Portuguese ethnic community developed .The dissertation is an attempt, however tentative, at the reconstruction of the history of the Portuguese community whilst at (he same time endeavouring to stress the importance of the contribution of sustained immigrant study to parochial and national histories.

The greater part of Pazande speaking territory is situated at a reasonable distance from the major swahilophone territories and most speakers of Zande have never been in close contact with speakers of Kiswahili. Only when Tippu Tip reached the north-eastern areas of present DR Congo and claimed a political position of power, did the Zande came into contact with Kiswahili. This contact was not intense and, as such, the few Kiswahili loanwords that exist in Zande have never been a topic of research. Such loanwords, however, do exist, e.g. kiti ‘chair’, and may have entered the language via Lingala or, due to its geographical proximity, the variety Bangala.

No description available.

O presente estudo analisa dados obtidos através da pesquisa por meio do corpus linguístico que provam estatisticamente o estilo adotado por Machado de Assis. Através da frequência de palavras-chave, escolhas léxicas mais significativas de cada romance e de alguns contos, esse estudo analisou a forma do romancista em criticar a sociedade oitocentista do Rio de Janeiro. Os resultados mostraram a disposição do autor de censurar o cientificismo do século XIX, os anseios e desejos da burguesia, assim como os conflitos da alma humana e a problemática dos relacionamentos da sociedade carioca. Por meio dos dados obtidos, há uma observação do estilo do autor durante a fase romântica e durante a fase realista, assim como um estudo da função do leitor machadiano e a conexão desse com a estética da recepção.

"Los heroes y Minerva en la narracion del libro de caballerias Cristalian de Espana de Beatriz Bernal" adds to the advancement of knowledge due to the novelty of the topic and findings that have been incorporated throughout this research. This work analyzes the first two volumes of the Cristalian de Espana, which is one of the few novels of chivalry written by a woman in Spain during the 16th century. The main objective of this investigation resides in exploring the role of hero in relation to the classic hero portrayed in chivalry novels using Amadis de Gaula as a point of reference, and the configuration of Minerva's image as the narrator's desire of a more accurate representation of women in the Early Modern Spain literature.

El presente trabajo tratará de Santiago Argüello, poeta y escritor que nació en la ciudad colonial de León de Nicaragua, el año 1872. Como quiera que el autor es poco conocido en el mundo de las letras contemporáneas, hemos acudido a sus propias obras para, del análisis de algunas, deducir la calidad literaria del autor. Creemos necesario en esta introducción una breve reseña de la literatura nicaragüense para poder enmarcar a Santiago Argüello en la época y tendencia literaria que le corresponde y finalmente tocamos el aspecto socio-político de la época en que el vivio porque creemos que este influyó en la temática de su producción literaria. El sumario de la historia literaria de Nicaragua se puede dividir en cinco épocas: primitiva, conquista, colonia, independencia y república.

A questão dos sofrimentos psíquicos é um tema recorrente na obra de Adília Lopes, surgindo na forma de alusões às psicopatologias, menções a medicamentos e a nomes de médicos e psicoterapeutas, referências à história do tratamento das doenças mentais, bem como a instituições hospitalares e seus pacientes. A proposta deste trabalho é analisar as representações do tema na poética adiliana, evidenciando a postura crítica em relação à desmedida normalização social vigente na contemporaneidade e ao cientificismo, que subjazem à medicalização dos comportamentos. O referencial teórico parte dos conceitos de normalidade e patologia estabelecidos por Georges Canguilhem, sua articulação com a noção de biopoder, de Michel Foucault, e a implicação dos procedimentos normalizadores na emergência do paradigma da depressão, segundo a concepção de Elizabeth Roudinesco. / The issue of psychic suffering is a recurrent theme in Adília Lopes\' artwork, arising in the form of allusions to psychopathology, medications, names of doctors and psychotherapists, and references to the history of mental illness treatment, as well as hospital facilities and their patients. This article aims to analyze the representations of the subject in Adilian poetry, evidencing the critical point of view in relation to the excessive social normalization prevailing in contemporaneity and in scientism, which underlie the medicalization of behaviors. The theoretical reference is based on the concepts of normality and pathology established by Georges Canguilhem, his articulation with Michel Foucault\'s concept of biopower, and the implication of normalizing procedures in the emergence of depression paradigm according to Elizabeth Roudinesco\'s conception.