Na área do psicodiagnóstico de crianças, a literatura científica tem apontado para a orientação de que o uso do desenho pode ser utilizado como um valioso recurso. Inserida nesse campo de estudos, esta investigação objetiva discutir a possibilidade do emprego desse recurso com a ampliação de mais um elemento, qual seja: a realização de um desenho conjunto pelo grupo familiar presente na entrevista familiar diagnóstica. Como método, utilizamos o clínico-qualitativo, com fundamentação psicanalítica, sobretudo a desenvolvida por Donald Winnicott. Em termos de procedimento, em uma instituição de ensino superior, dois psicodiagnósticos de crianças foram efetuados. Em ambos, o trabalho consistiu nos seguintes passos sequenciais: entrevista de anamnese com os pais, observação lúdica com a criança, Procedimento de Desenho de Família com Estória, entrevista familiar, entrevista devolutiva. Ao final, a discussão desenvolvida focalizou, principalmente, os seguintes pontos: o uso do desenho conjunto facilitou a expressão de conflitos presentes na criança e no grupo familiar; além de uma avaliação psicológica, o processo de psicodiagnóstico realizado implicou numa forma de intervenção clínica; o conceito winnicotiano de espaço potencial auxiliou a compreensão dos fenômenos / In the field of psychodiagnostic in children, scientific works have pointed to the recognition that drawings can be used as a valuable resource. Belonging to this field of studies, the present investigation aims at discussing the possibility of amplifying the use of the drawing with yet another element: the elaboration of a joint drawing by the family group during the diagnostic interview with the family. The method employed was the clinical qualitative research with psychoanalytical basis, particularly the one developed by Donald Winnicott. As to proceedings, two psychodiagnostic assessments of children were carried out at a university institution. In both of them, the work consisted of the following sequential steps: anamnesis interview with the parents; play observation with the child; Family Drawing-and-Story Procedure; family interview; feedback interview. In the end, the discussion mainly focused on the following points: the use of joint drawing helped to express the conflicts present in the children and in the family group; besides being a psychological assessment, the psychodiagnostic process we employed became a form of clinical intervention; the Winnicottian concept of potential space helped to understand the phenomena

O objetivo deste trabalho é discutir as histórias como experiência cultural facilitadora do desenvolvimento infantil e suas ressonâncias através do próprio processo em sala de aula: relação com o professor, interação no grupo, produções, histórias trazidas pelas crianças. Para tanto vamos considerar transicionalidade e espaço potencial no espaço institucional. A pesquisa parte de uma investigação psicanalítica que está para além dos muros do consultório e da escola regular e que considera como referência o conceito de espaço transicional, trazido por D. W. Winnicott, pediatra e psicanalista inglês (1896-1971). As indagações e as reflexões aqui levantadas visam contribuir para a prática de todos aqueles que trabalham com crianças, buscando novos olhares que contemplem o interrelacionamento e a posição estruturante do outro no desenvolvimento humano e na constituição da experiência cultural. As aventuras de Alice no País das Maravilhas são utilizadas como fio condutor. O tripé psicanálise, educação e cultura implica o encontro com outros autores/pensadores/interlocutores nesta caminhada. O material foi coletado em dois semestres, em dois grupos de 12 crianças da Escola Municipal de Iniciação Artística EMIA, sendo o primeiro uma classe de crianças de seis anos e o segundo uma classe de crianças de 9/10 anos. Observações in loco, anotações, registros em vídeo, fotos, gravações em fita cassete, registros escritos; coleta de desenhos, de histórias e outros materiais produzidos pelas crianças; encontros com os pais, além da experiência vivida são os instrumentos fundamentais deste processo de pesquisa. / The aim of this study is to discuss stories as cultural experience, facilitating childrens development and their effect in the process itself in the classroom -relationship with the teacher, interaction in the group, productions, stories brought by the children. Therefore let us consider transitionality and potential space in the institutional space. The research starts from a psychoanalytic investigation which is beyond the consulting office walls and the regular school. According to D. W. Winnicott, the English pediatrician and psychoanalyst (1896-1971), the concept of transitional space should be considered. The doubts and reflections brought up here aim to contribute to the practice of those who work with children, seeking new eyes that contemplate the interrelation and the structural position of others in human development and in constitution of cultural experience. The adventures of Alice in Wonderland are used as a consulting wire. The tripod psychoanalysis, education and culture, need to have other authors, thinkers, interlocutors in this process. The material was collected in two semesters from two groups of 12 children each, studying at Escola Municipal de Iniciação Artística EMIA. One class had 6-year-old children and the other had 10-year-old children. In loco observations, notes, records on video, photos, recordings on tape, written registers, drawing collections, stories and other materials (produced by the children), parents meetings, besides the experience are the fundamental tools of this research process.

[pt] O presente trabalho tem como objetivo investigar as bases da capacidade de um indivíduo estar só e apreender o que comprometeria a possibilidade de alguém ser, existir e de se constituir em uma unidade, alcançando o crescimento emocional e a autonomia. Para isso, foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa teórica a partir do método conceitual analítico. A investigação foi fundamentada, principalmente, no pensamento do psicanalista inglês Donald Winnicott. Em uma primeira parte, investigou-se o aspecto positivo da solidão partindo da concepção winnicottiana do estar só como uma capacidade. Na segunda parte, a capacidade de estar só foi relacionada com o espaço potencial winnicottiano, partindo da releitura e da compreensão de Thomas Ogden de que na capacidade de estar só a criança se torna capaz de gerar um espaço continente no qual ela vive. Por fim, na terceira parte desta pesquisa, refletiu-se sobre o aspecto desértico da solidão buscando apreender possíveis dificuldades no desenvolvimento emocional primitivo que inviabilizariam a vivência do estar só. Procurou-se compreender as ansiedades primitivas e os processos defensivos envolvidos nos primórdios do desenvolvimento, explorando a etiologia do falso self winnicottiano em contraponto com o gesto espontâneo do bebê. / [en] The present work aims to investigate the basis of an individual s capacity to be alone and to apprehend what would compromise the possibility of someone being, existing and constituting a unit, achieving emotional growth and autonomy. For this, a theoretical research was developed from the analytical conceptual method. The investigation was based mainly on the theory of the English psychoanalyst Donald Winnicott. In a first part, it was investigated the positive aspect of aloneness based on the Winnicottian conception of being alone as a capacity. In the second part, it was related the capacity to be alone with the Winnicottian potential space, starting from the reinterpretation and understanding of Thomas Ogden that in the capacity to be alone, the child becomes capable of generating a continent space in which he lives. Finally, in the third part of this research, it was contemplated the desert aspect of loneliness, seeking to understand possible difficulties in primitive emotional development that would make the experience of being alone unfeasible. It was investigated the primitive anxieties and the defensive processes involved in the beginnings of development, exploring the etiology of the Winnicottian false self in counterpoint to the baby s spontaneous gesture.

Cette recherche veut comprendre les enjeux psychiques liés à la confrontation de l'enseignant de fin de cycle élémentaire, dans une période charnière avant le collège, avec les élèves considérés en grande difficulté, selon les normes institutionnelles. La problématique prend sa source dans les différentes expériences professionnelles de l’auteur en France hexagonale et ultramarine. La démarche de recherche clinique à orientation psychanalytique permet d’appréhender les mouvements psychiques conscients et inconscients mobilisés dans la " personnalité professionnelle " de chaque enseignant. Sept entretiens cliniques non-directifs ont été menés auprès d’enseignantes de fin de cycle élémentaire, en métropole, en Polynésie française et aux Antilles. S’appuyant sur ses élaborations contre-transférentielles, l’auteur met au travail les concepts de rapport au savoir, de temporalité psychique, d’angoisse mais aussi les notions de transmission, de connivence culturelle et d’espace potentiel à partir de l’analyse de chaque entretien puis d’une réflexion transversale les mettant en perspective. Les résultats de la recherche montrent la présence de dynamiques psychiques actives dans cette situation d'enseignement, où dominent des vécus d’impuissance pédagogique et didactique, des formes d’angoisse, notamment de séparation, et des modes de défense spécifiques, dans le contexte du passage des classes de CM 2 à la 6ème, situation qui radicalise les possibilités d'échec. La recherche met aussi en évidence l'importance de la confrontation de l'expérience singulière des enseignants avec des valeurs collectives intériorisées ; elle identifie les influences culturelles mobilisées par les défenses psychiques et professionnelles des praticiens qui participent à des processus de dégagement et d'ouverture face aux conflits psychiques éprouvés. Une transmission devient possible via une connivence culturelle, transformatrice et élaborative, offrant un " espace potentiel " où se rétablissent les liens entre élève et maître. Ainsi cette recherche centrée sur la subjectivité des professionnels, en s’ouvrant sur les contextes environnementaux, permet des confrontations avec d’autres disciplines telles que l’anthropologie et enrichit la compréhension des phénomènes psychiques en jeu dans cette situation. / This research´s aim is to understand the psychic elements at stake in the confrontation between a 5th grade teacher, at the turn from the primary school to the middle school, and their pupils considered in great difficulty according to the institutional standards. This questioning takes its roots in the researcher's various work experiences in France and overseas. The chosen approach is clinical, with a psychoanalytical orientation to allow to watch the conscious and unconscious psychic movements mobilized in the ‘professional personality’ of every teacher practicing in various contexts. Seven non-directive research clinical consultations were led with 5rd grade teachers, in France, in French Polynesia and in the French Antilles. The concepts of knowledge, psychic temporality, anxiety but also the notions of transmission, cultural complicity and potential space are used, from the analysis of each interview and also a transversal reflection putting in them perspective. The results of the research indicate the presence of active psychic dynamics in this teaching situation, with experiences of educational and didactic powerlessness, forms of anxiety especially liked to separation, and specific modes of defense, in the context of the transition from primary to middle school - a situation which toughens the possibilities of failure. The research also highlights the importance of the confrontation of the individual experience of the teachers with interiorized collective values. It identifies the cultural influences mobilized by the psychic and professional defenses of the practitioners which participate in working-off mechanisms in front of proven psychical conflicts. A transmission becomes possible through cultural complicity and creates a potential space in which the links between pupil and teacher are restored. Consequently this research, which is focused on the subjectivity of the professionals, opens on the environmental contexts, allowing confrontations with other disciplines such as anthropology and increasing the understanding of the psychic phenomena at stake in this situation.

[pt] A articulação entre psicanálise e educação para pensar o mal-estar na escola remonta aos primórdios da constituição da primeira. Se podemos encontrar em S. Freud uma oscilação entre o papel inibidor que caberia à educação e, por outro lado, um veio libertário, na medida em que esta acolhesse em seus objetivos a realidade pulsional na criança, há uma outra linha de pensamento na psicanálise que vai de S. Ferenczi a D. W. Winnicott, que permite outros encaminhamentos para a abordagem deste tema, especialmente na sua expressão atual. Esta tese objetiva investigar o que pode a psicanálise frente ao mal-estar na escola atual usando como ferramentas a genealogia do poder disciplinar e do biopoder em M. Foucault para compreender a emergência da categoria criança-aluno, os conceitos de norma e normalização para discutir os processos de medicalização e de patologização de crianças e de jovens no ambiente escolar na sociedade de controle e, finalmente, o pensamento de D. W. Winnicott e sua teoria do amadurecimento psíquico e seus desdobramentos. Aponta-se, ainda, para a propriedade desta teoria da constituição subjetiva precoce e de seus desdobramentos, que permitem pensar as formas de inserção na cultura, para os encaminhamentos diferentes do mal-estar na escola atual, compreendido como despotencialização do viver criativo. / [en] The articulation between psychoanalysis and education to think about the discontent in school dates back to the beginnings of the constitution of the former. If we can find in S. Freud an oscillation between the inhibiting role which had to be done by education and, on the other hand, a libertarian trace, in that this hosts into its objectives the instinctual reality in the child, there is another line of thought in psychoanalysis that goes from S. Ferenczi to D. W. Winnicott which allows other referrals to this theme approach, especially in its current expression. This thesis aims to investigate what psychoanalysis can do against the discontent in the current school using as tools the genealogy of the disciplinary power and the biopower in M. Foucault to understand the child-student category emergency, the standard and standardization concepts to discuss the medicalization and pathologizing processes of children and youth in the school surroundings in the control society and, finally, D. W. Winnicott s thought and his psychic maturing theory and its developments. It is still aimed to the property of this theory of the early subjective constitution and its developments, which allow to think the forms of insertion into the culture, to the different referrals of the discontent in the current school, understood as creative living disempowerment.

Questionnant avec J.-C. Breton les situations anthropologiques nouvelles qui interpellent la vie spirituelle, cette étude en propose une approche sous l’angle de la symbolisation. Une lecture de la symbolisation à partir de la structure même du symbole précède l’analyse de son usage psychanalytique selon Winnicott, avec ses notions d’espace potentiel et de phénomènes transitionnels. Suit l’exposé de points clés du témoignage de Marcel Légaut sur la vie spirituelle. La partie synthèse détaille trois éléments clés de la symbolisation : la brisure-faille, la créativité-accueil et le passage à un autre niveau. Deux niveaux de symbolisation, primaire et secondaire, complètent la trame partagée par la lecture de la psychanalyse et de la vie spirituelle. L’étude démontre que la symbolisation permet un passage en l’humain vers son propre mystère et celui de Dieu en lui. L’humain se présente alors comme être de symbolisation en devenir. / Questioning with J.-C. Breton the new anthropological situations which call out to the spiritual life, this study proposes an approach under the angle of the symbolization. A reading of the symbolization from the structure of the symbol, precedes the analysis of its psychoanalytical use according to Donald W. Winnicott, with his notions of potential space and transitional phenomena. Follows the presentation of key points of Marcel Légaut's testimony on the spiritual life. The synthesis part details three key elements of the symbolization: the crack-fault ligne, the creativity-welcoming and the passage to another level. Two levels of symbolization, primary and secondary sector, complete the weft shared by the reading of the psychoanalysis and the spiritual life. The study demonstrates that the symbolization allows a passage into the human being towards his own mystery and that of the God in him. The human being appears then as a being of symbolization in the process of becoming.

La créativité comme prévention du stress et de la souffrance au travail. De l’analyse des « pathologies de la communication » du cas des aides à domicile à celle de l’expérience de créativité collective chez les employés de DassaultComment comprendre et agir contre les malaises, ‒ du stress à la souffrance ‒, et les dysfonctionnements internes de l’entreprise moderne ?Nous montrons comment la créativité peut être une démarche communicationnelle préventive et omnipotente, une alternative capable de résorber une communication pathogène engendrée par le management, au profit d’une communication sociale moins instrumentale qu’institutionnelle et formelle.Notre démonstration se structure en 3 parties, chaque partie faisant émerger un paradoxe.Le premier est repéré à partir d’une lecture socio-historique réinterrogeant le travail d’antan. Il s’inscrit certes comme un lieu de souffrance, mais aussi de plaisir, présent dans la notion clé d’otium. Le second provient de l’univers pathogène de l’entreprise et apparait à la lecture de cet espace à partir du paradigme habermassien des « pathologies de la communication ». Le cas d’aides à domicile en situation de stress mais aussi de souffrance a été soumis à cette nouvelle "grille" de lecture. L’analyse est complétée d’une approche winnicotienne, permettant d’y voir les mécanismes inconscients générés par le néomanagement défaillant.Dans la troisième partie, au cœur des mouvements du processus créatif, via une approche socio-psychanalytique, nous partons des théories de Winnicott sur la créativité, pour la transposer et la dépasser, dans la vie interne de l’entreprise.Cette théorie est articulée et complétée par une étude empirique menée auprès d’employés Dassault qui ont fait cette insolite expérience de la création d’un « espace transitionnel hétérotopique », permettant paradoxalement de s’affranchir du cadre du travail tout en y étant lié. / Creativity as prevention of stress and suffering at work Analysis of "pathologies of communication": the case of care assistants among employees of Dassault into the experience of collective creativityHow to understand and act against discomfort – from stress to suffering - and the internal problems of modern business?We show how creativity can be a preventive and omnipotent communication approach, an alternative that can reduce a communication pathogen caused by management, in favor of a less instrumental than institutional and formal communication social.Our proof is structured in three parts, each bringing forth a paradox.The first is identified from a socio-historical examination of traditional work. Indeed, it enrolled as a place of suffering, but also of joy, present in the key concept of otium.The second comes from the pathogen world of business and appears from the examination of this space from the Habermassian paradigm of "pathologies of communication." The case of care assistants under stress but also suffering has been subjected to this new reading report. The analysis is complemented by a Winnicotian approach, allowing perceiving the unconscious mechanisms generated by the failed neomanagement.In the third part, in the middle of the movement about creative process, through a socio-psychoanalytic approach, we start with Winnicot theories about creativity, to transpose and beyond, in the internal life of the company.This theory is articulated and supplemented by an empirical study with Dassault employees who made the unusual experience of creating a 'transitional space heterotopic "paradoxically allowing to get rid of the work area and in the the same tine to be connected to it.

Questionnant avec J.-C. Breton les situations anthropologiques nouvelles qui interpellent la vie spirituelle, cette étude en propose une approche sous l’angle de la symbolisation. Une lecture de la symbolisation à partir de la structure même du symbole précède l’analyse de son usage psychanalytique selon Winnicott, avec ses notions d’espace potentiel et de phénomènes transitionnels. Suit l’exposé de points clés du témoignage de Marcel Légaut sur la vie spirituelle. La partie synthèse détaille trois éléments clés de la symbolisation : la brisure-faille, la créativité-accueil et le passage à un autre niveau. Deux niveaux de symbolisation, primaire et secondaire, complètent la trame partagée par la lecture de la psychanalyse et de la vie spirituelle. L’étude démontre que la symbolisation permet un passage en l’humain vers son propre mystère et celui de Dieu en lui. L’humain se présente alors comme être de symbolisation en devenir. / Questioning with J.-C. Breton the new anthropological situations which call out to the spiritual life, this study proposes an approach under the angle of the symbolization. A reading of the symbolization from the structure of the symbol, precedes the analysis of its psychoanalytical use according to Donald W. Winnicott, with his notions of potential space and transitional phenomena. Follows the presentation of key points of Marcel Légaut's testimony on the spiritual life. The synthesis part details three key elements of the symbolization: the crack-fault ligne, the creativity-welcoming and the passage to another level. Two levels of symbolization, primary and secondary sector, complete the weft shared by the reading of the psychoanalysis and the spiritual life. The study demonstrates that the symbolization allows a passage into the human being towards his own mystery and that of the God in him. The human being appears then as a being of symbolization in the process of becoming.