京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第21744号 / 工博第4561号 / 新制||工||1711(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市社会工学専攻 / (主査)教授 小林 潔司, 教授 川﨑 雅史, 教授 宇野 伸宏 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

As society progresses towards a more algorithmic era, the influence of artificial intelligence (AI) is driving a revolution in the digital landscape. At its core, AI applications aim to engage customers by providing carefully tailored and data-driven personalization and customization of products, services, and marketing mix elements. However, the adoption of AI, while promising enhanced personalization, poses challenges due to the increased collection, analysis, and control of consumer data by technology owners. Consequently, concerns over data privacy have emerged as a primary consideration for individuals. This paper delves deeper into the implications of the personalization- privacy paradox, aiming to provide a comprehensive analysis of the challenges and opportunities it presents. The purpose of this thesis is to understand users’ privacy concerns and willingness to disclose their personal information to AI technologies by addressing the limitations of previous research and utilizing qualitative methods to gain a more in-depth understanding of consumer views. To understand users’ privacy concerns and willingness to disclose personal information to AI technologies, a qualitative approach was followed. Combining a deductive and inductive approach to fulfill the purpose of the study, empirical data was collected through 20 semi- structured interviews. The participants were chosen using a purposive sampling technique. Users’ privacy concerns and willingness to disclose personal information to AI technologies differ significantly. It depends not only on the individual, but also on the type of AI technology, the company providing the AI technology, the possibility of obtaining additional benefits, and whether the company is transparent about its data collection and can provide proof of security.

The researcher has investigated what factors influence a startup in an international public-private-partnership (PPP). The researcher has designed an exploratory study with a case study on Greenely, which is a Stockholm-based startup that has developed an application to monitor the household’s electricity consumption. The theoretical framework covers topics such as the diffusion of innovations (in particular eco-innovations in the form of smart meters in Europe), business models, the Business Model Canvas, and public-private-partnerships. The researcher conducted semistructured interviews with employees of the municipality of Cesena, Italy and with employees of Greenely, which is interested in expanding its offerings to Italy via partnerships. This study has shown that the factors that should influence a  tartup in an international PPP are, mainly, five: Funding, Language and cultural identity, Timeline, Common vision and Bureaucracy. The factors “Funding” and “Common vision”, in particular, influence the PPP the most.

No description available.

Med ett stort uttryckt behov av fler idrottshallar i Stockholms stad och begränsade kommunalaresurser har genomförandeformen OPS, Offentlig Privat Samverkan, lyfts fram i politiska diskussionersom ett alternativ för framtida investeringar. Upphandlingsformen är relativt ny och av en liten utbredning i Sverige med det mest omtalade projektet Nya Karolinska Solna. OPS saknar idag en entydig definition men kan förklaras som en vidareutveckling av mer traditionella genomförandeformer. I samverkan med en offentlig part tar den privata aktören ett helhetsansvar i ett infrastrukturprojekt genom planering, byggande, drift och underhåll över en längre tid. Projektetfinansieras även av den privata parten medan det offentliga sedan betalar återkommande ersättningar enligt avtalet som ofta sträcker sig över 20 år, likt en delbetalning. Drivkrafterna för upphandlingsformen består till stor del av en tro om effektivisering genom olika incitament samt möjligheten för det offentliga att initiera projekt trots en avsaknad av budgetmedel. OPS lämpar sig dock inte för alla typer av projekt utan rätt projektförutsättningar krävs för att kunna dra nytta av genomförandeformens fördelar. Detta kandidatexamensarbete genomfördes därav med syftet att undersöka huruvida OPS lämpar sig för nybyggnationer av idrottshallar ämnade för breddidrott i Stockholm. Utifrån den bakomliggande teorin inom ämnesområdet samt verkliga erfarenheter så lämpar sig inte OPS för byggandet av enskilda idrottshallar av en enklare karaktär. Detta då sådana projekt inte uppnår den kapitalvolym och riskfylldhet som är grundläggande faktorer att beakta vid valet av genomförandeform. Investeringar i större anläggningar som exempelvis planeras på ett område medosäkra markförhållanden skulle däremot kunna vara av sådan typ att genomförandeformens nyttor är mer tillämpbara. Det kontinuerliga byggandet av idrottshallar i det befolkningsökande Stockholm skulle även kunna utveckla framtida OPS-förfaranden inom sektorn ifall sådana genomförandebeslut fattas av de styrande politikerna. Vid skrivtiden av detta arbete råder det ingen kommunalpolitisk konsensus gällande OPS-lösningar, vilket kan innebära en risk för OPS-projekt och dess långa avtalsperioder. Upphandlingsformen är ett av många alternativ för den offentliga beställaren och större investeringsbeslut bör analyseras närmare i en förstudie. I de fall där OPS är ett alternativ kan olika genomförandeformer jämföras genom en Value For Money-analys för att bedöma vilken typ av upphandling som är mest lönsam. Detta för att nyttja samhällets resurser effektivt ur ett samhällsekonomiskt perspektiv. / This Bachelor thesis was produced in the purpose to discover wether a Public Private Partnership, in Sweden named as OPS – Offentlig Privat Samverkan, is suitable for projects regarding indoor sportfacilities destined for the common sports in Stockholm. Due to the great need of these sport facilitiesin the municipality and with limited governmental resources, OPS has surfaced as a potentional solution to approach this problem. This type of public procurement has, by the time writing, not been conducted in Sweden to a great extent with the most debated example being the hospital Nya Karolinska i Solna. The procurement OPS lacks a standardized definition but can be explained as a development of the more traditional types of public procurements. Instead of just building or maintaining the asset the private part takes an overall responsibility for the public investment through planning, construction,operation and mantainance as well as the initial financing. The public client then makes paymentsover the contract term and compensating the private finance company for their investment andother costs. The potential benefits regarding OPS is mainly in the belief of an increased efficiency that can be profitable but also the possibility for the public sector to initiate projects despite a lack ofbudgetary resources. However, OPS is not suitable for every type of infrastructure project. The right project characteristics are required to be able to benefit from the procurement, such as a larger need of resources and higher risk. Based on the underlying theory and experiences, OPS is not suitable for the construction of indoorsports facilities of a simpler character. Such projects do not achieve the volume of capital and riskiness that are fundamental factors to consider when choosing the type of procurement. Investments in larger facilities that are, for instance, planned in an area with uncertain soil conditions would on the other hand, be of such a type that the benefits with the method are more applicable.The continuous construction of sport facilities in Stockholm with its steadily increase of inhabitantscould also develop future models in the field of OPS. This type of development would of course onlybe made possible by decisions from the governing politicians. At the time of writing this bachelor thesis, there is no municipal consensus regarding OPS as a solution, which may entail a risk with OPSprojectsand their long contract periods. The procurement form is one of many alternatives for the public part and major investment decisions should be analyzed in a more detailed pilot study. In cases where OPS is an option, different forms ofimplementation can be compared through a Value For Money analysis to asses which type ofprocurement is most profitable. This is to make sure that society’s resources are used efficiently froma socioeconomic perspective.

Seit einigen Jahren erfolgt in Deutschland eine verstärkte Einbindung von privatwirtschaftlichen Akteuren bei der Bereitstellung öffentlicher Leistungen. Insbesondere im Bereich der Infrastrukturbereitstellung haben sich Öffentlich-Private-Partnerschaften als eine alternative Beschaffungsvariante etabliert. Diese Vertrags-ÖPP sind in den Kontext einer allgemeinen Privatisierungskritik geraten, vor allem wird die Wirtschaftlichkeit dieser Variante bzw. deren Berechnung diskutiert. Vor diesem Hintergrund liegt das Ziel der Studie darin, die geringe empirische Datenlage zum Status quo der Umsetzungspraxis zu vergrößern, die Beschaffungsalternativen konventionelle Beschaffungsvariante (KBV) und ÖPP komparativ gegenüberzustellen und dabei auch auf Aspekte einzugehen, die im Erfahrungsbericht der Rechnungshöfe nicht behandelt werden, da dieser ausschließlich die Wirtschaftlichkeit von ÖPP fokussiert. Der Untersuchungsgegenstand fokussiert nur kommunale ÖPP-Projekte die einen Lebenszyklusansatz verfolgen, folglich Infrastruktureinrichtungen wie Schulen, Kindertagestätten und Verwaltungsgebäude. Allen diesen Projekten ist inhärent, dass während der Vertragslaufzeit kein öffentliches Eigentum veräußert wird, die Aufgabenverantwortung folglich stets bei der öffentlichen Hand verbleibt und somit auch keine Privatisierung öffentlichen Eigentums erfolgt. Die Studie zeigt, dass bei vielen KBV-Projekten die Betriebskosten in den anfänglich zu erstellenden Wirtschaftlichkeitsvergleichen keine oder nur eine untergeordnete Rolle spielen, während bei ÖPP in der Regel von Anfang an der gesamte Lebenszyklus der Infrastruktureinrichtung betrachtet wird, da der Großteil der Gesamtkosten der Infrastrukturmaßnahme während der Betriebsphase anfällt. (Kostensparende) Synergieeffekte bleiben deshalb bei den KBV vielfach ungenutzt. Die Nutzung von ABC-Ausschreibungen löst dieses Problem nur bedingt, da durch sie Aufwand und Transaktionskosten enorm gesteigert werden. Die Betrachtung unterschiedlicher Wertschöpfungsstufen (Planung, Bau, Finanzierung, Betrieb, Verwertung) stellt den entscheidenden Punkt für die Wirtschaftlichkeit von ÖPP-Projekten im Vergleich zur KBV dar, da die private Seite veranlasst ist, die Bauleistungen betriebsoptimierend zu planen und durchzuführen. Ferner zeigt die Studie, dass die von den Rechnungshöfen angemahnte Verfahrenstransparenz eine Herausforderung bei allen öffentlichen Beschaffungsvarianten darstellt und das Fehlanreize, die durch die Prinzipal-Agent-Problematik entstehen, ebenfalls kein singuläres Defizit des ÖPP-Ansatzes sind. Dem Vorwurf, dass ÖPP-Projekte dazu genutzt würden, Schulden in öffentlichen Haushalten zu verschleiern und Kosten möglichst intransparent darzustellen, wird mit der schrittweisen bundesweiten Umstellung der Kommunen auf doppische Haushaltsführung weitestgehend der Boden entzogen, da ÖPP-Projekte mit Forfaitierung sogar Transparenzvorteile gegenüber den KBV aufweisen. Ziel der Studie ist nicht, die ÖPP als „Königsweg“ der öffentlichen Beschaffung darzustellen, sondern den Versuch zu unternehmen, einen kritischen Blick auf die Beschaffungsvariante selbst und die an ihr geäußerte Kritik zu werfen. Es gilt: Vor dem Hintergrund der langfristigen Bindung des privaten Partners und der damit verbundenen Verantwortungs- und Risikoteilung ist es nach wie vor möglich, dass wirtschaftlichere und bedarfsgerechtere Lösungen als bei der KBV gefunden werden.

The past two decades have seen a surge in the number of applications requiring precise positioning data. Modern cellular networks offer many services based on the user's location, such as emergency services (e.g., E911), and emerging wireless sensor networks are being used in applications spanning environmental monitoring, precision agriculture, warehouse and manufacturing logistics, and traffic monitoring, just to name a few. In these sensor networks in particular, obtaining precise positioning data of the sensors gives vital context to the measurements being reported. While the Global Positioning System (GPS) has traditionally been used to obtain this positioning data, the deployment locations of these cellular and sensor networks in GPS-constrained environments (e.g., cities, indoors, etc.), along with the need for reliable positioning, requires a localization scheme that does not rely solely on GPS. This has lead to localization being performed entirely by the network infrastructure itself, or by the network infrastructure aided, in part, by GPS. In the literature, benchmarking localization performance in these networks has traditionally been done in a deterministic manner. That is, for a fixed setup of anchors (nodes with known location) and a target (a node with unknown location) a commonly used benchmark for localization error, such as the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB), can be calculated for a given localization strategy, e.g., time-of-arrival (TOA), angle-of-arrival (AOA), etc. While this CRLB calculation provides excellent insight into expected localization performance, its traditional treatment as a deterministic value for a specific setup is limited. Rather than trying to gain insight into a specific setup, network designers are more often interested in aggregate localization error statistics within the network as a whole. Questions such as: "What percentage of the time is localization error less than x meters in the network?" are commonplace. In order to answer these types of questions, network designers often turn to simulations; however, these come with many drawbacks, such as lengthy execution times and the inability to provide fundamental insights due to their inherent ``block box'' nature. Thus, this dissertation presents the first analytical solution with which to answer these questions. By leveraging tools from stochastic geometry, anchor positions and potential target positions can be modeled by Poisson point processes (PPPs). This allows for the CRLB of position error to be characterized over all setups of anchor positions and potential target positions realizable within the network. This leads to a distribution of the CRLB, which can completely characterize localization error experienced by a target within the network, and can consequently be used to answer questions regarding network-wide localization performance. The particular CRLB distribution derived in this dissertation is for fourth-generation (4G) and fifth-generation (5G) sub-6GHz networks employing a TOA localization strategy. Recognizing the tremendous potential that stochastic geometry has in gaining new insight into localization, this dissertation continues by further exploring the union of these two fields. First, the concept of localizability, which is the probability that a mobile is able to obtain an unambiguous position estimate, is explored in a 5G, millimeter wave (mm-wave) framework. In this framework, unambiguous single-anchor localization is possible with either a line-of-sight (LOS) path between the anchor and mobile or, if blocked, then via at least two NLOS paths. Thus, for a single anchor-mobile pair in a 5G, mm-wave network, this dissertation derives the mobile's localizability over all environmental realizations this anchor-mobile pair is likely to experience in the network. This is done by: (1) utilizing the Boolean model from stochastic geometry, which statistically characterizes the random positions, sizes, and orientations of reflectors (e.g., buildings) in the environment, (2) considering the availability of first-order (i.e., single-bounce) reflections as well as the LOS path, and (3) considering the possibility that reflectors can either facilitate or block reflections. In addition to the derivation of the mobile's localizability, this analysis also reveals that unambiguous localization, via reflected NLOS signals exclusively, is a relatively small contributor to the mobile's overall localizability. Lastly, using this first-order reflection framework developed under the Boolean model, this dissertation then statistically characterizes the NLOS bias present on range measurements. This NLOS bias is a common phenomenon that arises when trying to measure the distance between two nodes via the time delay of a transmitted signal. If the LOS path is blocked, then the extra distance that the signal must travel to the receiver, in excess of the LOS path, is termed the NLOS bias. Due to the random nature of the propagation environment, the NLOS bias is a random variable, and as such, its distribution is sought. As before, assuming NLOS propagation is due to first-order reflections, and that reflectors can either facilitate or block reflections, the distribution of the path length (i.e., absolute time delay) of the first-arriving multipath component (MPC) is derived. This result is then used to obtain the first NLOS bias distribution in the localization literature that is based on the absolute delay of the first-arriving MPC for outdoor time-of-flight (TOF) range measurements. This distribution is shown to match exceptionally well with commonly assumed gamma and exponential NLOS bias models in the literature, which were only attained previously through heuristic or indirect methods. Finally, the flexibility of this analytical framework is utilized by further deriving the angle-of-arrival (AOA) distribution of the first-arriving MPC at the mobile. This distribution gives novel insight into how environmental obstacles affect the AOA and also represents the first AOA distribution, of any kind, derived under the Boolean model. In summary, this dissertation uses the analytical tools offered by stochastic geometry to gain new insights into localization metrics by performing analyses over the entire ensemble of infrastructure or environmental realizations that a target is likely to experience in a network. / Doctor of Philosophy / The past two decades have seen a surge in the number of applications requiring precise positioning data. Modern cellular networks offer many services based on the user's location, such as emergency services (e.g., E911), and emerging wireless sensor networks are being used in applications spanning environmental monitoring, precision agriculture, warehouse and manufacturing logistics, and traffic monitoring, just to name a few. In these sensor networks in particular, obtaining precise positioning data of the sensors gives vital context to the measurements being reported. While the Global Positioning System (GPS) has traditionally been used to obtain this positioning data, the deployment locations of these cellular and sensor networks in GPS-constrained environments (e.g., cities, indoors, etc.), along with the need for reliable positioning, requires a localization scheme that does not rely solely on GPS. This has lead to localization being performed entirely by the network infrastructure itself, or by the network infrastructure aided, in part, by GPS. When speaking in terms of localization, the network infrastructure consists of what are called anchors, which are simply nodes (points) with a known location. These can be base stations, WiFi access points, or designated sensor nodes, depending on the network. In trying to determine the position of a target (i.e., a user, or a mobile), various measurements can be made between this target and the anchor nodes in close proximity. These measurements are typically distance (range) measurements or angle (bearing) measurements. Localization algorithms then process these measurements to obtain an estimate of the target position. The performance of a given localization algorithm (i.e., estimator) is typically evaluated by examining the distance, in meters, between the position estimates it produces vs. the actual (true) target position. This is called the positioning error of the estimator. There are various benchmarks that bound the best (lowest) error that these algorithms can hope to achieve; however, these benchmarks depend on the particular setup of anchors and the target. The benchmark of localization error considered in this dissertation is the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB). To determine how this benchmark of localization error behaves over the entire network, all of the various setups of anchors and the target that would arise in the network must be considered. Thus, this dissertation uses a field of statistics called stochastic geometry} to model all of these random placements of anchors and the target, which represent all the setups that can be experienced in the network. Under this model, the probability distribution of this localization error benchmark across the entirety of the network is then derived. This distribution allows network designers to examine localization performance in the network as a whole, rather than just for a specific setup, and allows one to obtain answers to questions such as: "What percentage of the time is localization error less than x meters in the network?" Next, this dissertation examines a concept called localizability, which is the probability that a target can obtain a unique position estimate. Oftentimes localization algorithms can produce position estimates that congregate around different potential target positions, and thus, it is important to know when algorithms will produce estimates that congregate around a unique (single) potential target position; hence the importance of localizability. In fifth generation (5G), millimeter wave (mm-wave) networks, only one anchor is needed to produce a unique target position estimate if the line-of-sight (LOS) path between the anchor and the target is unimpeded. If the LOS path is impeded, then a unique target position can still be obtained if two or more non-line-of-sight (NLOS) paths are available. Thus, over all possible environmental realizations likely to be experienced in the network by this single anchor-mobile pair, this dissertation derives the mobile's localizability, or in this case, the probability the LOS path or at least two NLOS paths are available. This is done by utilizing another analytical tool from stochastic geometry known as the Boolean model, which statistically characterizes the random positions, sizes, and orientations of reflectors (e.g., buildings) in the environment. Under this model, considering the availability of first-order (i.e., single-bounce) reflections as well as the LOS path, and considering the possibility that reflectors can either facilitate or block reflections, the mobile's localizability is derived. This result reveals the roles that the LOS path and the NLOS paths play in obtaining a unique position estimate of the target. Using this first-order reflection framework developed under the Boolean model, this dissertation then statistically characterizes the NLOS bias present on range measurements. This NLOS bias is a common phenomenon that arises when trying to measure the distance between two nodes via the time-of-flight (TOF) of a transmitted signal. If the LOS path is blocked, then the extra distance that the signal must travel to the receiver, in excess of the LOS path, is termed the NLOS bias. As before, assuming NLOS propagation is due to first-order reflections and that reflectors can either facilitate or block reflections, the distribution of the path length (i.e., absolute time delay) of the first-arriving multipath component (MPC) (or first-arriving ``reflection path'') is derived. This result is then used to obtain the first NLOS bias distribution in the localization literature that is based on the absolute delay of the first-arriving MPC for outdoor TOF range measurements. This distribution is shown to match exceptionally well with commonly assumed NLOS bias distributions in the literature, which were only attained previously through heuristic or indirect methods. Finally, the flexibility of this analytical framework is utilized by further deriving angle-of-arrival (AOA) distribution of the first-arriving MPC at the mobile. This distribution yields the probability that, for a specific angle, the first-arriving reflection path arrives at the mobile at this angle. This distribution gives novel insight into how environmental obstacles affect the AOA and also represents the first AOA distribution, of any kind, derived under the Boolean model. In summary, this dissertation uses the analytical tools offered by stochastic geometry to gain new insights into localization metrics by performing analyses over all of the possible infrastructure or environmental realizations that a target is likely to experience in a network.

A public-private partnership (PPP) is a collaborative partnership between the publicsector and a private entity. The adoption of PPPs has risen throughout the years, utilizedfor developing cultural infrastructure. With the increase in opting for PPPs, the numberof failed PPPs has shown to be due to inefficient risk management procedures. This thesisdelves into the realm of public-private partnerships (PPPs) and examines the integrationof stakeholder management in the risk identification process, aiming to answer thefollowing research question: How do the public sector and private sector in a public-private partnership respectivelyconsider stakeholder management when identifying risks? Through a qualitative single case study of a PPP project in Sweden, the research aims toprovide insights into how key actors in PPPs consider stakeholders when identifyingrisks. The study emphasizes the importance of stakeholder theory in enhancing riskidentification practices within the context of collaborative ventures. By exploring thecomplexities of PPPs and the dynamics of stakeholder engagement, this researchcontributes to the existing literature on effective partnership arrangements and riskmanagement in public-private partnerships (PPPs). The findings highlight thesignificance of incorporating stakeholder perspectives in risk identification strategies tofoster successful outcomes in PPP projects. To answer the research question, semi-structured interviews were conducted with thepublic and private entity involved in the PPP chosen for the case study. This study notonly offers theoretical implications for understanding the interplay between stakeholdertheory and risk management but also provides practical insights for organizations seekingto establish and maintain successful PPPs. The research underscores the critical role ofclear project objectives, defined partnership responsibilities, communication, andcollaboration in sustaining long-term partnerships. By bridging the gap betweenstakeholder theory and risk management, the study offers a theoretical contribution forunderstanding how stakeholder engagement can enhance risk identification strategies in PPP projects. Overall, this thesis contributes to advancing knowledge on stakeholder considerations inPPPs and offers recommendations for enhancing risk identification measures incollaborative ventures.

L'objet de cette thèse est de comprendre la gouvernabilité de divers modes d'organisation (en particulier le réseau comme un idéal type), dans des institutions organisationnelles par un modèle hypothétique de gouvernance. Par celui-ci, nous avons essayé de comprendre le sens de l'action organisée dans le cadre de la circularité herméneutique et de la critique de l'idéologie et de l'utopie. Ce cadre d’analyse est nécessaire à la mise en scène de la potentialité des acteurs stratégiques (des organisations/des individus) dans l’espace de jeu de l’action organisée. Il permet sous couvert de l'option pragmatique de donner du sens au modèle élaboré qu’à mi-chemin des concepts de souveraineté et de gouvernementalité. Ce sont ces derniers qui participent à le délimiter et en même temps de lui offrir le caractère dynamique et producteur de nouvelles hypothèses. Ainsi mobilisées comme hypothèses, le capital social, la codification, l'abstraction, le consensus et le consentement rendent possible les différentes facettes de potentialités des acteurs stratégiques dans leur échange politique et économique. Elles conduisent alors à la transformation du modèle hypothétique en un système dynamique d'action organisée efficace et efficient. Plus particulièrement, cette recherche trouve un terrain de prédilection dans la gouvernance du mode d’organisation dit partenariat public-privé (PPP), dans la perspective de remplissage de l’abîme des considérations linguistiques et extralinguistiques en convoquant l’opérateur de cohérence du sens théorique et du sens empirique de la gouvernance des organisations (en réseau). / The object of this thesis is to understand the governability of various modes of organization (as network), within institutions by a hypothetical model of governance, and through which we shall try to give the sense of the organized action in the framework of both hermeneutic circularity and the criticism of ideology and of utopia. This framework will stage the potential of stakeholder. So, the pragmatism option gives the sense by including this hypothetic model of governance within governmentality and sovereignty concepts, to bound and offers a dynamic sense which generate the news hypothesis, as well the importance of the social capital, the codification, the abstraction, the consensus, as the consent through which we will reveal the different aspects of their potentiality . These variables will transform the hypothetic model in to efficient dynamic system of the organized action. More particularly, this research finds a ground of demonstration in what agreed to call the (PPP), in order to fill out abyss of linguistic and extralinguistic considerations by the coherence operator of theoretical and empirical sense of the hypothetical model. / الهدف من هذه الأطروحة هو فهم الحكم من مختلف وسائل تنظيم (ولا سيما شبكة بوصفها نموذج مثالي) ، داخل المؤسسات من خلال افتراضية نموذج من الحكم ، والتي من خلالها سنقوم في محاولة لإعطاء معنى العمل المنظم في إطار تفسير دائري ونقد لإيديولوجيا واليوتوبيا ، اللتان على أهمية تنظيم الفعاليات الاستراتيجية . لذا ، فإن الخيار العملي يوفر دينامكية، فى اطارمفاهيم السيادة وممارسة السلطة، في اتجاه ميشيل فوكو والذي يولد فرضية جديدة ، فضلا عن أهمية رأس المال الاجتماعي، والثقوب الهيكلي ، والتدوين ، والتجريد، وتوافق الآراء والموافقة. هذه المتغيرات تحول فرضىة النموذج إلى نظام ديناميكي ىوفر كفاءة عمل المنظمة و الشبكة بوجه أخص، لدا هدا البحث يرى سببا للتظاهر في ما يطلق عليه شراكة القطاعين العام والخاص (ppp)، من أجل ملء هاوية الاعتبارات اللغوية ولا لغوىة من قبل المشغل للاتساق المعنى النظري والتجريبي للنموذج الإ فتراضي لحكم وسائل التنضىم.

The introduction of PPPs in infrastructure provision has changed the way in which governments around the world now view infrastructure provision. However, the introduction of PPPs to deliver the needed infrastructure has benefited only a few companies. Most of these companies are the big construction firms that possess technological know-how and those that have the financial ability to execute large infrastructure projects. Although SMEs are important for employment creation, inequality and poverty reduction, the participation of SMEs in these PPP projects is very low. This is because PPP models in developing countries are based on those used in developed economies, and such models ignore the socio-economic problems facing developing countries. Therefore, this study argues that PPP projects in developing countries present an opportunity for growing the SME sectors in developing countries. It challenges the viewpoint of seeing infrastructure backlogs only as providing opportunities to big private sector companies and argues that infrastructure backlogs can be used by governments to reduce the triple challenges of unemployment, poverty and inequality by linking SMEs to PPP projects. The traditional PPP model that is being applied by many developing countries does not fully encourage the participation of SMEs in PPP projects, as most of the projects executed through this model are bundled into big projects that SMEs cannot execute due to a lack of technological know-how and weak balance sheets. The study therefore suggests different ways in which the participation of SMEs in PPP projects could be improved based on the results of the survey conducted for this study. The study then proposes an “innovative conceptual PPP model for sustainable SME development” that takes into account the needs for developing countries to create jobs, reduce poverty and inequality. It also takes into account all challenges for SMEs identified through the review of literature and the study survey. / Economics / D. Litt. et Phil. (Economics)