The provision of decent, affordable and well-located housing for low-income communities has been an intractable problem, especially for developing countries. The empirical puzzle that motivated this study is that, despite the adverse macro environment in Zimbabwe, there appears to be private-sector developers who are successfully developing housing benefiting the low-income group. This is so, despite numerous studies that claim that given the magnitude of the housing challenge, a neoliberal doxa in a developing country context as a solution is a fallacy. Working on the broad premise that these developments represent a successful adaptation to the structural environment, the main question guiding the study was - what accounts for the success of market provided low-income housing developments in Zimbabwe despite the environment not being conducive for it? The two sub-questions flowing from this main question were firstly, how does the structural environment enable and/or constrain private sector low-income developments in Zimbabwe? Secondly, what strategies do developers adopt in response to the structural enablers and/or constraints to develop low-income housing in Zimbabwe? From these questions, the study has two hypotheses – the first hypothesis is that despite the adverse environment there exists in Zimbabwe structural enablers that make market solutions to the low-income housing challenge possible. The second hypothesis states that developers have specific discernible strategies that they employ in response to the adverse operating environment to reduce development costs to levels that enable them to provide low-income housing successfully. Using the Structure-Agency model, which is a theoretical framework rooted in institutional economics, a conceptual model to study the development process was developed and used to theorise the impact of structure on agency in the development process. Empirical evidence was gathered using observation, household surveys, and semi-structured interviews. This evidence was obtained from five housing schemes, the local authority, central government, financiers and the developers of the housing schemes, and then processed using NVIVO and SPSS. The study finds that most challenges faced by developers emanate from the institutional environment and access to resources. These challenges are namely central-local government dynamics fuelled by political undertones, lack of access to land suitable for the target group, a bureaucratic and stiff regulatory framework as well as a lack of market provided developer and end-user finance. Enabling factors were mainly the withdrawal of the government in the provision of housing in line with World-Bank neoliberal orthodoxy and incapacitation of the local authority, which eliminated alternative sources of housing for the low income group other than market provided housing, thus widening the market base for the developers. Strategies used by the developers include developer provided finance to the target group, preselling developments, sidestepping the local authority through buying land at the periphery of the local authority boundary, sidestepping regulatory barriers through engaging in corruption, backward integration to promote efficient resource allocation, and an innovative approach to risk management that caters for the low-income group. The study concludes that all these strategies have one overriding objective of cost containment. The findings indicate that there is potential, appetite and scope for more private-sector engagement. On this basis, it is recommended that the key to unlocking this potential lies with the state, as there are several policy implications that flow from these findings if the highlighted constraints are to be addressed. The study makes a number of key contributions to knowledge on market solutions to the low-income housing challenge in the area of theory, methodology, policy and empirical data.

The private sector is an integral part of the global mainstream political development discourse. It appears in different contexts that define its roles in the field of development cooperation policy and therefore imply diverse political actions. The thesis analyses the Czech development discourse in connection with the private sector from 1995 until today. Based on the method of discourse analysis of the outputs of relevant development stakeholders the research identifies four different types of development discourse in relation to the private sector: "The private sector - a taboo", "We pay, we want Czech enterprises in development cooperation", "The private sector, the careless destructor", "The private sector, the darling of the development cooperation policy stakeholders." Out of the discourses identified, every type is typical for a specific time period as well as a specific set of stakeholders employing the discourse. Generally, until the Czech accession to the EU, the private sector does not seem to be an important element of the governmental development discourse since the theme is practically absent. This changes with the global economic crisis and even more notably after 2015 when generally all of the relevant development actors, including the traditionally very critical NGO sector,...

Kuwait is planning for huge infrastructure and development projects through long term strategies and visions from 2007 until 2035 to overcome the needs for the welfare housing and to move the country to be the region’s top commercial and financial hub. These goals wouldn’t be achieved without having a strong partner (private sector) to drive the economy by participating in construction mega projects. Public-private partnership (PPP) is the framework which engages both parties to successfully achieve long term plans to deliver what the country and citizens need. To attract the private sector to participate and provide the services needed with the expected high qualities and techniques, the public sector needs to improve the environment to facilitate PPP implementation. This research investigates the existence of critical success factors of PPP project in construction sector of Kuwait: Effective procurement, Project implementability, Available financial market, Government guarantee and Favorable economic conditions and give recommendations to focus on improving them to achieve successful PPP projects.

This research paper aims to explore the use of project finance to fund urban infrastructure in order to aid the development of affordable housing. This is due to the high rate of urbanisation in developing nations, leading to the challenge of providing adequate shelter and the requisite infrastructure. Although South Africa has been lauded for making observable strides in housing and infrastructure provision, infrastructure is still required. There is reluctance to bring private finance into infrastructure development in developing economies because full recovery of invested capital is not easy to achieve. Project finance is recommended to improve the rate of shelter provision as well as to catalyse the eradication of slums. Project finance was investigated through interviewing selected participants, based on their role in the infrastructure provision sector. The outcomes indicated that project finance is an appropriate tool due to its characteristics.

The present thesis explores the impact of SDG 12 on corporate sustainable reporting as way to show the impact of the global governance on the private sector. It is based on the up to date debates on the difficulty of global governance, the usual corporate motives behind sustainable actions, as well as the issues which relate to the use of quantitative indicators to evaluate in the SDGs. The data used in the analysis was produced through the use of qualitative content analysis applied to twelve corporate reports from years 2016 and 2017/18 of companies that participated in the “Reporting on the SDGs Action” platform. The thesis makes a new contribution to the field of IR by transposing state-centered conceptual tools to the private sector and demonstrating that SDG 12 is making classical CSR strategies change towards CS, hence showing the new shifts in current global governance towards a stronger involvement of stakeholders.

Economic growth and development are strategic for the overall development of a country. Micro, small and medium enterprises play a surmountable role in economic growth and development. Among other contributions, they provide jobs in an economy. Several developing countries, such as Eritrea, face limited private sector growth, yet also have the need to invest in the creation of enough and decent job for youths. Hence, this study intended to identify the prominent factors that deter the growth of micro, small and medium enterprises as well as the connection between their growth and youth employment, using a case study of Eritrea. The study used econometric research method. Through stratified sampling and a questionnaire, it collected data from 76 micro, small and medium enterprises. In the analysis, it used ordinal and binary logistic regressions, chi-square and correlation tests. The study concludes that there is no sufficient evidence that the growth of micro, small and medium enterprises influences youth employment. It finds that the growth of micro, small and medium enterprises is deterred by obstructive access to raw materials, obstructive banking regulations and obstructive general business regulations and policies. The study recommends improvement of the macro-economic conditions for pro-business sector growth, establishment of a policy on development of micro, small and medium enterprises, and a gradual liberalization of the private economy. Further, it proposes an impact investing based growth model of micro, small and medium enterprises to increase certainty on employment creation contribution. It suggests that an investment in micro, small and medium enterprises for youth employment creation that does not address the identified deterrents faces a significant impact risk.

There is a large amount of literature about corruption and its impacts on conflict and democratization. In the latest decades, scholars have also tried to explain why political corruption trickles down to the public sector. However, less is known about under what circumstances that political corruption trickles down to the private sector. This is the puzzle for this thesis. A second contribution is to look at ethnically heterogenous countries in particular, as possible links between ethnicity and corruption have rarely been covered by previous research. The research question that guides this thesis is: Why do some politically corrupt, ethnically heterogenous, countries experience higher levels of private sector corruption than others? The possible relationship between ethic politization and private sector corruption will be investigated. Based on theories of norms and group behaviour, the paper formulates the hypothesis: higher levels of ethnic politization increases the risk for/level of private sector corruption. Through a Sructured Focused Comparison, the paper will compare two cases: Kenya and Tanzania. The study finds support for a relationship between ethnic politization and higher levels of private sector corruption. However. parts of the suggested causal mechanism will need further revising by future research.

Mellanchefsrollen är en viktig roll ju mer en organisation växer, vilket i sin tur bidrar till att fler chefer behövs, och däribland mellanchefer. Mellanchefen befinner sig mittemellan överordnade och underordnade och det gör att mellanchefen kan uppleva sig klämd mellan olika krav. Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka mellanchefsrollen inom privata sektorn och hur den befinner sig mittemellan överordnade och underordnade. Studien fokuserar på den privata sektorn eftersom större delen av den tidigare forskningen har studerat den offentliga sektorn och det uppmärksammas att det finnas skillnader mellan den offentliga och privata sektorn. En fenomenologisk ansats i kombination med kvalitativ innehållsanalys används och grundar sig i semistrukturerade intervjuer med nio mellanchefer från olika branscher. Mellanchefsrollen undersöks genom att använda Agentteorin, Rollteorin samt Gjerde och Alvessons tre rollidentiteter för att förstå potentiella motstridiga krav mellanchefen upplever, rollkonflikter samt hur mellanchefen förhåller sig till överordnade och underordnade. Studien visar att flera informanter har erfarenhet av motstridiga krav men att de beskriver och hanterar dem på olika sätt beroende på arbetslivserfarenhet och relationer till de överordnade och underordnade. Vidare visar studien att rollkonflikter kan uppstå i mellanchefsrollen när förväntningar från en själv, överordnade och underordnade krockar. Studien visar även att mellanchefen förhåller sig på olika sätt till överordnade och underordnade genom att inta olika roller, och därmed hantera de motstridiga krav som uppstår. / The middle manager is an important role in growing organizations. As a result, more managers are needed in the organization, including the middle manager. The middle manager exists between top managers above and subordinates below, which might make them feel like they are wedged between different demands. The purpose of the study is to examine the role of the middle manager in the private sector and how it exists between top managers above and subordinates below. The study focuses on the private sector since most of the previous research has studied the public sector and it is noted that there are differences between the sectors. Furthermore, the study uses a phenomenological approach in combination with qualitative content analysis. Nine middle managers are interviewed. The theoretical perspectives used to examine the middle manager role are the Agency-Principal theory, Role theory and, Gjerde and Alvesson's three role identities. The theories are used to understand potential conflicting demands, conflicts in the role, and how the middle manager relates to top managers above and subordinates below. The result indicates that several informants experience conflicting demands and handle them in different ways, depending on the length of their work experience and relationships to top managers above and subordinates below. Furthermore, the study indicates that conflicts in the role can arise when the middle manager experiences conflicting expectations from themselves, from managers above and subordinates below. The study indicates that middle managers can relate differently to managers above and subordinates below by taking on different roles, thereby managing the conflicting demands.

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Datum:  2023-05-30 Nivå:   Kandidatuppsats i Företagsekonomi, 15 hp  Institution:  Akademin för Ekonomi, Samhälle och Teknik, Mälardalens Universitet  Författare:                   Grankvist, Philip Hammer, Viktor  Pizzoni Elfving, Benjamin                     (99/07/30)        (01/03/14)             (01/12/20)                                                                                   Titel:   Rekrytering i privat och offentlig sektor -En kvalitativ studie som jämför     rekryteringsprocesser mellan den privata och offentliga sektorn i Västerås kommun  Handledare:  Konstantin Lampou                                                     Nyckelord:  Rekrytering, Rekryteringsprocess, Offentlig sektor, Privat sektor   Frågeställningar: Vilka likheter och skillnader finns det i rekryteringsprocessen mellan offentlig    och privat sektor, hur överensstämmer dessa med teoretiska modeller för    rekrytering? Vad kan den offentliga och privata sektorn lära sig av varandra i respektive    rekryteringsprocess? Syfte:    Syftet med undersökningen är att få en djupare insyn i olika organisationers    rekryteringsprocesser i den offentliga och privata sektorn. För att sedan se    vilka skillnader och likheter som existerar mellan sektorerna samt vad de    kan lära sig av varandra.   Metod:   Studien har en kvalitativ metod med en abduktiv ansats. Studien grundar sig i  semistrukturerade intervjuer med personer som har erfarenhet av rekrytering. Analysen har tolkats genom en tematisk syn.      Slutsats:   Undersökningen har givit forskningen en mer djupgående insyn i vilka skillnader och likheter som finns mellan de olika sektorernas  rekryteringsprocesser. Undersökningen har förklarat mer om offentlighetsprincipen och hur det påverkar sökande kandidater i den  offentliga sektorn. Även hur offentlighetsprincipen används till att utveckla  rekryteringsprocesser till mer effektiva och passande för sektorerna. Användandet av en kvalitativ metod gav undersökningen en mer djupgående  bild av rekryteringsprocesserna vilket i sin tur gav möjligheter att förklara skillnader i mer än bara siffror. Både för och nackdelar uppstår med  sektorernas förutsättningar för rekrytering, vilket indikerar stora möjligheter för vardera sektor att ta lärdom av varandra och utveckla sina rekryteringsprocesser ytterligare. / Date:   2023-05-30 Level:   Bachelor thesis in Business Administration, 15 cr  Institution:  School of Business, Society and Engineering, Mälardalen University  Authors:           Grankvist, Philip Hammer, Viktor  Pizzoni Elfving, Benjamin                         (99/07/30)                  (01/03/14)             (01/12/20)                                                                                   Title:   Recruitment in private and public sector -A qualitative study comparing    recruitment processes between the private and public in Vasteras municipality Supervisor:  Konstantin Lampou                                                     Keywords:  Recruitment, Recruitment process, Public sector, Private Sector Research questions:  What are the similarities and differences in the recruitment process between the public and private sectors, how do these align with theoretical models of recruitment?      What can the the public and private sector learn from each other in their    respective recruitment process? Purpose:  The purpose of the study is to gain a deeper insight into to the recruitment    processes of various organizations in the public and private sector.     To then see what differences and similarities that exist between the sectors    and what they can learn from each other.     Method:  The study utilizes a method that is qualitative along with an abductive    approach. Semi-structured interviews with individuals having recruitment    experience served as the study’s foundation. A thematic approach has been    used to interpret the data.  Conclusion:  The study has provided research with a deeper awareness of the differences      and similarities between the various sectors recruitment processes. The survey has provided further information about the principle of publicity and how it relates to job applicants in the public sector. Additionally, how  recruitment processes are developed to be more effective and appropriate for the sectors using the principle of publicity. The survey’s use of a qualitative method provided deeper knowledge of the recruitment processes which in turn provided opportunity to explain the variations using factors other than just numbers. The conditions for recruiting in the different sectors both have advantages and disadvantages, which suggests immense chances for learning from one another and improving the recruitment process in each sector.