Les soins pulpaires en denture lactéale sont les soins fréquemment réalisés en odontologie pédiatrique et la réaction pulpaire ainsi que les mécanismes de réparation tissulaire lors d’un traumatisme ne sont pas très bien connus ou investigués. En se référant à la littérature dentaire, on constate que les recherches sont souvent focalisées sur la denture définitive.<p>Objectifs<p>1) Etudier l’influence du traitement avec divers matériaux sur la formation dentinaire, la structure tissulaire et le degré d’inflammation.<p>2) Acquérir des connaissances sur l’interaction à l’interface matériau/tissu.<p>3) Etudier le rôle de la voie de signalisation Notch (1 et 2) dans le processus de remaniement et réparation du tissu pulpaire en cas de traumatisme.<p>Matériels et méthodes<p>Deux types de soins pulpaires, la pulpotomie et le coiffage direct, sont réalisés sur les dents lactéales porcines et les résultats sont étudiés après 3 périodes :7 jours, 21-28 jours et 90 jours.<p>La pulpotomie :8 matériaux, 10 dents par matériau, 2 matériaux par cochon et par période pour un total de 240 dents.<p>Le coiffage direct :10 matériaux, 10 dents par matériau, 2 matériaux par cochon et par période pour un total de 300 dents.<p>Par la suite, différentes techniques ont été utilisées :<p>1. La microscopie optique :étude des coupes histologiques après coloration.<p>2. La microscopie électronique à transmission :observer les caractéristiques morphologiques du tissu pulpaire et analyser les structures cellulaires en détail. L’objectif principal de cette recherche était centré sur les biomatériaux pour la période de 21-28 jours afin d’examiner l’interaction entre le biomatériau et le complexe dentino-pulpaire après leur placement.<p>12<p>3. La voie de signalisation Notch (1 et 2): investiguer l’intervention éventuelle de cette voie dans le processus de régénération tissulaire par différenciation des cellules pour les deux périodes de 7 et 21-28 jours pour tous les matériaux utilisés.<p>Résultats<p>A. Microscopie optique :<p>1. La pulpotomie :les biomatériaux provoquent moins d’infiltrat de cellules inflammatoires au niveau du tissu pulpaire et favorisent la déposition dentinaire.<p>2. Le coiffage direct :on obtient les mêmes résultats que dans le cadre de la pulpotomie.<p>B. Microscopie électronique en transmission :<p>1. L’induction du tissu calcifié ou la formation de néo-dentine s’est seulement produite au niveau du site de l’exposition après le placement des biomatériaux dans les 2 types du traitement (pulpotomie & coiffage direct). En revanche aucune formation du tissu calcifié n’a été observée dans le parenchyme pulpaire à distance du site de l’exposition.<p>2. Cet examen montre que les cellules en contact des biomatériaux ou même à proximité de ces derniers présentent un réticulum endoplasmique élargi parallèle à la longueur de la cellule. Des mitochondries, plusieurs appareils de Golgi et des éléments denses sont observés dans le cytoplasme cellulaire.<p>3. Cet examen a également montré que le MTA et le WPC, considérés par la littérature dentaire comme non-résorbables, sont phagocytés par les cellules histiocytaires.<p>C. Voie de signalisation de Notch :<p>Nos recherches n’ont pas montré de marquage concluant pour aucun de matériaux sauf dans le cadre de coiffage direct pour les dents traitées au MTA et Ca(OH)2 pour la période de 7 jours. Par contre, aucun marquage n’est observé après 21-28 jours. / Doctorat en Sciences dentaires / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

<p>Turbulent mixing is present in many pulp and paper processes. It is a particularly important factor in the design and improvements of the paper machine headbox, influencing the final paper structure. During this project, experimental methods to quantify the effect of fibers on turbulent suspension flows have been developed, and then used for studying turbulent mixing in fiber suspensions. A technique that uses microprobes to measure passive scalar mixing of salt for the characterization of turbulent fluctuations in a fiber suspension flow has been developed: Conductivity micro-probes have been built and turbulence measurements have been performed in simple jet and wake flows, studying turbulent mixing between the two streams of pulp suspension, of which one has been doped with salt. A relatively new technique to measure fluid velocity non-intrusively in opaque fluids has also been tested. The technique makes use of ultrasonic pulses to obtain velocity information through the Doppler-shift of reflected pulses. The main efforts reported on in the thesis are focused on method design and development as well as method evaluation.</p>

The aim of this master’s thesis is to examine how Swedish public libraries approach and regard lesbian pulp fiction as a genre, from both a historical and modern perspective, and also to visualize and critique the surrounding discourses that influence the perception and reception of the genre. The method is twofold and consists of qualitative interviews as well as discourse analysis inspired by Foucault. The data consists of interviews with three librarians responsible for library collections, selection and purchase of new library materials which is combined with a survey reading of Biblioteksbladet, the periodical of Svensk Biblioteksförening, from 1945–1990. Michel Foucaults theories on discourses and the principles and mechanisms of exclusion, and Pierre Bourdieus theories on taste and distinction, guide the analysis. The analysis focuses to a great extent on discursive patterns, especially concerning the relationship between popular and quality fiction, and components of Bourdieus field theory and how this contributes to the creation of taste through distinction. Throughout the analysis possible explanations regarding the position of lesbian pulp fiction are given which covers areas from classification and interpretation of literary genres to quality assessment, selection and purchase of literature. The results of the study shows that lesbian pulp fiction is quite invisible in Swedish public libraries which is mainly seen as an effect of discursive practices that surround and influence the genre such as the societal and historical view of homosexuality but also the view on popular literature. Conclusions are that librarians are not making conscious exclusions of lesbian pulp fiction per se, they are if anything quite unaware of the genre’s existence, but that the practices that shape the field of public libraries has contributed to the genre’s position. The study is a two years master’s thesis in Library and Information Science written at Uppsala university.

L'awara (Astrocaryum vulgare M.) est le fruit d'un palmier utilisé principalement au niveau alimentaire pour sa pulpe riche en huile. L'objectif de ce travail a été de caractériser chimiquement l'huile de pulpe d'awara et d'évaluer ses propriétés anti‑inflammatoires dans différents modèles expérimentaux. L'huile de pulpe, dont les acides gras principaux sont l'acide oléique et palmitique, a montré une forte teneur en caroténoïdes. Les microconstituants identifés sont principalement représentés par le β‑carotène (caroténoïdes), le β‑sitostérol, l'arundoin (phytostérols) et l'α‑tocopérol. L'huile de pulpe a montré des effets anti‑inflammatoires dans un modèle in vivo de choc endotoxique par inhibition de la production de cytokines pro‑inflammatoires (tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin (IL)‑6) et augmentation de la production d'une cytokine anti‑inflammatoire (IL‑10). Ces effets anti‑inflammatoires ont été confirmés dans un modèle in vivo d'inflammation bronchique. L'huile de pulpe a diminué l'afflux de cellules inflammatoires au niveau pulmonaire, principalement d'éosinophiles et de lymphocytes. La fraction insaponifiable a, par la suite, montré des effets inhibiteurs sur la production de différents médiateurs inflammatoires (oxyde nitrique, prostaglandine E2, TNFα, IL‑6, IL‑10) ainsi que sur l'expression d'enzymes induites lors de l'inflammation (iNOS et COX‑2) dans un modèle in vitro de macrophages activés. La fraction insaponifiable a également montré un effet inhibiteur sur la production de cytokines (TNFα, d'IL‑6 et d'IL‑10) dans le modèle in vivo de choc endotoxique. Ces résultats confirment l'implication des microconstituants de l'huile de pulpe d'awara dans ses effets antioxydants et anti‑inflammatoires et suggèrent un rôle préventif et/ou thérapeutique de l'huile de pulpe d'awara et de sa fraction insaponifiable dans les pathologies associées à l'inflammation. / Awara (Astrocaryum vulgare M.) is a palm fruit mainly used for nutritional purpose because of its oily pulp. The aim of this study was to characterize awara pulp oil and evaluate its anti‑inflammatory properties in different experimental models. The pulp oil, whose major fatty acids are oleic and palmitic acid, showed a high content of carotenoids. The minor compounds identified are mainly represented by β‑carotene (carotenoids), β‑sitosterol, arundoin (phytosterols) and α‑tocopérol. The pulp oil showed anti‑inflammatory effects in an in vivo model of endotoxic shock by inhibiting the production of proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin (IL)‑6) and increasing the production of an anti‑inflammatory cytokine (IL‑10). These anti‑inflammatory effects have been confirmed in an in vivo model of airway inflammation. The pulp oil has reduced the influx of inflammatory cells in the lungs, mainly of eosinophils and lymphocytes. The unsaponifiable fraction has subsequently shown inhibitory effects on the production of various inflammatory mediators (nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2, TNFα, IL‑6, IL‑10) and on the expression of enzymes induced during inflammation (iNOS and COX‑2) in an in vitro model of activated macrophages. The unsaponifiable fraction also showed an inhibitory effect on cytokine production (TNFα, IL‑6 and IL‑10) in endotoxic shock model. These results confirm the role of micronutrients of awara pulp oil in its anti‑inflammatory properties and suggest a preventive and/or therapeutic role of awara pulp oil and its unsaponifiable fraction in inflammation‑related diseases.

Single stage and two-stage sodium sulfite cooking were carried out on either spruce, pine or pure pine heartwood chips to investigate the influence of several process parameters on the initial phase of such a cook down to about 60 % pulp yield. The cooking experiments were carried out in the laboratory with either a lab-prepared or a mill-prepared cooking acid and the temperature and time were varied. The influences of dissolved organic and inorganic components in the cooking liquor on the final pulp composition and on the extent of side reactions were investigated. Kinetic equations were developed and the activation energies for delignification and carbohydrate dissolution were calculated using the Arrhenius equation. A better understanding of the delignification mechanisms during bisulfite and acid sulfite cooking was obtained by analyzing the lignin carbohydrate complexes (LCC) present in the pulp when different cooking conditions were used. It was found that using a mill-prepared cooking acid beneficial effect with respect to side reactions, extractives removal and higher stability in pH during the cook were observed compared to a lab-prepared cooking acid. However, no significant difference in degrees of delignification or carbohydrate degradation was seen.  The cellulose yield was not affected in the initial phase of the cook however; temperature had an influence on the rates of both delignification and hemicellulose removal. It was also found that the  corresponding activation energies increased in the order:  xylan, glucomannan, lignin and cellulose. The cooking temperature could thus be used to control the cook to a given carbohydrate composition in the final pulp. Lignin condensation reactions were observed during acid sulfite cooking, especially at higher temperatures. The LCC studies indicated the existence of covalent bonds between lignin and hemicellulose components with respect to xylan and glucomannan. LCC in native wood showed the presence of phenyl glycosides, ϒ-esters and α-ethers; whereas the α-ethers  were affected during sulfite pulping. The existence of covalent bonds between lignin and wood polysaccharides might be the rate-limiting factor in sulfite pulping. / The sulfite pulping process is today practised in only a small number of pulp mills around the globe and the number of sulfite mills that use sodium as the base (cation) is less than five. However, due to the increasing interest in the wood based biorefinery concept, the benefits of sulfite pulping and especially the sodium based variety, has recently gained a lot of interest. It was therefore considered to be of high importance to further study the sodium based sulfite process to investigate if its benefits could be better utilized in the future in the production of dissolving pulps. Of specific interest was to investigate how the pulping conditions in the initial part of the cook (≥ 60 % pulp yield) should be performed in the best way. Thus, this thesis is focused on the initial phase of sodium based single stage bisulfite, acid sulfite and two-stage sulfite cooking of either 100 % spruce, 100 % pine or 100 % pine heartwood chips. The cooking experiments were carried out with either a lab prepared or a mill prepared cooking acid and the temperature and cooking time were varied. Activation energies for different wood components were investigated as well as side reactions concerning the formation of thiosulfate. LCC (Lignin carbohydrates complexes) studies were carried out to investigate the influence of different cooking conditions on lignin carbohydrate linkages.

Responses of phytoplankton productivity in the Red River to unbleached pulp and paper mill wastewaters were monitored using in situ ^14C incubation. Preoperational studies, conducted prior to the discharge of mill wastewaters varied seasonally, but revealed similar productivity trends when compared with postoperational studies, conducted after mill discharges began entering the Red River. Carbon assimilation rates measured downstream of mill discharge were generally greater than upstream levels in both preoperational and postoperational studies. Selected physical, chemical, and biological parameters varied seasonally, but showed similar upstream-downstream values and preoperational-postoperational values. Total Organic Carbon (TOC), Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC), and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD_5) were positively correlated with postoperational productivity rates. Apparent color was negatively correlated with productivity rates.

Cette thèse concerne la fonctionnalisation des biomatériaux, le titane et l'alliage de titane Ti6Al4V ainsi que le PEEK (Poly-Éther-Éther-Ketone) pour l'application de ces biomatériaux dans les domaines de l'implantologie dentaire et de la reconstruction maxillo-faciale. Au cours de la première partie de ce travail nous avons synthétisé quatre peptides bi-fonctionnels avec une grande affinité pour la surface implantaire de Ti et de Ti6Al4V et également pour les kératinocytes oraux. La spectroscopie de force de la cellule unique (Single Cell Force Spectroscopy - AFM) a été utilisée pour étudier l'adhésion d'une cellule sur les surfaces fonctionnalisées par les quatre peptides bi-fonctionnels. A l'aide du test colorimétrique de para-nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP) on a démontré l'adhésion des kératynocytes après 4 heures d'incubation sur les surfaces fonctionnalisées avec les peptides bi-fonctionnels. Les résultats de ces études ont démontré la présence d'un peptide bi-fonctionnel qui augmente l'adhésion cellulaire instantanée et l'adhésion 4h après incubation des kératinocytes oraux sur les métaux. Ce peptide résiste à l'influence de facteurs externes tels que l'adsorption d'albumine et représente une proposition prometteuse pour la fonctionnalisation de l'implant de Ti et de Ti6Al4V. La deuxième partie de notre mémoire de thèse décrit une méthode de dépôt par spray des films des multicouches de PLL/PGA (poly-l-lysine/acide polyglutamique), des protéines et des cellules souches pulpaires. Les outils de spray d'usage unique ont été adaptés aux exigences de la bonne pratique de fabrication (GMP - good manufacturing practice). Les premiers tests de prolifération cellulaire ont démontré qu'elle n'a pas été affectée par le spray. L'étude en AFM a démontré que la rugosité et l'épaisseur du film augmentaient exponentiellement avec l'augmentation du nombre des couches déposées. Le traitement physique par UV rayonnement ainsi que le traitement par la déshydratation et la réhydratation des films ont provoqué des changements dans l'épaisseur, l'élasticité et la dureté des films. Le dépôt des protéines sur les MPEs a aussi augmenté l'épaisseur et a influencé la dureté de la surface. Les changements chimiques de la structure des MPEs après le traitement physique et après le dépôt des protéines naturelles ont été étudiés par la spectroscopie Raman. La prolifération cellulaire au 1er, 3e et 8e jours après leur spray sur des films de MPEs et des protéines a été ensuite évaluée. Les MPEs traitées par UV combiné avec déshydratation/réhydratation ainsi que les PEMs couvertes par protéine - CaP ont entrainé une meilleure adhésion et prolifération cellulaires que les MPEs non-traitées. Finalement la méthode de dépôt par spray des MPEs, protéines et aussi des cellules souches pulpaires a été appliquée sur la surface de PEEK. La meilleure prolifération cellulaire au 8e jour après le spray était sur la surface couverte par le film de (PLL-PGA)5-protéine/CaP. Une étude in vitro sur le degré de minéralisation au 21e jour après l'incubation des cellules pulpaire dans un milieu ostéconductuer sur des différentes (MPEs couvertes-PEEK) surfaces a été effectuée. Les résultats de la microscopie électronique à balayage (MEB), microscopie électronique à transmission (MET), combiné avec des études histologiques ont confirmé la formation d'une matrice extracellulaire minéralisée des autour des cellules pulpaires sur la surface de PEEK. Conclusions: Dans ce travail nous avons décrit une nouvelle approche de fonctionnalisation des surfaces de Ti and Ti6Al4V par des peptides bi-fonctionnels en proposant une séquence prometteuse qui augmente l'adhésion des kératinocytes oraux. Ensuite nous avons développé une méthode de fonctionnalisation de la surface de PEEK par des multicouches de polyeléctrolytes, des protéines naturelles et des cellules souches de la pulpe dentaire. La différentiation ostéoblastique in vitro a été finalement évaluée. / The objective of this thesis was to develop new techniques of surface functionalization of titanium; titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) and PEEK (poly-ether-ether ketone) surfaces for their application on dental implantology and maxillofacial surgery. During the first part of the thesis we have synthesized four metal binding-cell specific peptides (MCSPs) with high affinity to titanium surface and to oral keratinocytes cells. Single Cell Force Spectroscopy (AFM) was used to study the instantaneous cell adhesion force of keratinicyte cell on MCSPs functionalized surfaces. The colorimetric para-nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP) essay demonstrates the surface cell adhesion four hours after incubation. The results demonstrate the presence of one bi-functional peptide (MCSP-2) who increases both: the instantaneous and the 4 h cell adhesions. MCSP-2 resist to the influence of external factors like BSA adsorption and could be an interesting candidate for implant surface functionalisation. In the second part of the thesis we have developed a spray deposition method of polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) films build. PLL/PGA (poly-l-lysine/poly-glutamic acid) and proteins were used for surface coating. Consequently dental pulp stem cells (DPSC) are sprayed on the PEM films. The aims were to improve a spray -method for cells and the polyelectrolytes deposition on the PEEK implant. The entire spray device was designed for single use, which correspond to good manufacturing practice (GMP) conditions. Cell proliferation in 24 hours after spraying was not disturbed by the spray. Physicochemical properties of PEMs deposited by spray on glass surfaces were performed by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and by contact angle measurements. The results have demonstrated the changes in films thickness and films roughness with increasing numbers of layers corresponding to exponential growth of the films. Physical treatment by UV irradiation and drying-wetting process affects the film thickness and the film elasticity and increases the stiffness of the film. The deposition of protein-CaP and collagen coatings on PEM films increased the layer thickness and influenced the hardness of the surface. Chemical changes in the polyelectrolyte structure during the physical treatment and after proteins deposition were studied by Raman spectroscopy. Cell proliferation of the pulp cells at 1st, 3th and 8th days after pulp cells deposition on PEMs coated glass surfaces, was then evaluated. The results demonstrated that 10 UV/ dray/wetted films and the natural proteins coated films enhanced cell adhesion and cell proliferation. The protein-CaP PEMs covered surface creates the best microenvironment to ensure the cell behavior. Finally PEM films coatings are applied on PEEK implant surface. The AFM study shows the changes of homogeneity and roughness of this surface after PEM film deposition. Contact angle measurement demonstrates decreases of surface hydrophobicity. Cell proliferation of dental pulp stem cells (DPSC) on (PLL-PGA)5-protein/CaP coated PEEK surface was highest compared to other functionalized surfaces. In vitro study of DPSCs osteogenic differentiation was evaluated by the degree of mineralization of the extracellular matrix on the PEEK surface at 21st day after cell incubation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) combined with histological studies improved the formation of mineralized extracellular matrix and confirmed the osteogenic differentiation of DPSCs on the PEMs coated PEEK surface. Conclusions: In this work we validated the method of Ti and Ti6Al4V functionalization with bi-functional peptides. One peptide that could increase the epithelial cell adhesion to the surface was proposed. Spray deposition technics of PEMs, protein and pulp stem cells were applied for PEEK implant functionalization. Finally we evaluated the differentiation of dental pulp stem cells on the PEEK surface in vitro.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effectiveness of environmental regulations for water-borne emissions in the Swedish pulp and paper industry. Furthermore, the study intends to analyze if there are differences in the effectiveness before and after the restructuring of the Swedish regulatory procedures in 1999. It also addresses the impact of compliance periods in the regulatory process. The method is econometric and based on the use of a fixed-effect panel data regression model. The data comprise 1 698 unique observation from 21 Swedish pulp and paper mills during the time period 1980-2013 regarding emissions, emission standards and production levels. The results display that the environmental regulation in the industry has been effective in the sense that emissions have decreased with the implementation of performance standards. Furthermore, the period before 1999 shows a greater reduction of emissions than the period after 1999. Finally, the results indicate that the use of compliance periods appears to have contributedto a greater reduction in emissions compared to cases where no such periods are granted. / Syftet med denna studie är att analysera effektiviteten av miljöregleringen av vattenbaserade utsläpp inom den svenska massa- och pappersindustrin. Dessutom avser denna studie att analysera om det finns några effektivitetsskillnader före och efter omstruktureringen av den svenska regleringsprocessen år 1999. Studien behandlar även effekten av anpassningsperioder i regleringsprocessen. Metoden är ekonometrisk och baseras på en "fixed-effect" panel datamodell. Datamaterialet består av 1 689 unika observationer från 21 svenska massa- och pappersbruk under åren 1980 - 2013 avseende utsläpp, gränsvärden och produktionsnivåer. Resultatet visar att miljöregleringen har varit effektiv i den meningen att utsläppen har minskat med införandet av gränsvärden. Dessutom, perioden innan 1999 visar en större utsläppsreduktion än perioden efter 1999. Till sist, resultaten indikerar att användandet av anpassningsperioder verkar ha bidragit till större utsläppsreduceringar i jämförelse till de fall där dessa perioder inte beviljades.

Continuous development and improvement of the modern disposable diaper is crucial for the optimization of product performance. Several methods are used for evaluation and improvements to sustain high quality diapers being produced. The aim of this thesis was to develop a new test method that follows liquid distribution in real time by combining two pre-existing measurement systems. Rewet is the amount of liquid that returns to the surface of diapers when subjected to pressure. Distribution of absorption material is examined by exposing the product core to radiation. These two measurement systems don’t convey anything about the course of the liquid in the diaper when tested separately. This method development is meant to be beneficial for research and development purposes at SCA, working as a complement to the pre-existing methods being used in the laboratory. The following questions are of interest: • Can the rewet test method be performed on a baby diaper while simultaneously exposing the product core to radiation so the course of the liquid can be followed in real time? • Is the liquid distribution (wet area) affected by different product compositions e.g. SAP or thickness? By modifying the current methods, rewet can be performed inside the x-ray equipment while studying the consistency of absorption material and following the liquid behavior in the product core. The developed method was verified by testing on handmade products with different compositions. The developed method’s rewet value has proved to be equivalent to the one tested outside, showing no significant difference between the two.

A possível escassez dos recursos fósseis, juntamente com o aumento imprevisível dos respectivos preços, levou, nas últimas décadas, a um aumento considerável de iniciativas dedicadas não só à procura de fontes alternativas de produtos químicos e polímeros a partir de fontes renováveis, mas também de fontes alternativas de energia - em particular a biomassa vegetal. O estudo desenvolvido no presente trabalho está inserido neste contexto. A despolimerização de celulose de sisal pode ocorrer via hidrólise, ácida ou enzimática, podendo resultar nos açúcares fermentescíveis necessários para a produção do chamado etanol celulósico e, em etapas intermediárias do processo, em micro e nanopartículas, que podem atuar como reforço de matriz polimérica baseada, por exemplo, em quitosana. O estudo aqui relatado está relacionado à análise do material celulósico não reagido durante a hidrólise, e do licor que contém principalmente glicose. As reações de hidrólise ácida e enzimática de polpa de sisal (constituída de celulose e hemicelulose) foram exploradas. Uma importante característica que envolve a hidrólise ácida de biomassa é a possibilidade de utilização de diversos ácidos, pois a princípio, necessita-se apenas de uma fonte de prótons no meio aquoso para que a reação ocorra. Neste contexto, em uma primeira etapa, uma série de reações de hidrólise ácida de polpa de sisal, previamente tratada com solução alcalina (mercerizada) ou não, foi feita com ácido sulfúrico (0,9 - 4,6 molL-1, 100&deg;C, 6h de reação). Em uma segunda etapa, o ácido sulfúrico foi substituído por ácido oxálico, e os tempos de reação foram maiores (18h) que aqueles considerados para o ácido sulfúrico, tendo em vista o menor valor do pKa do ácido oxálico. Reações de hidrólise enzimática foram realizadas com o uso de um complexo enzimático comercial (Accellerase 1500 - Genencor), e dois diferentes pré-tratamentos, ambos visando à eliminação de hemiceluloses, foram avaliados, sendo: mercerização e tratamento com solução de ácido oxálico 0,9 molL-1. Para acompanhar os processos, em determinados intervalos de tempo, foram retiradas alíquotas do meio reacional, sendo que os licores foram analisados por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE), a fim de avaliar a natureza e o teor dos produtos da hidrólise. As polpas residuais (não hidrolisadas), suspensas no licor, foram avaliadas por microscopia eletrônica de varredura, massa molar média por viscosimetria capilar, índice de cristalinidade por difração de raios X e tamanhos médios das fibras a partir de um analisador de fibras (MorFi - analisador de tamanho médio de fibras por imagem), e espalhamento de luz (FOQELS). Para todas as reações de hidrólise ácida estudadas, as massas molares médias das polpas residuais diminuíram até dez vezes logo nos primeiros minutos de reação e os valores de índice de cristalinidade mostraram que as regiões não cristalinas da celulose são primeiramente hidrolisadas, sendo as regiões cristalinas uma grande barreira frente à hidrólise. Os resultados mostraram que o aumento da concentração do catalisador ácido elevou consideravelmente a porcentagem de hidrólise, principalmente no caso do ácido oxálico que, quando usado na concentração de 0,9 molL-1, não foi capaz de hidrolisar com eficiência as cadeias de celulose, mas apenas eliminou as hemiceluloses presentes na polpa, motivo que levou à sua aplicação como agente de pré-tratamento para a polpa frente à hidrólise enzimática. Os rendimentos das reações mostraram que o ácido sulfúrico chega a ser aproximadamente 25% mais eficiente que o ácido oxálico em termos de produção de glicose. Entretanto, o ácido oxálico possui a grande vantagem de ser proveniente de fontes renováveis e, se usado nas concentrações adequadas, pode ser uma excelente opção como pré-tratamento da polpa de celulose para as reações de hidrólise. Os resultados de hidrólise enzimática mostraram que a polpa que passou pelo pré-tratamento da mercerização foi mais eficiente como material de partida do que aquela tratada com ácido oxálico, já que a primeira levou a concentrações de glicose até 2,5 vezes maiores, nas mesmas condições de concentração de enzima, temperatura e tempo de reação. As reações de hidrólise ácida e enzimática de material lignocelulósico são de grande importância no que diz respeito à produção de etanol de segunda geração e micro/nanofibras que podem ser incorporadas em materiais. Filmes de matriz de quitosana foram produzidos com a inserção de fibras de celulose sem tratamento, mercerizada, e residuais das reações de hidrólise ácida e enzimática, em diferentes concentrações (2,5, 7,5 e 15% em massa). Os filmes foram submetidos à solicitação de tração, e a morfologia foi acessada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura de emissão de campo (FEG-MEV). Os resultados mostraram que, no geral, o filme de quitosana (69 MPa), assim como os baseados em quitosana/celulose (75 MPa), apresentam resistência à tração superior ou no mesmo patamar de filmes similares descritos na literatura. Este trabalho forneceu resultados promissores e está largamente inserido no interesse atual de utilização de materiais provenientes de fontes renováveis preferencialmente àqueles de fontes fósseis. / The possible shortage of crude oil and the unpredictable increase in its prices have led to an impressive expansion of initiatives in the last decades dedicated not only to the search of alternative sources of chemicals and polymers, but also to suppliers of energy, both from vegetal biomass. The depolymerization of sisal cellulose may occur via acid or enzymatic hydrolysis, resulting in the fermentable sugars used in the production of the so-called cellulosic ethanol and also at the intermediate steps of the process, in micro and nanoparticles that may act as reinforcement in polymeric matrices, including those derived from cellulose. The study here reported is related to the analysis of the unreacted cellulosic material and to the liquor containing mainly glucose, from acid and enzymatic hydrolysis of sisal pulp formed by cellulose and hemicellulose. An important characteristic that involves the acid hydrolysis of biomass is the possibility of utilization of different acids, since only a source of protons in the media is required for the reaction to occur, in principle. In this context, a series of reactions of acid hydrolysis of sisal pulp was carried out under varying concentrations of sulfuric acid, from 0,9 to 4,6 molL-1, at 100&deg;C as a first step. In a second step, the acid catalyst was replaced by oxalic acid, and the reaction lengths were bigger than those considered for sulfuric acid due to the lower value of pKa of oxalic acid. The reactions of enzymatic hydrolysis were carried out with a commercial enzymatic complex (Accellerase 1500 - Genencor), and two different pretreatments, both aiming at the elimination of hemicelluloses, were essayed as follows: mercerization and treatment with oxalic acid 0,9 molL-1. To follow the processes of acid and enzymatic hydrolysis in determined time intervals, aliquots were withdrawn from the reaction media so as to be analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) aiming at the evaluation of the nature and content of the hydrolysis products. The unreacted cellulose suspended in the liquor was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy, capillary viscometry, X ray diffraction, and average size of fibers by using a fiber analyzer and light scattering. For all acid hydrolysis reactions studied, the average molar mass of the unreacted cellulose decreased up to ten times in the first minutes of reaction, and the values of crystallinity index showed that the non-crystalline regions of cellulose are firstly hydrolyzed, and the crystalline regions act as barriers to the hydrolysis. The results of HPLC showed that an increase in concentration considerably increases the yield of hydrolysis, mainly in the case of oxalic acid as a catalyst, which was not able to hydrolyze the chains of cellulose when in low concentrations (0,9 molL-1). It only eliminated the hemicellulose present in the pulp, reason why this acid was used as a pretreatment agent in enzymatic hydrolysis at this concentration. The reaction yields showed that the sulfuric acid can be up to 25% more efficient than the oxalic acid in terms of glucose production. However, the oxalic acid has the great advantage of possibly being produced from natural resources as well as being an excellent choice as a pretreatment agent for the lignocellulosic biomass to be used in hydrolysis reactions if used in the adequate concentrations. The results of enzymatic hydrolysis showed that the mercerized pulp was more efficient as raw material than the one treated with oxalic acid, as the first led to higher glucose content at the same conditions of concentration, temperature and time of reaction. The reactions of acid and enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials are of great importance to the production of second generation ethanol and micro and nanofibers, which may be incorporated into biocomposites. Films of chitosan matrix were prepared with the addition of cellulose fibers (untreated, mercerized and residual from the acid and enzymatic hydrolysis reactions) under various concentrations (2,5, 7,5 e 15% wt%). The films were subjected to traction analysis and its morphology was accessed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM-FEG). The results showed that, in general, chitosan films (69 MPa), just like films based on chitosan-cellulose (75 MPa) presented tensile strength values that are superior or the same as similar films described in literature. Therefore, the study here reported produced promising results and is widely inserted in the current interest of utilization of materials from renewable resources instead of those from fossil resources.