Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The domesticated apple (Malus x domestica Borkh), belonging to the Malusgenus of the Rosaceae family, is one of the edible pomaceous fruits. Since it is one of the important commercial fruit crops worldwide, the quality of the fruit is crucial to breeders and farmers as it ultimately determines acceptance of a cultivar for consumption. Fruit quality is also a critical determinant factor that is used to estimate the potential of apples to have a long shelf life / South Africa

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The growth and development of apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) fruit occurs over a period of about 150 days after anthesis to full ripeness. During this period morphological and physiological changes occur defining fruit quality. These changes are a result of spatial and temporal patterns of gene expression during fruit development as regulated by environmental, genetic and environmental-by-genetic factors. A number of previous studies partially characterised the transcriptomes of apple leaf, fruit pulp, whole fruit, and peel plus pulp tissues, using cDNA micro arrays and other PCR based technologies. These studies, however, remain limited in throughput and specificity for transcripts of low abundance. Hence, the aim of this project was to apply a high throughput technique to characterise the full mRNA transcriptome of the ‘Golden Delicious’ fruit peels and pulp tissues in order to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the morphophysiological changes that occur during fruit development.

(English): The dissertation analyses the literature of subculture of tramping, its peculiarity and impact on Czech society during the era of the so called first republic. It deals with significant turning points of the genesis of this cultural phenomenon and utilizes them for the text interpretation. It also strives to express different possibilities of reception of its literature which germinated from tramping.

A study in economic geography, this thesis attempts to determine the importance of water for process supply and effluent disposal in industrial location decisions. It is postulated that industry faces physical, institutional, and technologic-economic constraints when evaluating the water component in location problems. Each of these three constraints is analyzed and evaluated for British Columbia's pulp and paper industry, with a view to discovering its effect on the range of spatial choice enjoyed by firms. A number of general conclusions emerge from the investigation. Although a theoretic location proof is not offered, the study raises a number of arguments which indicate water has been over-emphasized in industrial location decisions, and that industry exhibits greater spatial mobility regarding water requirements than is contended in the geographical and technical literature. Of the three constraints, it appears that those of a technologic-economic nature impose the severest limitations on spatial choice; physical, the least. Institutional regulations are found to provide industry with incorrect signals for decision making — the suggestion is offered that effluent control programs based upon economic rather than biological criteria would remove this problem. The implications of the above conclusions for future geographic inquiry regarding water management and development is considered in the concluding section of the study. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

Andhra Pradesh is one of the seventeen states of India, occupying about 8.5 per cent of the total geographical area of the nation and supporting the same percentage of population and forests. The per capita consumption of paper and paper products in India was 1.5 kg in 1965 and was planned to be raised to 7.0 kg by the end of the sixth five-year plan (1980-81). The expected growth of the pulp and paper industry appears to be much less than the probable future demand will be. This industry has grown slowly because of inadequate profit margins and lack of an assured supply of raw material. Although bamboo is the conventional raw material used for making writing paper in India, it is possible to produce a satisfactory grade of writing paper with a 20:80 mixture of bamboo and hard wood pulp. The provincial government (through its Forest Department) should attract capital and stimulate growth in the pulp and paper industry by offering incentives such as long leases on bamboo forests and tax concessions for improved utilization of land and raw material. The Forest Department also should initiate large scale bamboo plantations to bridge the widening gap between supply and demand. All the budget allotment towards plantations of quick growing species would have to be devoted to bamboo plantations to achieve the provincial targets of the fifth five-year plan in the state of Andhra Pradesh. / Forestry, Faculty of / Graduate

Different pulps were chemically (nitren) and biologically (enzyme) treated in order to improve the chemical accessibility and dissolution capacity in cold NaOH. The treatments effect on the pulp properties was accessed by studying the changes on their chemical and macromolecular structure and by analyzing the dissolution performance in cold NaOH.The nitren treatment has the effect of removing a large part of the xylan present in a dissolving pulp and is also removing mannans. Increasing the nitren concentrations will extract also cellulose and decrease its mean molar mass. These extractions are favorable for the dissolution in cold NaOH–water, being more effective with higher nitren concentrations. A maximum of 44.7% increase on the dissolution yield was achieved.The new enzymatic treatment shows a higher efficiency on promoting fibers accessibility to NaOH ions, (directly correlated with the enzymatic load), allowing a maximum increase of 150% on the dissolution yield. A slight decrease of the average molar mass was also seen. The different pulps reacted differently to the treatments, showing that the pulping pretreatments have an influence on the enzymatic efficiency. Using a mixture of enzymes and endoglucanase showed that the synergistic effect of these two enzymes is more effective on cellulose activation.Both nitren and enzymatic treatments are improving the pulp chemical accessibility mostly by modifying the structure of the primary wall and S1 wall. This promotes the swelling of these wood cell structures, allowing the access of the NaOH solvating ions into fiber regions not accessible on the original pulp. The nitren is disassembling the fiber surface with extraction of hemicelluloses and degrading the cellulosic structure.The use of this enzyme on the cellulose pulps activation towards dissolution in cold NaOH is of great importance. It presents a high potential in both technical, with further development and industrial implementation, and fundamental research fields, with further studies on mechanisms of cellulose activation.The work was performed in Cemef - Mines ParisTech, Sophia Antipolis, France, and TI / Hamburg University, Germany and financed by Sappi, Tembec, Lenzing, Viskase and Spontex and had support from EPNOE (European Polysaccharide Network of Excellence). / Different pulps were chemically (nitren) and biologically (enzyme) treated in order to improve the chemical accessibility and dissolution capacity in cold NaOH. The treatments effect on the pulp properties was accessed by studying the changes on their chemical and macromolecular structure and by analyzing the dissolution performance in cold NaOH.The nitren treatment has the effect of removing a large part of the xylan present in a dissolving pulp and is also removing mannans. Increasing the nitren concentrations will extract also cellulose and decrease its mean molar mass. These extractions are favorable for the dissolution in cold NaOH–water, being more effective with higher nitren concentrations. A maximum of 44.7% increase on the dissolution yield was achieved.The new enzymatic treatment shows a higher efficiency on promoting fibers accessibility to NaOH ions, (directly correlated with the enzymatic load), allowing a maximum increase of 150% on the dissolution yield. A slight decrease of the average molar mass was also seen. The different pulps reacted differently to the treatments, showing that the pulping pretreatments have an influence on the enzymatic efficiency. Using a mixture of enzymes and endoglucanase showed that the synergistic effect of these two enzymes is more effective on cellulose activation.Both nitren and enzymatic treatments are improving the pulp chemical accessibility mostly by modifying the structure of the primary wall and S1 wall. This promotes the swelling of these wood cell structures, allowing the access of the NaOH solvating ions into fiber regions not accessible on the original pulp. The nitren is disassembling the fiber surface with extraction of hemicelluloses and degrading the cellulosic structure.The use of this enzyme on the cellulose pulps activation towards dissolution in cold NaOH is of great importance. It presents a high potential in both technical, with further development and industrial implementation, and fundamental research fields, with further studies on mechanisms of cellulose activation.The work was performed in Cemef - Mines ParisTech, Sophia Antipolis, France, and TI / Hamburg University, Germany and financed by Sappi, Tembec, Lenzing, Viskase and Spontex and had support from EPNOE (European Polysaccharide Network of Excellence).

Este trabalho objetivou avaliar os efeitos imunomoduladores das células-tronco imaturas da polpa dentária (CTIPD) sobre a diferenciação, maturação das células dendríticas derivadas de monócitos (mo-DC), sua capacidade para ativar linfócitos T (Lin T), bem como verificar fatores solúveis liberados nos cocultivos celulares. As analises foram feitas por citometria de fluxo. Foi observado que mo-DC tiveram a diminuição de moléculas relacionadas à diferenciação para mo-DC e o aumento de moléculas relacionados ao estado precursor, o que parece ter refletido na maturação para mDC, verificado pela diminuição das moléculas de maturação. As mo-DC tiverem sua função em induzir a proliferação de Lin T reduzida, além, de favorecer o aumento da proporção de Lin T CD4+FoxP3+IL-10+ e Lin T CD4+FoxP3+IFN-<font face=\"Symbol\">g+. A mensuração dos fatores solúveis dos cocultivos mostrou que houve aumento de fatores anti-inflamatórios e redução de fatores pró-inflamatórios. Futura investigações podem suportar o uso das CTIPD em uma abordagem imunomoduladora utilizando DC em aplicações clínicas. / This study aimed to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of immature stem cells from dental pulp on differentiation, maturation of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (mo-DC), their ability to activate T cells, as well as identify soluble factors released in cellular cocultures. The analyzes were performed by flow cytometry. It was observed a decrease of molecules related to mo-DC differentiation and an increase of molecules related to precursor state, which seems to have reflected to mDC maturation verified by reduction of maturation molecules. The mo-DC have their role in inducing T cells proliferation reduced, in addition, favored increase CD4+FoxP3+IL-10+ and CD4+FoxP3+IFN-<font face=\"Symbol\">g+ T cells population proportion. The measurement of soluble factors from coculture showed an increase of anti-inflammatory factors and a reduction of pro-inflammatory factors. Future research may support the use immature stem cells from dental pulp in an immunomodulatory approach using DC in clinical applications.

Este trabalho relata o uso de polpa etanol /água de medula em um estudo que visa obter e caracterizar carboximetilcelulose substancialmente insolúvel, destinada a aplicação como material absorvente. Em um experimento típico a reação de carboximetilação de polpa etanol / água branqueada de medula de bagaço foi realizada em suspensão de isopropanol /água de 1: 8 (mim) a 80&#176C por 4 horas empregando relação molar de celulose / hidróxido de sódio / ácido monocloroacético de 1 /5.4 / 8.8. Os produtos foram caracterizados quanto à presença de grupos funcionais característicos; grau médio de substituição (DS); solubilidade em água e em solução aquosa alcalina; capacidade de retenção de água e de solução salina; morfologia e estabilidade térmica. As técnicas instrumentais empregadas nessas caracterizações incluem as espectroscopias de ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN) e de infravermelho (i.r); microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV); termogravimetria (ATG) e calorimetria diferencial de varredura (DSC). O material com melhores características foi obtido quando a condição acima descrita para a reação de carboximetilação foi aplicada e corresponde a um produto muito pouco solúvel (SH20 < 2%) com características absorventes superiores às da matéria-prima. Foram realizadas outras oito sínteses empregando diferentes concentrações de ácido monocloroacético e outros tempos de reação. Todos os produtos apresentam o efeito polieletrólito, mas suas capacidades de inchamento não dependem de forma simples dos graus médios de substituição. As capacidades de\' retenção de água apresentadas pelos produtos deste trabalho parecem resultar de um compromisso entre variáveis da reação, quantidade e distribuição de grupos iônicos ao longo das cadeias e grau de intercruzamento. Nossos resultados não permitem concluir se os materiais correspondem a cadeias poliméricas intercruzadas física ou covalentemente, pois a ocorrência de ligações de intercruzamento do tipo éster não pode ser descartada, mas a confirmação de sua presença por espectroscopia de infra-vermelho é prejudicada pela extensa superposição de bandas na região de interesse. Apesar do emprego de fontes convencionais de celulose em condições semelhantes de síntese resultar em produtos com características muitos superiores àquelas apresentadas pelos produtos deste trabalho, consideramos que nossos resultados são promissores. Por um lado, devem ser consideradas a disponibilidade e abundância da matéria-prima que podem significar um custo relativamente baixo quando comparado ao de fontes convencionais de celulose. Por outro lado, o emprego de polpas de bagaço em lugar de madeiras pode ter um impacto ecológico muito positivo dada a possibilidade de preservação de reservas florestais. Finalmente é necessário ressaltar que a qualidade dos produtos obtidos depende das características da matéria-prima empregada, principalmente grau de polimerização da celulose obtida por polpação. Nesse sentido, o emprego de outros processos de polpação e branqueamento que reduzam a degradação das cadeias de celulose melhorarão as características das polpas de medula e, por consequência, as propriedades absorventes da carboximetilcelulose insolúvel obtida. / This work describes the use of ethanol / water pulps of pith in a study aiming the obtention and characterization of substantially insoluble carboxymethylcellulose for application as an absorvente material. In a typical experiment the carboxymethylation reaction of bleached ethanol / water pulp occurred at 80&#176C for 4 hours in isopropanol/ water suspension 1 : 8 (w/w) employing a cellulose / sodium hydroxide / monochloroacetic acid molar ratio of 1.0/5.4 / 8.8. Characterizations were made through the determinations of the presence of characteristic functional groups; degree of substitution (DS); solubility in pure water and alkaline aqueous solution; water and saline aqueous solution retention capacity; morphology and thermal stability of the obtained products. Infra-red (i.r.) and nuclear magnetic ressonance (NMR) spectroscopies; scanning electronic microscopy (SEM); thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were employed for these characterizations. The material with the best absorbent characteristics was obtained through the application of the condition above described for the carboxymethylation reaction. This is a very insoluble product (S IDO < 20/0) with a much higher water retention capacity than unreacted pulp employed as raw material. Other eight products were prepared through the application of different concentrations of monochloroacetic acid and variable reactions times. AlI products manifested the polyelectrolyte effect, but their water retention capacities seem to depend on the degree of substitutions in a complex way. Water retention capacities of the products of this work seem to be the result of a compromise among the parameters of the carboxymethylation reaction, the content and distribution of ionic groups and the degree of crosslinking. From our results it cannot be concluded if the materials correspond to physically or covalently crosslinked polyffiericchains since the occurrence of ester bonds as crosslinkers can not be discarded, but its detection in the infra-red spectra is difficult as a consequence of the extensive superposition of bands in the region of interest. Although the use of conventional sources of cellulose in conditions similar to those described here result in products of superior quality we believe that pith can be a good altemative raw material for the obtention of carboxyffiethyl ceIlulose with absorbent characteristics. In Brazil it is available as a very abundant and low cost raw material derived from the industries which process sugar cane for the production of ethanol and sugar and its utilization in place of wood pulps may also represent ecological advantages as forest preservation will be favoured. Finally it is worthwhile to remember that the quality of the products also depends on the raw material characteristics, mainly the degree of polyffierization of the cellulose obtained after pulping. So the use of the other pulping and bleaching processes which minimize chain degradation wiIl certainly result in better pulps from pith and as a consequence materials with better absorbent characteristics will be prepared.

Diplomová práce se zabývá bělícím procesem při výrobě papíru. Hlavním cílem práce je zhodnotit současný stav bělící technologie ve firmě OP Papírna, s.r.o. a navrhnout úpravu, která povede k větší efektivitě této technologie. K vyřešení zadání byla provedena rešerše technologických principů bělení a dále provedeny laboratorní experimenty s cílem najít vhodné řešení. Přínos experimentů byl podpořen technologickými výpočty. Výsledky experimentů ukázaly, že současný stav bělící technologie lze několika způsoby zefektivnit. Bylo ukázáno, že podané návrhy mají potenciál velkých ekonomických i chemických úspor. Čtenáři práce se dostane základního přehledu technologie výroby buničiny a papíru se zaměřením na bělící proces a získá znalost jeho bilančních výpočtů.

Orientador: Eduardo Galera da Silva / Banca: Claudio Hideki Kubo / Banca: Rodrigo Máximo de Araújo / Resumo: Para que o tratamento endodôntico tenha sucesso, buscam-se meios de realizar uma limpeza eficiente e modelagem adequada do canal radicular. No entanto, na prática clínica, alguns problemas podem ser encontrados durante a instrumentação, sendo um deles a formação de micro trincas e linhas de fratura, que podem evoluir após o estresse causado pelas forças oclusais e resultar em uma fratura completa da raiz. O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a incidência de micro trincas dentinárias em 48 incisivos inferiores humanos extraídos, utilizando estereomicroscópio e Tomografia Computadorizada de Feixe Cônico (TCFC), após o preparo do canal radicular com o sistema ProDesign S (Easy Equipamentos Odontológicos, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil) em movimento rotatório e reciprocante, o sistema ProDesign R (Easy Equipamentos Odontológicos, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil) em movimento reciprocante e o sistema Reciproc (VDW, Munich, Germany) em movimento reciprocante. Além disso, buscouse analisar a superfície dos instrumentos quando sem uso, após o primeiro uso, e sucessivamente até o terceiro uso, através de estereomicroscópio e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise estatística por meio da Prova de Friedman. Houve formação de micro trincas dentinárias em todos os grupos avaliados em Estereomicroscópio após o preparo do canal radicular utilizando o sistema ProDesign S em movimento rotatório e reciprocante, o sistema ProDesign R em movimento reciprocant... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: So that the endodontic treatment is successful, means to achieve an efficient cleaning and proper modeling of root canal are sought. However, in clinical practice, some problems may be encountered during the instrumentation, one of them being the formation of micro cracks and lines of fracture, which may evolve after the stress caused by occlusal forces and result in a complete root fracture. The objective of this study is to evaluate the incidence of dentin micro cracks in 48 extracted human incisors using stereomicroscope and cone beam computed tomography (TCFC), after the root canal preparation with ProDesign S system (Easy Equipamentos Odontológicos, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil), in rotatory and reciprocating movement, ProDesign R system (Easy Equipamentos Odontológicos, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil) in reciprocating movement and Reciproc system (VDW, Munich, Germany) in reciprocating movement. In addition, it was aimed to analyze the instruments surface when without use, after first use, and successively until the third use, through a stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscopy. The results will be subjected to statistical analysis by means of the Friedman test. Dentin micro cracks were formed in all groups evaluated in a stereomicroscope after root canal preparation using the ProDesign S system in rotating and reciprocating motion, the ProDesign R system in reciprocating motion and the Reciproc system in reciprocating motion; but without statistically significant dif... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre