Detta arbete har med hjälp av logiska samband tagit fram en matematisk formel samt logiska villkor för att tillämpa en dynamisk offset för ett felvisande produktionsvärde. Arbetet grundar sig i hur en känslig konsistensgivare påverkas vid avsaknad av tillräcklig blandning av pappersmassa, liksom hur en dynamisk offset kan korrigera produktionsvärdet och vara en temporär lösning tills en mer långsiktig lösning kan implementeras i produktionen. Konsistensen på massan används för att få fram koncentrationen fibrer, vilket i sin tur är en del av uträkningen för produktionsvärdet i pressen. Genom att analysera vilka parametrar som identifierar en stabil produktion kunde ett tillstånd hittas där produktionsvärdet ska vara densamma som i produktionen för föregående press. Om en parameter ändrar sig så kommer inte värdet att korrigeras utifrån produktionsvärdet i pressen innan. Behovet av ett korrekt produktionsvärde är kritiskt då det används senare i processen för en korrekt blandning av kemikalier och spädvätska, med hjälp av denna metod har den uppmätta produktionsskillnaden mellan press 6 och 7 minskar med cirka ≈ 16 ton/h i snitt till enbart ≈ 0,200 ton/h. / This study has developed a mathematical formula as well as logical conditions for applying a dynamic offset for an incorrect production value using logical conjunction. The study is based on how a sensitive consistency sensor is affected in the absence of sufficient mixing of pulp, as well as how a dynamic offset can correct the production value and be a temporary solution until a more long-term solution can be implemented in production. The consistency of the pulp is used to obtain the concentration of fibres, which in turn is part of the calculation for the production value in the press. By analysing which parameters identify a stable production, a condition could be found where the production value should be the same as in the production for the previous press. If a parameter changes then the value will not be corrected based on the production value in the press before. The need for a correct production value is critical as it is used later in the process for the correct mixing of chemicals and diluents. Using this method, the measured production difference between presses 6 and 7 decreases by about ≈ 16 tons/h to an average of only ≈ 0.200 tons/h.

The present study investigates the thermochemical conversion of spruce wood and its extracted components by thermogravimetric analysis. The extracted components are two pulps, three xylan-lignin samples and one lignin sample; they were produced by the kraft cooking method with different cooking times. The study involves characterization of the biomass through proximate analysis and pyrolysis. A qualitative comparison between the thermal behaviours of the extracted components and wood is also performed. The study showed that the thermal behaviour of the biomass was highly influenced by the content of cellulose and lignin in the samples. Compounds rich in cellulose produced large quantities of volatiles and had a higher rate of pyrolysis compared to compounds rich in lignin, which produced more char and had a slower rate of pyrolysis. It was also shown that, the amount of char is not solely depending on the amount of the lignin; the structure of the compound also plays a role. On the other hand, the original wood sample showed some deviations regarding the trends in volatile and char production and these deviations were attributed to component interactions. Both cellulose and lignin rich compounds had an increase in thermal stability with increasing cooking time. For the pulps the increase in thermal stability is believed to be caused by increase in crystallinity, while for the lignin rich samples is believed to be caused by the increase in lignin content and structural changes in the compounds. The results also show that although changes are introduced in the cooking process, the extracted component still retain properties exhibited by the source biomass.

The corrugated board is considered as the second most used packaging material and the world’s environmentally acceptable solution for packaging, with wide range of applications. After the manufacturing process, the corrugated board is cut into sheets and stored in a stack until optimum moisture content has been reached in order to avoid undesired properties. However, due to complex and various structures, it is difficult to estimate the appropriate time so to achieve the acceptable moisture level of the corrugated board stack. So a homogenized model of the stack has to be created which will have the same average properties as the real stack. In order to achieve this goal the behavior of a smaller part of the stack, the unit cell, is investigated. In the second step a homogenized model is created with the average transport of mass and heat. At the end, the unit cell is scaled up. In this master thesis, only the first and the second steps were simulated. This was achieved by creating a 3-D mathematical model using finite element method and simulating its properties in COMSOL Multiphysics®. Four mathematical models were used in the description of the 3-D model: the heat transfer, the moisture transfer, the vapour concentration and the gas pressure. Moreover, by applying the gradient in one direction in each case, the behavior of the detailed unit cell was investigated. Finally different simplified geometries were created and investigated so to approach a homogenized model which described better the average properties of the detailed model. By comparing the results of the models, it was concluded that the homogenized models 2 and 3 approached the values of the second detailed model but only inside of the unit cell. However, the deviation was not negligible and further investigation is required in order to find a new homogenized method.

För drygt ett decennium sedan började marknaden för tryckpapper att vika. Den svenska pappers- och massaindustrin fick en ny annorlunda konkurrent genom introduktionen av till exempel smarta telefoner och surfplattor. Utvecklingen har medfört att svenska pappers- och massaföretag i högre utsträckning har börjat titta på mer radikala innovationer i sin produktutveckling där nya användningsområden för träråvaran utforskas, en inriktning som kräver kompetenser utöver de som bolagen besitter internt. Studiens syfte är att undersöka olika samarbetsformer inom svensk pappers- och massaindustri för att kartlägga vilka faktorer som varit, och är, framgångsrika för produktinnovationer. Ambitionen är också att undersöka om det skett en förändring i samarbetenas karaktär under de senaste 25 åren. De företag som deltagit i studien är SCA, Södra Cell, Holmen/MoDo, Stora Enso, BillerudKorsnäs och Rottneros samt ett antal samarbetspartner till dem. Resultaten visar att såväl samarbetsformer som vilka aktörer svensk skogsindustri samarbetar med har förändrats i stor utsträckning. Branschen har börjat söka alltmer samarbete med andra branscher samtidigt som samarbeten med konkurrenter har minskat kraftigt. Under samma period har det blivit viktigare att reglera samarbeten i avtal och bland annat hur de immateriella värdena, som patent, fördelas mellan deltagarna i ett samarbete. En annan slutsats är att det finns en koppling mellan samarbeten och genereringen av en organisations produktinnovationer. Företag är beroende av extern kompetens för att lyckas med radikala innovationer och en bred kunskapsbas är att föredra för att bäst producera produktinnovationer. Extern kompetens kan till exempel hjälpa företagen att öka förståelsen för andra/nya marknader och kan således vara ett sätta att hitta helt nya användningsområden för den värdefulla råvara skogen erbjuder. Nyckelord: radikal innovation, samarbete, svensk pappers- och massaindustri / During the last decade has the market for printing paper begun to decline. The introduction of the smart phones and tablets quickly became a disturbing factor for the printing paper companies. This has forced the product development in the Swedish pulp and paper companies, to a greater extent, to look at more radical innovations. This requires the exploration of new applications and possibilities for the forest resource, an approach that requires expertise beyond what the companies possess internally. This study aims to investigate various forms of collaboration within the Swedish pulp and paper industry to identify factors that have been and are successful for product innovations. The aim has also been to investigate whether there is a change in the character of collaborations in the last 25 years. The participating companies in the study were SCA, Södra Cell, Holmen/MoDo, Stora Enso, BillerudKorsnäs, and Rottneros, plus some of their collaboration companies. The results show that the forms of collaboration in which the Swedish forest industry cooperate have changed considerably. The industry has begun to seek more cooperation with other industries, while collaboration with competitors has decreased. It seems to have become more important to regulate collaborative agreements, primarily how the intangible resources, like patents, are distributed among the participants in collaborations. Another conclusion is that there is a link between collaboration and the success of a firm’s product innovation. Companies are dependent on external knowledge for the success of radical innovations and a broad knowledge base is preferable to best be able to generate product innovations. External knowledge could, for example, help companies increase their understanding of other or new markets and may thus be a way to find new uses for the valuable raw material forest offers. Key words: radical innovation, collaboration, Swedish pulp and paper industry

The purpose of this study is to create an understanding of what potential social impacts (both positive and negative) the concept of P&F will have and could have if an implementation of the process would be done. Interviews are mainly used for providing input to the method S-LCA (Social Life Cycle Assessment) and by that fulfil the purpose. Two questions will be addressed: What are the potential social impacts of the P&F concept on the stakeholders: worker, value chain actors, local community, and society, if integrated into an already existing pulp mill? What are the differences in terms of social impacts between the first and second generation of biofuels? Two methods are used to fulfil the purpose and to answer the related questions. First method is S-LCA as mentioned above. Second method is thematic analysis, where data from interviews is transformed into codes, then quantified and lastly divided into themes. The two mentioned methods work in parallel with each other. The result from thematic analysis shows that subcategories with high social impacts are, technology development, health and safety and contribution to economic development, mainly due to new equipment, job creations and technology. The results from the reference scales show an overall positive score, which means a positive social effect on a potential implementation of the P&F. It was noted that the sustainable future of the concept is strongly connected with positive social impacts like technological development and costs for investments in new equipment on an industrial scale. Several factors are important to consider when assessing an implementation of a process like P&F, and further focus should be put on assessing the negative subcategory health and safety related to a potential new fuel. For this to be possible, there is a necessity to further develop the S-LCA methodology. As the S-LCA to a larger part measures the potential negative impacts, one challenge will be to develop the methodology for the assessment of potential positive social impacts. The S-LCA is an ongoing developing process, where contributions from applying, demonstrating, and sharing findings play a significant role for future research. / Syftet med denna studie är att skapa en förståelse för vilka potentiella sociala effekter (både positiva och negativa) begreppet P&F kommer att ha och skulle kunna ha om en implementering av processen skulle göras. Intervjuer används främst för att ge input till metoden S-LCA (Social Life Cycle Assessment) och därmed uppfylla syftet. Två frågor kommer att behandlas: Vilka är de potentiella sociala effekterna av P&F-konceptet på intressenterna: arbetstagare, aktörer i värdekedjan, lokalsamhället och samhället, om de integreras i en redan befintlig massafabrik? Vilka är skillnaderna när det gäller sociala effekter mellan första och andra generationens biodrivmedel? Två metoder används för att uppfylla syftet och för att besvara de relaterade frågorna. Första metoden är S-LCA som nämnts ovan. Den andra metoden är tematisk analys, där data från intervjuer omvandlas till koder, sedan kvantifieras och slutligen delas in i teman. De två nämnda metoderna fungerar parallellt med varandra. Resultatet från den tematiska analysen visar att underkategorier med stor social påverkan är, teknikutveckling, hälsa och säkerhet och bidrag till ekonomisk utveckling, främst på grund av ny utrustning, jobbskapande och teknik. Resultaten från referensskalorna visar en övergripande positiv poäng, vilket innebär en positiv social effekt på en potentiell implementering av P&F. Det noterades att konceptets hållbara framtid är starkt kopplad till positiva sociala effekter som teknisk utveckling och kostnader för investeringar i ny utrustning i industriell skala. Flera faktorer är viktiga att ta hänsyn till när man bedömer ett genomförande av en process som P&F, och ytterligare fokus bör läggas på att bedöma den negativa underkategorin hälsa och säkerhet i samband med ett potentiellt nytt bränsle. För att detta ska vara möjligt är det nödvändigt att vidareutveckla S-LCA-metoden. Eftersom S-LCA till en större del mäter de potentiella negativa effekterna blir en utmaning att utveckla metoden för bedömning av potentiella positiva sociala effekter. S-LCA är en pågående utvecklingsprocess, där bidrag från att tillämpa, demonstrera och dela resultat spelar en viktig roll för framtida forskning.

En el presente plan de negocio se explica y sustenta la viabilidad de una empresa productora y comercializadora de empaques de 250 gramos de pulpa congelada de aguaymanto a consumidores en Lima Metropolitana. La razón social de la empresa es PULPAS DE FRUTAS CONGELADAS S.A.C. y la marca a desarrollar es MANTOFRUT, dirigida a hombres y mujeres entre 20 y 65 años, del nivel socioeconómico A y B. La cadena productiva del negocio inicia con la compra de la materia prima a proveedores, según los criterios determinados. Los insumos pasan a un proceso de transformación y el producto terminado es comercializado mediante dos canales de distribución: tradicional y digital (e-commerce). El valor de venta es de S/ 6.09 para el canal tradicional y S/ 8.05 para el canal digital. El producto tiene gran oportunidad de desarrollo y éxito debido a la tendencia creciente de personas que buscan nutrirse de manera saludable, sin necesidad de invertir mucho tiempo en la preparación de sus alimentos. El objetivo es posicionar el producto como un aliado confiable para la alimentación durante el día, lo cual permitirá que el consumidor se sienta y vea mejor. Los principales canales de promoción serán redes sociales, activaciones BTL y acciones para ganar notoriedad en el punto de venta. La inversión total es S/ 191,789.06. El Valor Presente Neto es S/ 199,663.65 y la Tasa Interna de Retorno Financiero es 22.3%. El margen operativo y neto es, respectivamente, de 23.38% y 16.40% al final del quinto año. / This business plan explains and demonstrates the viability of an enterprise that produces and commercializes 250-gram packages of frozen golden berry pulp to consumers on the Metropolitan Lima area. The business name of the company is PULPAS DE FRUTAS CONGELADAS S.A.C. and the brand to be developed is MANTOFRUT, targeted towards men and women of 20-65 years old, with middle and upper socioeconomic status. The production process starts with the acquisition of raw material from suppliers, following established criteria. Raw material goes through a transformation process and, afterwards, the product is sold through two distribution channels: traditional and digital (e-commerce). The sale value will be S/ 6.09 for the traditional channel and S/ 8.05 for the digital channel. The product has a great probability of success due to the increasing trend of people that are looking to nurture in a healthy way, without having to invest much time. The objective is to position the product as a trustworthy ally for daily nutrition, which will make the customer feel and see himself/herself better. The most relevant marketing channels will be social media, BTL activations and actions to gain notoriety at the point of sale. Total investment on this project is S/ 191,789.06. The Net Present Value is S/ 199,663.65 and the Financial Internal Rate of Return is 22.3%. The operating and net margin are, respectively, 23.38% and 16.40% at the end of the fifth year. / Trabajo de investigación / Trabajo de investigación

No description available.

The pulp and paper industry has a significant role in Europe’s economy and society, and its significance is still growing. The pulp market and the customers’ requirements are highly affected by the pulp market prices and the requested kind of pulp, i.e., Elementary Chlorine Free (ECF) or Total Chlorine Free (TCF). There is a need to predict different market aspects, where the market price is one, to gain a better understanding of a business situation. Understanding market dynamics can support organizations to optimize their processes and production. Forecasting future pulp prices has not recently been done, but it would help businesses to make decisions that are more informed about where to sell their product. The studies existing about the pulp industry and forecast of market prices were completed over 20 years ago, and the market has changed since then in terms of, e.g., demand and production volume. There is a research gap within the pulp industry from a market price perspective. The pulp market is similar to, e.g., the energy industry in some aspects, and time-series analysis has been used to forecast electricity prices to support decision making by electricity producers and retailers. Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) is one time-series analysis method that is used when data are collected with a constant frequency and when the average is not constant. Holt-Winters model is a well-known and simple time-series analysis. In this thesis, time-series analysis is used to predict the weekly market price for pulp the three upcoming months, with the research question “With what accuracy can time-series analysis be used to forecast the European PIX price on pulp on a week-ahead basis?”. The research method in this thesis is a case study where data are collected through the data collection method documents. First, articles are studied to gain understanding within the problem area leading to the use of the artefact time-series analyses and a case study. Then, historical data are collected from the organization FOEX Fastmarkets, where a new market price of pulp has been released every Tuesday since September 1996. The dataset has a total of 1200 data points. After data cleaning, it is merged to 1196 data points that are used for the analysis. To evaluate the results from the time-series analysis models ARIMA and Holt-Winter, Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) are used. The software RStudio is used for programming. The results shows that the ARIMA model provides the most accurate results. The mean value for MAE is 16,59 for ARIMA and 44,61 for Holt-Winters. The mean value for MAPE is 1,99% for ARIMA and 5,37% for Holt-Winters.

<p><strong>Apstrakt je obrađen tehnologijama za optičko prepoznavanje teksta (OCR).</strong></p><p>Istraživana je mogućnost primene piljevine različitih vrsta drveta, tehničke celuloze i Kraft lignina kao adsorbenata različitih te&scaron;kih metala iz vode. Za adsorpciju te&scaron;kih metala koji su u vodi prisutni u vidu katjona, kao najbolji adsorbenti su se pokazale piljevine drveta hrasta i bagrema i Kraft lignin. Za adsorpciju hromatnih anjona najbolje su se pokazali Kraft lignin i piljevina drveta jele. Kapacitet adsorpcije piljevine drveta se može pobolj&scaron;ati prethodnim tretiranjem piljevine rastvorom natrijum hidroksida. Efikasnost adsorpcije te&scaron;kih metala iz vode je bolja: kada se primenjuju sitnije čestice piljevine, kada se radi sa većom količinom piljevine i/ili dvostepeno, na povi&scaron;enoj temperaturi. Utvrđen je optimalni pH za adsorpciju pojedinih te&scaron;kih metala, optimalno vreme kontakta adsorbenta i vode, uticaj prisustva različitih te&scaron;kih i lakih metala i anjona na efikasnost adsorpcije te&scaron;kih metala. Adsorbovani te&scaron;ki metali se mogu desorbovati sa piljevine drveta rastvorima različitih mineralnih kiselina. Piljevina drveta se može primeniti u vi&scaron;e ciklusa adsorpcije-desorpcije, uz ne&scaron;to smanjeni kapacitet adsorpcije. Ispitivani adsorbenti se mogu primeniti i u dinamičkim uslovima adsorpcije u koloni.</p> / <p><strong>Abstract was processed by technology for Optical character recognition (OCR).</strong></p><p>The possibility of adsorption of different heavy metals from water by sawdust of different species of wood, pulp, and Kraft lignin has been investigated. Oak and black locust sawdust, and Kraft lignin were shown to be the most efficient adsorbents for heavy metals in cationic form. Kraft lignin and fir sawdust were shown to be the most efficient adsorbents for chromium anions. Previous treatment of wood sawdust by sodium hydroxide solution can increase its adsorption capacity. Better adsorption efficiency was accomplished: when smaller parts of sawdust were used, when a large amount of sawdust was used and/or two stage process was applicated, and adsorption process was done on higher temperature. There were established: optimum initial pH value for different heavy metals, optimum adsorbent - water contact time, and degree of influence of other different heavy and lite metals, and anions on adsorption efficiency. Adsorbed heavy metals can be desorbed from vvood sawdust with solutions of different mineral acids. Sawdust can be applied in several cycles of adsorption - desorption, with some decrease of adsorption capacity. Investigated adsorbents can be also used in dynamic conditions of adsorption in column.</p>

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The aim of this current study was to determine if the exposure of human dental pulp stem cells (HDPSC) to the DynaMatrix membrane will result in an increased production of angiogenic cytokines that are critical for pulp/root regeneration. Angiogenesis cytokine arrays have been established as a viable method for assessing expression of cytokines.20 HDPSC were chosen as they are expected to be found in the apical papilla and the infected immature root canal system of teeth that current regenerative endodontic techniques are designed to treat.