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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
71

Desenvolvimento do Software PlanEx de planejamento de experimentos online e sua aplicação didática na pós-Graduação / PlanEx a Web/Online Software for Design of Experiments: Development, and Evaluation in Graduate Chemistry Course

BÔSSO, Antônio Rafael de Souza Alves 02 April 2012 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:11:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Antonio Rafael de Souza Alves Bosso.pdf: 2756891 bytes, checksum: c44601eb9a4e7441d8e2cbaf917d13ef (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-02 / This work describes the design of experiments and response surface methodology (RSM) via factorial designs programmed in PlanEx, a new web/online software implemented using the Java language. The goal was to develop and validate PlanEx as a simple, efficient, and an interactive tool for undergraduate teaching and research. PlanEx was also designed as a free software, and the Java language was chosen since it is a community-developed open source software. PlanEx provides both full factorial design of experiments (2k) and fractional (2k-1), with up to six variables, and with, or without, replicates. PlanEx was also developed to perform variable screening through replicates, and normal probability plots and also to evaluate the model bias by the residual graphs. PlanEx is based on RSM with up to four variables at three levels, and central points with, or without, replicates. Through RSM the user can check linear or quadratic models to predict experimental responses through 3D surface plots, and analysis of variance (ANOVA). PlanEx was also evaluated in the second term of 2009, 2010, and 2011 in graduate courses of planning and design of experiments. The results have shown that PlanEx is fast, and interactive, and it is a simple design of experiment tool for both teaching and research. / Esta Tese apresenta o software PlanEx que contém as ferramentas do planejamento de experimentos fatorial escritas em linguagem de programação Java. O objetivo do trabalho foi desenvolver o software PlanEx e validá-lo como uma ferramenta de ensino e pesquisa simples, eficiente, interativa e gratuita na internet, sem a necessidade do usuário realizar download. A linguagem Java foi escolhida por oferecer uma grande quantidade de efeitos gráficos e de bibliotecas livres que contêm cálculos da estatística e da álgebra linear. O software PlanEx disponibiliza as ferramentas do planejamento de experimentos fatorial completo 2k e do fracionário 2k-1 com até seis variáveis e com, ou sem, replicatas de todos os experimentos. PlanEx foi desenvolvido para que estudantes e pesquisadores interessados no planejamento de experimentos possam utilizá-lo para realizar uma triagem das variáveis; para verificar quais variáveis provocam efeitos significativos na resposta experimental de um fenômeno em estudo, através de replicatas e/ou de gráficos de probabilidade normal; e para avaliar se o modelo é tendencioso através de gráficos de resíduos em função dos valores estimados. Para otimização ou expansão do planejamento de experimentos fatorial, o software PlanEx disponibiliza as ferramentas da Metodologia de Superfície de Resposta (RSM) com até quatro variáveis em três níveis, sendo um ponto central e com, ou sem, replicatas. Através da RSM o usuário pode verificar qual modelo, linear ou quadrático, prediz melhor as respostas experimentais através dos gráficos de superfície de resposta 3D e da Tabela de Análise de Variância (ANOVA). Através de três aplicações realizadas no segundo semestre dos anos de 2009, 2010 e 2011 nas aulas da disciplina de Quimometria II ministrada pelo Professor Dr. Anselmo Elcana de Oliveira no programa de pós-graduação de mestrado em Química da UFG e Doutorado Multiinstitucional em Química UFU/UFG/UFMT, o software PlanEx apresentou ser uma ferramenta rápida, interativa, gratuita e simples de ensino e pesquisa em nível de pós-graduação.
72

Utilização da metodologia de superfície de resposta no desenvolvimento de um molho tipo Pesto visando a atividade antioxidante / Utilization of response surface methodology in the development of a Pesto sauce to maximize its antioxidant activity

Guilherme Afonso 06 September 2006 (has links)
Evidências recentes têm demonstrado que dietas com elevado conteúdo de vegetais, frutas e grãos podem reduzir o risco de diversas doenças não transmissíveis. As propriedades benéficas desses alimentos têm sido atribuídas, em grande parte, à presença de substâncias antioxidantes, que são capazes de diminuir os efeitos prejudiciais dos radicais livres. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver uma formulação de molho tipo Pesto, com base nas propriedades antioxidantes dos seus ingredientes principais: manjericão, castanha do Brasil e azeite de oliva extra virgem. A metodologia foi divida em duas fases: a primeira consistiu na avaliação da interação entre os componentes com atividade antioxidante (AA) presentes nos ingredientes principais do molho, realizada através da metodologia de superfície de resposta por modelagem de misturas. Foi utilizado um planejamento centróide simplex, no qual a resposta medida foi a atividade antioxidante dos extratos de diferentes polaridades obtidos das diferentes formulações. Utilizando-se o método DPPH (1,1-difenil-2-picrilhidrazil) e o sistema ß-caroteno/ácido linoléico, não foi encontrada interação entre os componentes com AA presentes nos ingredientes. Apesar dos modelos obtidos não descreverem adequadamente a variação dos resultados, o manjericão foi identificado como o ingrediente de maior contribuição para a AA total do molho. Foi realizada análise sensorial para determinar a formulação melhor aceita dentre as possibilidades obtidas. A segunda fase consistiu em submeter a formulação determinada na fase 1 às análises de composição centesimal, quantificação dos compostos fenólicos totais e quatro métodos in vitro de avaliação da AA: método do poder redutor, sistema ß-caroteno/ácido linoléico, DPPH e ensaio em meio lipídico pelo aparelho Rancimat®. A formulação final pode ser considerada como uma boa fonte de antioxidantes naturais e portanto fazer parte de uma dieta saudável. / Recent evidences have shown that high consumption of vegetables, fruits and grains can reduce the risk of non-communicable diseases. The healthy properties of these foods have been related mostly to the presence of antioxidants, substances which are known as capable of decreasing the harmful effects of free radicals. The objective of this work was to develop a Pesto sauce formulation, based on the antioxidant properties of its main ingredients: sweet basil, Brazil nut and extra-virgin olive oil. The methodology was divided in two phases: The first one consisted in the evaluation of the interaction between the components with antioxidant activity (AA) present in the sauce\'s main ingredients, applying the response surface methodology with a mixture model. A centroid simplex plan was used, in which the response measured was the AA of the extracts of different polarities from the different formulations. By using the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryhydrazyl) method and the ß-carotene/linoleic acid system, no interaction between the components with AA was detected. Although the models could not describe properly the response variation, sweet basil was identified as the main responsible for the total AA of the sauce. Sensory analysis was conducted to determine the most accepted formulation among the possibilities. The second phase consisted in submitting the formulation obtained in phase 1 to centesimal composition analysis, quantification of total phenolics and four in vitro AA methods: reducing power, DPPH method, ß-carotene/linoleic acid system and the Rancimat® method. The final formulation may be considered a good source of natural antioxidants and therefore be part of a healthy diet.
73

Desenvolvimento do processo combinado de desidratação osmotica-fritura para obtenção de chips de manga / Development of the agreed process of osmotic dehydration - fryinf for attainment of sleeve Chips

Torezan, Gabriela Aparecida Pompeu 30 June 2005 (has links)
Orientador: Hilary Castle de Menezes / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T14:08:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Torezan_GabrielaAparecidaPompeu_D.pdf: 5215421 bytes, checksum: 2cefe1bcde6d43c19ecb1fdfc1763eac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: O desenvolvimento de novos produtos visando o uso de matérias-primas nacionais é de grande interesse para a economia do país, uma vez que agrega valor ao produto e diminui o grande excedente da produção que resulta muitas vezes em perdas. A manga possui apreciação de destaque dentre as frutas tropicais em todo o mundo, é uma matéria-prima barata, presente em abundância em nosso país, mas em contrapartida as perdas da produção chegam a até 30%. Dentro desse contexto e aliando-se o aumento nos últimos tempos da procura por produtos de conveniência, o Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos da Unicamp em parceria com o CIRAD (Centre de Coopération International em Recherche Agronomique pour le Développment) ¿ Montpellier/França, implantou uma nova linha de pesquisa que visa expandir a aplicação de fritura em frutas para a produção de chips, da qual faz parte o presente trabalho, tendo como matéria prima a manga. Os estudos foram direcionados a fim de se obter parâmetros otimizados de processos, tipo de pré tratamento (desidratação osmótica), variedade e ponto de maturação da matéria-prima, e caracterização dos produtos finais, quanto aos aspectos químicos, físicos, microscópicos e sensoriais. Primeiramente foram estudadas e estabelecidas algumas condições de processo de fritura, como: razão fruta:óleo (p/p) de 1:4, reutilização do óleo até 15 frituras (3 minutos cada à temperatura de 160°C); espessura das fatias de 3mm, sem descascamento e desidratação osmótica à pressão ambiente com agitação. Em seguida, o pré tratamento de desidratação osmótica foi estudado através da Metodologia de Superfície de Resposta (MSR), verificando-se um aumento das taxas de transferência de massa com aumento do tempo e temperatura; a imersão em banhos consecutivos de solução osmótica com concentração crescente (35, 45 e 65 °Brix; 35 e 65°Brix), empregada a fim de se aumentar o teor de sólidos finais do produto desidratado osmoticamente também foi avaliada; os resultados mostraram no entanto que o aumento dos sólidos obtido pelo uso dos banhos não acarretou em aumento da qualidade final dos chips (aceitação sensorial). Estabelecida a condição de desidratação osmótica (80 minutos, 40°C, agitação de 200rpm, solução sacarose 65°Brix, relação fruta e solução 1:4 (p/p)), o processo de fritura foi estudado através da MSR, sendo analisados os teores de umidade, lipídeos, parâmetros de cor (L*, a*, b*) e aceitação sensorial (aparência, cor, aroma, sabor, textura e intenção de compra). As respostas teor de umidade e aceitação da cor e do sabor foram escolhidas para definição da faixa ótima de tempo (140-180s) e temperatura (155-165°C) de fritura. Estabelecidas as condições do método combinado desidratação osmótica ¿ fritura, foram comparados os chips de manga das cultivares Tommy Atkins e Palmer, nos estágios de maturação verde, ¿de vez¿ e maduro. As análises mostraram que a matéria-prima das duas cultivares, no ponto de maturação verde e ¿de vez¿, foram as de melhor qualidade. As micrografias dos chips de manga apresentaram encolhimento da matriz celular, células plasmolizadas, resultantes da rápida evaporação da água devido à alta temperatura de processo, e glóbulos de óleo aderidos na superfície do tecido ou nos poros criados pela saída da água. As isotermas de sorção dos chips de manga Tommy Atkins e Palmer apresentaram característica do tipo III, e o fenômeno de adsorção começou em atividade de água 0,4, indicando uma boa estabilidade dos produtos. O último trabalho foi conduzido no CIRAD ¿ França, e consistiu na aplicação de pressão reduzida durante o processo de fritura, e os efeitos observados no desenvolvimento de cor dos chips, utilizando uma fruta modelo (maçã Granny Smith). Os resultados revelaram a grande vantagem de aplicação de vácuo, com a obtenção de chips com menor teor de água e praticamente nenhum escurecimento em relação ao material in natura. A aplicação do processo combinado desidratação osmótica ¿ fritura (à pressão atmosférica) para obtenção de chips de manga se mostrou prática, sem a necessidade de equipamentos sofisticados, econômica (uso de materiais abundantes e baratos, como a manga e a sacarose), resultando em um produto de boas características de qualidade, com baixos teores de umidade (2-5%) e de lipídeos (11-13%) e boa aceitação sensorial sensorial (variando entre gostei ligeiramente e gostei moderadamente), mostrando ser uma ótima aplicação de tecnologia para desenvolvimento de um novo produto e agregação de valor à matéria-prima / Abstract: The development of new products using national raw materials is of considerable importance to the national economy, adding value to the product and decreasing surplus production, resulting in increasingly smaller losses. Throughout the World, the mango stands out amongst the tropical fruits, being a cheap raw material, produced in abundance in this country, although currently, production losses reach 30%. In this context and considering the current demand for convenience foods, the Department of Food Technology/UNICAMP/Brazil in partnership with CIRAD (Centre de Coopération International em Recherche Agronomique pour le Développment), Montpellier/France, implanted a new research line aimed at expanding the application of frying to fruits, for the production of chips and this thesis is part of this research line. The studies were directed at optimising the process parameters, defining the type of pre-treatment (osmotic dehydration), raw material variety and maturation and characterising the final products with respect to their chemical, physical, microscopic and sensory aspects. Firstly some of the frying conditions were studied and established, such as: fruit:oil (w/w) ratio of 1:4; re-use of the frying oil up to 15 times without alterations of the oil or the product; 3mm thickness of the mango slices without peeling and osmotic dehydration at atmospheric pressure with agitation. The osmotic dehydration pre-treatment was then studied using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Immersion in consecutive baths of increasingly concentrated osmotic solution (35, 45 and 65°Brix; 35 and 65°Brix) was also studied, aimed at increasing the final solids content of the osmotically dehydrated product. However, the results showed that this procedure did not result in an improvement in chip quality (sensory acceptance). Having determined the conditions for osmotic dehydration (80 minutes and 40°C), the frying process was studied using RSM, analysing the moisture and lipid contents, colour parameters (L*, a*, b*) and sensory acceptance (appearance, colour, aroma, flavour, texture and intent to buy). The responses of moisture content, colour and taste acceptance were chosen to define the optimal ranges of time (140-180s) and temperature (155-165°C). Having established the conditions for the combined osmotic dehydration ¿ deep fat frying method, mango chips made from the cultivars Tommy Atkins and Palmer were compared, and also the states of maturity (mature green, half ripe and ripe). The analyses showed that for both cultivars, the mature green and the half ripe states of maturity gave the best quality chips. The chip micrographs presented a shrunk cellular matrix, plasmolyzed cells, results of the rapidly evaporated surface water by the high temperature process and oil globules adhered at the surface tissue or at the porous created by the water vaporisation. The sorption isotherms of Tommy Atkins and Palmer mango chips had type III characteristics, and the adsorption phenomenon starts at water activity above 0.4, showing good product stability. The last part of the study was conducted at CIRAD, France, and consisted of the application of reduced pressure during the frying process of a model fruit (Granny Smith apples), and the effects observed on chip colour development. The results showed the great advantage of applying vacuum, obtaining chips with lower moisture content and almost no darkening as compared to the raw material. The application of the combined osmotic dehydration ¿ frying method (at atmospheric pressure) to obtain mango chips was shown to be practical, not requiring sophisticated equipment, economic (use of cheap, abundant raw materials, such as mango and sucrose), resulting in a product with good quality characteristics, low moisture (2 - 5%) and lipid (11 ¿ 13%) contents and good sensory acceptance (6-7), showing itself to be an optimum technological application to develop a new product and add value to the raw material / Doutorado / Tecnologia de Alimentos / Doutor em Tecnologia de Alimentos
74

Statistical Design For Yield And Variability Optimization Of Analog Integrated Circuits

Nalluri, Suresh Babu 12 1900 (has links) (PDF)
No description available.
75

Potencial antioxidante de extratos de especiarias em sistemas modelo e na estabilidade oxidativa do óleo de soja / Antioxidant activity of spices extracts in model systems and in the oxidative stability of soybean oil

Ana Paula Marques Pino Sichieri 18 October 2013 (has links)
A degradação oxidativa dos lipídeos é um fator preponderante que limita a vida útil dos alimentos, reduzindo suas qualidades nutricionais e organolépticas. A utilização de antioxidantes durante o processo de fabricação pode diminuir consideravelmente a extensão da oxidação lipídica, desencadeada pela reação de radicais livres. A crescente preocupação pelo consumo de alimentos mais saudáveis e livres de aditivos sintéticos tem recebido maior atenção pelas indústrias, que atualmente tem procurado por alternativas mais naturais, como o uso de antioxidantes provenientes de especiarias, como uma forma promissora de substituição dos compostos sintéticos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar as condições de obtenção de extratos hidroalcoólicos de cravo (Syzygium aromaticum), canela (Cinnamomum verum) e pimenta dedo-de-moça (Capsicum annuum) e sua aplicação em óleos de soja refinado, armazenado em embalagens de vidro, em comparação com amostras adicionadas de antioxidante sintético TBHQ e amostras livres de antioxidantes (controle), durante sete meses, simulando a comercialização em supermercados. Foram verificados também as propriedades antioxidantes dos extratos de especiarias produzidos nas condições selecionadas através das metodologias de DPPH e ABTS. O estudo do efeito da temperatura de extração e do grau de hidratação do etanol sobre o rendimento de compostos fenólicos totais dos extratos destas especiarias foi realizado com aplicação de planejamento experimental e metodologia de superfícies de resposta. As condições para uma extração eficiente dos compostos fenólicos do cravo, da canela e da pimenta foram o emprego de etanol a 49,5 % (v/v). As melhores temperaturas estiveram entre 45 a 50 °C para o cravo e canela, e 60 °C para a pimenta. Os extratos de cravo, canela e pimenta dedo-de-moça preparados nas condições otimizadas, foram adicionados nas proporções de 50 mg kg-1, 100 mg kg-1, 150 mg kg-1 e 200 mg kg-1 às amostras de óleo de soja refinado e submetido a um teste acelerado em estufa a 65 °C juntamente com amostras adicionadas nas mesmas proporções de TBHQ e amostras isentas de antioxidantes (controle), para verificação da concentração mais eficiente no retardar a oxidação. Em seguida, após os resultados do teste de estufa, os óleos adicionados de 100 mg kg-1 de extratos, TBHQ, e isento de antioxidantes foram acondicionados em embalagens de vidro transparente de 250 mL e armazenados sob condições de comercialização (incidência de luz fluorescente por 15 horas / 24 horas e 331,71 Lux). Os resultados de Índice de Peróxido, Acidez e Absortividade na faixa do ultravioleta evidenciaram que os extratos foram capazes de oferecer proteção antioxidante ao óleo de soja refinado em diferentes níveis, sendo que o tratamento adicionado de extrato de cravo foi o que mais se destacou na inibição da oxidação lipídica do óleo de soja, seguido do extrato adicionado de canela e pimenta (p<0,05). / Lipid deterioration is a major cause of shorter food shelf life, reducing its nutritional and organoleptical quality. The use of antioxidants during the manufacturing process can significantly decrease the extent of lipid oxidation reactions triggered by free radicals. The growing concern about the consumption of healthier foods and free from synthetic additives has received increased attention by the industry, which is currently looking for more natural alternatives, such as the use of antioxidants from herbs and spices, as a promising replacement of synthetic compounds. The objective of this work was to study the conditions for obtaining hydroalcoholic extracts of cloves (Syzygium aromaticum), cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) and red pepper (Capsicum annuum) and its application in soybean oil refined, stored in glass containers, compared with samples added of synthetic antioxidant TBHQ and samples free antioxidant (control) during 7 months simulating marketing conditions in supermarkets. Extracts were analyzed by DPPH and ABTS methods. The study of the effect of extraction temperature and the degree of hydration of ethanol on the yield of total phenolic compounds of the extracts of these spices was carried out with application of experimental design and response surface methodology. The best solvent concentration for efficient extraction of phenolic compounds from clove, cinnamon and pepper was 49.5% ethanol (v / v). The best temperatures were between 45 and 50°C for cloves and cinnamon, and 60 ° C for pepper. The extracts of clove, cinnamon and red pepper prepared under optimized conditions were added in concentration of 50 mg kg-1 , 100 mg kg-1, 150 mg kg-1 and 200 mg kg-1 to samples of refined soybean oil and subjected to an accelerated storage test at 65°C with samples containing the same concentrations of TBHQ and samples free of antioxidant (control) in order to check the most efficient concentrations to slow the oxidation. The best extracts concentration 100 mg kg-1 from the Schaal oven test was added to oil packed in glass containers against oil with 100 mg kg-1 of TBHQ, and oils free of antioxidants and stored under normal commercialization conditions (fluorescence light exposure for 15 hours / 24 hours and 333,71 Lux). Peroxide, acid values and absorptivity in the ultraviolet range showed that the extracts were able to offer antioxidant protection to soybean oil at different levels. Clove extract, showed the best performance in the inhibition soybean oil oxidation, followed by cinnamon and pepper (p<0,05).
76

Modelovanje "cross-flow" mikrofiltracije suspenzija kvasca primenom koncepta neuronskih mreža i postupka odzivne površine / Cross-flow microfiltration modelling of yeast suspension by neural networks and response surface methodology

Jokić Aleksandar 09 July 2010 (has links)
<p>Cilj ovog rada je ispitivanje mogućnosti primene koncepta neuronskih mreža i postupka odzivne povr&scaron;ine za modelovanje cross-flow mikrofiltracije suspenzija kvasca. Drugi cilj je bio ispitivanje pobolj&scaron;anja procesa primenom Kenics statičkog me&scaron;ača kao promotora turbulencije. Primena statičkog me&scaron;ača ispitana je i sa energetskog stanovi&scaron;ta, a ne samo sa aspekta povećanja fluksa permeata. Svi eksperimenti izvedeni su u uslovima recirkulacije i koncentrisanja napojne suspenzije.</p><p>Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju da se pobolj&scaron;anje mikrofiltracije može se ostvariti primenom statičkog me&scaron;ača bez primene dodatne opreme. Tokom eksperimentalnog rada porast fluksa iznosio je između 89,32% i 258,86% u uslovima recirkulacije napojne suspenzije u zavisnosti od odabranih eksperimentalnih uslova, dok je u uslovima koncentrisanja napojne suspenzije porast fluksa imao vrednosti od 100% do 540% u istom eksperimentalnom opsegu.</p><p>Koncept neuronskih mreža daje veoma dobre rezultate fitovanja posmatranih odziva.<br />Pored primene ovog koncepta ispitana je i mogućnost procene uticaja pojedinih<br />eksperimentalnih promenljivih na odzive primenom jednačine Garsona i metode jačine sinapsi koje povezuju neurone. Rezulati ovog ispitivanja u saglasnosti su sa regresionom analizom.</p><p>Za detaljniju analizu uticaja eksperimentalnih promenljivih na posmatrane odzive primenjen je postupak odzivne povr&scaron;ine funkcije. Prvi korak u ovom segmentu istraživanja bio je određivanje uticaja srednjeg prečnika pora membrane na proces mikrofiltracije. Najbolji rezultati dobijeni su za membranu srednjeg prečnika 200 nm, po&scaron;to kod većih prečnika pora dolazi do izraženijeg unutra&scaron;njeg prljanja koje rezultuje manjim vrednostima fluksa permeata tokom proces mikroflitracije.</p><p>Dalja istraživanja usmerena su na ispitivanje uticaja pojedinih eksperimentalnih promenljivih ali i njihovih interakcija za odabranu membranu (srednji prečnik pora 200 nm). Rezultati fitovanja eksperimentalnih podataka dobijeni za jednu membranu bolji su u poređenju sa rezultatima kada su fitovani eksperimentalni rezultati za sve tri kori&scaron;tene membrane. Sa energetske tačke gledi&scaron;ta primećeno je da je najbolje raditi u umerenom opsegu protoka napojne suspenzije. Kao kranji cilj primene postupka odzivne povr&scaron;ine urađena je optimizacija vrednosti eksperimentalnih promenljivih, primenom postupka željene funkcije. Optimalni uslovi rada dobijeni u uslovima recirkulacije napojene suspenzije su transmembranski pritisak 0,2 bara, koncentracija napojne suspenzije 7,54 g/l i protok 108,52 l/h za maksimalne vrednosti specifične redukcije potro&scaron;nje energije. Sa sruge strane u uslovima koncentrisanja napojne suspenzije eksperimentalne promenljive imale su vrednosti transmembranski pritisak 1 bar, koncentracija napojne suspenzije 7,50 g/l i protok 176 l/h za maksimalne vrednosti specifične redukcije potro&scaron;nje energije.</p> / <p>The aim of this work was to investigate<br />possibilities of applying neural network and<br />response surface methodology for modeling crossflow<br />microfiltration of yeast suspensions. Another<br />aim was to investigate the improvement of process<br />using Kenics static mixer as turbulence promoter.<br />Experimental work was performed on 200, 450 and<br />800 nm tubular ceramic membranes. The use of<br />static mixer was also examined from an energetic<br />point of view not only its influence on permeate<br />flux. All experiments were done in recirculation and<br />concentration mode.<br />The results clearly show that the<br />improvement of cross-flow microfiltration of yeast<br />suspensions performances can be done with static<br />mixer without any additional equipment. In<br />experimental work, flux increase had values<br />between 89.32% and 258.86% for recirculation of<br />feed suspension depending on experimental values<br />of selected variables while in concentration mode<br />this improvement was in range between 100% and<br />540% for the same range of experimental variables.<br />Neural networks had excellent predictive<br />capabilities for this kind of process. Besides<br />examination of predictive capabilities of neural<br />networks influence of each variable was examined<br />by applying Garson equation and connection<br />weights method. Results of this analysis were in<br />fairly good agreement with regression analysis.<br />For more detailed analysis of variables influence on<br />the selected responses response surface<br />methodology was implemented. First step was to<br />investigate the influence of membrane pore size on<br />the process of microfiltration. The results suggested<br />that the best way to conduct microfiltration of yeast<br />suspensions is by using the membrane with mean<br />pore size of 200 nm, because bigger mean pore size<br />can lead to more prominent internal fouling that<br />causes smaller flux values.<br />Further investigations of microfiltration<br />process were done in order to investigate influences<br />of variables as well as their interactions and it was<br />done for the membrane with pore size of 200 nm.<br />Results for this membrane considering regression<br />analysis were considerably better compared with<br />results obtained for modeling all three membranes.<br />From the energetic point of view it was concluded<br />that it is optimal to use moderate feed flows to<br />achieve best results with implementation of static<br />mixer.<br />As the final goal of response surface<br />methodology optimization of process variables was<br />done by applying desirability function approach.<br />Optimal values of process variables for<br />recirculation of feed suspension were<br />trasmembrane pressure 0.2 bar, concentration 7.54<br />g/l and feed flow 108.52 l/h for maximal values of<br />specific energy reduction. On the other side for<br />concentration of feed suspension these variables<br />had values of 1 bar, 7.50 g/l and 176 l/h</p>
77

Improving Storm Surge Hazard Characterization Using "Pseudo-surge" to Augment Hydrodynamic Simulation Outputs

Matthew P. Shisler (5930855) 15 May 2019 (has links)
Joint probability methods for assessing storm surge flood risk involve the use of a collection of hydrodynamic storm simulations to fit a response surface model describing the functional relationship between storm surge and storm parameters like central pressure deficit and the radius of maximum wind speed. However, in areas with a sufficiently low probability of flooding, few storms in the simulated storm suite may produce surge, with most storms leaving the location dry with zero flooding. Analysts could treat these zero-depth, “non-wetting” storms as either truncated or censored data. If non-wetting storms are excluded from the training set used to fit the storm surge response surface, the resulting suite of wetting storms may have too few observations to produce a good fit; in the worst case, the model may no longer be identifiable. If non-wetting storms are censored using a constant value, this could skew the response surface fit. The problem is that non-wetting storms are indistinguishable, but some storms may have been closer to wetting than others for a given location. To address these issues, this thesis proposes the concept of a negative surge, or “pseudo-surge”, value with the intent to describe how close a storm came to causing surge at a location. Optimal pseudo-surge values are determined by their ability to improve the predictive performance of the response surface via minimization of a modified least squares error function. We compare flood depth exceedance estimates generated with and without pseudo-surge to determine the value of perfect information. Though not uniformly reducing flood depth exceedance estimate bias, pseudo-surge values do make improvements for some regions where <40% of simulated storms produced wetting. Furthermore, pseudo-surge values show potential to replace a post-processing heuristic implemented in the state-of-the-art response surface methodology that corrects flood depth exceedance estimates for locations where very few storms cause wetting.
78

Material parameter identification of a thermoplastic using full-field calibration

Prabhu, Nikhil January 2020 (has links)
Finite element simulation of thermoplastic components is gaining importance as the companies aim to avoid overdesign of the components. Cost of the component can be minimized by using an adequate amount of material for its application. Life of the component, in a particular application, can be predicted as early as during its design phase with the help of computer simulations. To achieve reliable simulation results, an accurate material model which can predict the material behaviour is vital. Most material models consist of a number of material parameters that needs to be fed into them. These material parameters can be identified with the inputs from physical tests. The accuracy of the data extracted from the physical tests, however, remains the base for the aforementioned process. The report deals with the implementation of optical measurement technique such as Digital Image Correlation (DIC) in contrast with the conventional extensometers. A tensile test is conducted on a glass fibre reinforced thermoplastic specimen, according to ISO 527-2/1A, to extract the experimental data with the help of DIC technique. The material behavior is reproduced within a finite element analysis software package LS-DYNA, with the combination of elastoplastic model called *MAT_024 and stress state dependent damage and failure model called GISSMO. The tensile test is performed under quasi-static condition to rule out the strain rate dependency of the thermoplastic material. The mesh sensitivity of the damage model is taken into account with the element size regularization. The thesis concerns setting up a routine for material parameter identification of thermoplastics by full-field calibration (FFC) approach. Also, comparison of the strain field in the specimen, obtained through the newly set up routine against the regular non-FFC i.e. extensometer measurement routine. The major objective being, through the comparisons, a qualitative assessment of the two routines in terms of calibration time vs. gain in simulation accuracy. Material models obtained through both the routines are implemented in three-point and four-point bending simulations. The predicted material behaviors are evaluated against experimental tests.
79

Reagent-Free Immobilization of Industrial Lipases to Develop Lipolytic Membranes with Self-Cleaning Surfaces

Schmidt, Martin, Prager, Andrea, Schönherr, Nadja, Gläser, Roger, Schulze, Agnes 20 October 2023 (has links)
Biocatalytic membrane reactors combine the highly efficient biotransformation capability of enzymes with the selective filtration performance of membrane filters. Common strategies to immobilize enzymes on polymeric membranes are based on chemical coupling reactions. Still, they are associated with drawbacks such as long reaction times, high costs, and the use of potentially toxic or hazardous reagents. In this study, a reagent-free immobilization method based on electron beam irradiation was investigated, which allows much faster, cleaner, and cheaper fabrication of enzyme membrane reactors. Two industrial lipase enzymes were coupled onto a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) flat sheet membrane to create self-cleaning surfaces. The response surface methodology (RSM) in the design-of-experiments approach was applied to investigate the effects of three numerical factors on enzyme activity, yielding a maximum activity of 823 118 U m2 (enzyme concentration: 8.4 g L1, impregnation time: 5 min, irradiation dose: 80 kGy). The lipolytic membranes were used in fouling tests with olive oil (1 g L1 in 2 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate), resulting in 100% regeneration of filtration performance after 3 h of self-cleaning in an aqueous buffer (pH 8, 37 C). Reusability with three consecutive cycles demonstrates regeneration of 95%. Comprehensive membrane characterization was performed by determining enzyme kinetic parameters, permeance monitoring, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and zeta potential, as well as water contact angle measurements.
80

Analyzing the performance of an order accumulation and sortation system using simulation: A design of experiments approach

Habibulla, Murtuza January 2001 (has links)
No description available.

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