No description available.

This dissertation presents an empirical approach to identifying decisions for adapting cognitive radio parameters with no a priori knowledge of the environment. Cognitively inspired radios, attempt to combine observed metrics of system performance with artificial intelligence decision-making algorithms. Current architectures trend towards hybrid combinations of heuristics, such as genetic algorithms (GA) and experiential methods, such as case-based reasoning (CBR). A weakness in the GA is its reliance on limited mathematical models for estimating bit error rate, packet error rate, throughput, and signal-to-noise ratio. The CBR approach is similarly limited by its dependency on past experiences. Both methods have potential to suffer in environments not previously encountered. In contrast, the statistical methods identify performance estimation models based on exercising defined experimental designs. This represents an experiential decision-making process formed in the present rather than the past. There are three core contributions from this empirical framework: 1) it enables a new approach to decision making based on empirical estimation models of system performance, 2) it provides a systematic method for initializing cognitive engine configuration parameters, and 3) it facilitates deeper understanding of system behavior by quantifying parameter significance, and interaction effects. Ultimately, this understanding enables simplification of system models by identifying insignificant parameters. This dissertation defines an abstract framework that enables application of statistical approaches to cognitive radio systems regardless of its platform or application space. Specifically, it assesses factorial design of experiments and response surface methodology (RSM) to an over-the-air wireless radio link. Results are compared to a benchmark GA cognitive engine. The framework is then used for identifying software-defined radio initialization settings. Taguchi designs, a related statistical method, are implemented to identify initialization settings of a GA. / Ph. D.

Catalytic pyrolysis technology is one of the thermochemical platforms used to produce high quality bio-oil and chemicals from biomass feedstocks. In the catalytic pyrolysis process, the biomass is rapidly heated under inert atmosphere in the presence of an acid catalyst or zeolite to promote deoxygenation and cracking of the primary vapors into hydrocarbons and small oxygenates. This dissertation examines the utilization of conventional fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst in the fractional catalytic pyrolysis of hybrid poplar wood. The influence of Y-zeolite content, steam treatment, addition of ZSM-5 additive, process conditions (temperature, weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) and vapor residence time) and recycling of the non-condensable gases (NCG) on the product distribution and the quality of the bio-oil were investigated. The first part of the study demonstrates the influence of catalytic property of FCC catalyst on the product distribution and quality of the bio-oil. It was found that FCC catalyst with higher Y-zeolite content produces higher coke yield and lower organic liquid fraction (OLF). Conversely, FCC catalyst with lower Y-zeolite content results in lower coke yield and higher OLF. The results showed that higher Y-zeolite content extensively cracks dehydrated products from cellulose decomposition and demethoxylates phenolic compounds from lignin degradation. The Y-zeolite promoted both deoxygenation and coke forming reactions due to its high catalytic activity and large pore size. Higher Y-zeolite content increased the quality of the bio-oil with respect to higher heating value (HHV), pH, density, and viscosity. The steam treatment at 732 oC and 788 oC decreased the total BET surface area of the FCC catalyst. The findings suggest that steam treatment reduces the coking tendency of the FCC catalyst and enhances the yield of the OLF. Analysis of the bio-oils showed that the steamed FCC catalyst produces bio-oil with lower viscosity and density. Gas chromatography and 13C-NMR spectrometry suggest that steam treatment affect the catalyst selectivity in the formation of CO, CO2, H2, CH4, C2-C5 hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons. The addition of ZSM-5 additive to the FCC catalyst was found to alter the characteristic/functionality of the catalytic medium. The product slate showed decrease in coke yield and increase in OLF with increase in ZSM-5 additive. The FCC/ZSM-5 additive hybrid catalysts produced bio-oils with relatively lower viscosity and higher pH value. The formation of CO2, CH4, and H2 decreased whilst C5 and aromatic hydrocarbons increased with increase in ZSM-5 additive level. The second part of the work assesses the effect of operating conditions on the catalytic pyrolysis process. The response surface methodology study showed reaction temperature to be the most influential statistically significant independent variable on char/coke yield, concentration of non-condensable gases, carbon content, oxygen content, pH and viscosity of the bio-oils. The WHSV was the most important statistically significant independent variable that affects the yield of organic liquid and water. Adequate and statistically significant models were generated for the prediction of the responses with the exception of viscosity. Recycling of the NCG in the process was found to potentially increase the liquid yield and decrease char/coke yield. The experiments with the model fluidizing gases showed that CO/N2, CO2/N2, CO/CO2/N2 and H2/N2 increase the liquid yield and CO2/N2 decrease char/coke yield. The results showed that recycling of NCG increases the higher heating value and the pH of the bio-oil as well as decreases the viscosity and density. The concept of recycling the NCG in the catalytic cracking of biomass vapors with FCC catalyst improved the overall process. The evaluation of the reactivity of conventional FCC catalyst towards bio-based molecules provide essential direction for FCC catalyst formulation and design for the production of high quality bio-oils from catalytic pyrolysis of biomass. / Ph. D.

電腦實驗(computer experiment)是探索複雜系統輸出反應值和輸入參數之間關係的重要工具，其重要特性是每一次的實驗非常耗費時間及運算的成本。一般在電腦實驗中，研究者較常關心的多是反應曲面的配適和輸出反應值的最佳化等問題(如極大或極小值)。借由一真實平行分散處理系統的啟發，本文所關心的是如何找出系統反應值的局部目標區域。此目標區域有一個非常重要的特性，即區域內外的輸出值所呈現的反應曲面並不連續，因此一般傳統的反應曲面法(response surface methodology)無法適用。本文提出一個新的、可估計不同類型電腦實驗目標區域的有效方法，其中包含了逐步均勻設計和建立分類模型的概 念，電腦模擬的結果也證明了所提方法準確又有效率。 / Computer experiment has been an important tool for exploring the relationships between the input factors and the output responses. It’s important feature is that conducting an experiment is usually time consuming and computationally expensive. In general, researchers are more interested in finding an adequate model for the response surface and the related output optimization problems over the entire input space. Motivated by a real-life parallel and distributed system, here we focus on finding a localized “target region” for the computer experiment. The experiment here has an important characteristic - the response surface is not continuous over the target region of interest. Thus, the traditional response surface methodology (RSM) cannot be directly applied. In this thesis, a novel and efficient methodology for estimating this type of target regions of computer experiment is proposed. The method incorporates the concept of sequential uniform design (UD) and the development of classification techniques based on support vector machines (SVM). Computer simulation shows that the proposed method can efficiently and precisely estimate the target region of computer experiment with different shapes.

L'objet principal de cette thèse est de développer des estimateurs adaptatifs en statistique pour données fonctionnelles. Dans une première partie, nous nous intéressons au modèle linéaire fonctionnel et nous définissons un critère de sélection de la dimension pour des estimateurs par projection définis sur des bases fixe ou aléatoire. Les estimateurs obtenus vérifient une inégalité de type oracle et atteignent la vitesse de convergence minimax pour le risque lié à l'erreur de prédiction. Pour les estimateurs définis sur une collection de modèles aléatoires, des outils de théorie de la perturbation ont été utilisés pour contrôler les projecteurs aléatoires de manière non-asymptotique. D'un point de vue numérique, cette méthode de sélection de la dimension est plus rapide et plus stable que les méthodes usuelles de validation croisée. Dans une seconde partie, nous proposons un critère de sélection de fenêtre inspiré des travaux de Goldenshluger et Lepski, pour des estimateurs à noyau de la fonction de répartition conditionnelle lorsque la covariable est fonctionnelle. Le risque de l'estimateur obtenu est majoré de manière non-asymptotique. Des bornes inférieures sont prouvées ce qui nous permet d'établir que notre estimateur atteint la vitesse de convergence minimax, à une perte logarithmique près. Dans une dernière partie, nous proposons une extension au cadre fonctionnel de la méthodologie des surfaces de réponse, très utilisée dans l'industrie. Ce travail est motivé par une application à la sûreté nucléaire. / The main purpose of this thesis is to develop adaptive estimators for functional data.In the first part, we focus on the functional linear model and we propose a dimension selection device for projection estimators defined on both fixed and data-driven bases. The prediction error of the resulting estimators satisfies an oracle-type inequality and reaches the minimax rate of convergence. For the estimator defined on a data-driven approximation space, tools of perturbation theory are used to solve the problems related to the random nature of the collection of models. From a numerical point of view, this method of dimension selection is faster and more stable than the usual methods of cross validation.In a second part, we consider the problem of bandwidth selection for kernel estimators of the conditional cumulative distribution function when the covariate is functional. The method is inspired by the work of Goldenshluger and Lepski. The risk of the estimator is non-asymptotically upper-bounded. We also prove lower-bounds and establish that our estimator reaches the minimax convergence rate, up to an extra logarithmic term.In the last part, we propose an extension to a functional context of the response surface methodology, widely used in the industry. This work is motivated by an application to nuclear safety.

Les substances pectiques, polysaccharides du groupe des fibres alimentaires, sont largement utilisées comme agents gélifiants et stabilisants dans l'industrie alimentaire. Le principal procédé industriel pour l’obtention de la pectine est basé sur la solubilisation de la protopectine du marc du pomme ou du péricarpe d‘agrumes, réalisée dans des conditions faiblement acide à chaud. Des travaux récents ont montré l'extraction de pectine de nouvelles matières premières et en utilisant différentes conditions, qui influencent le rendement et la qualité du produit final. Le Brésil est le plus grand producteur et consommateur mondial de fruit de la passion et les résidus de l'industrie du jus sont encore sous-utilisées. Ces écorces pourraient être une matière première alternative pour l’extraction de pectine. La quantité de ce sous-produit par année pourrait atteindre 300 mille tonnes, avec un potentiel de production de 2 mille tonnes de pectine. Le principal objectif de ce travail était d’établir un protocole d’extraction permettant de produire des pectines de qualité à partir d’écorce de fruit de la passion jaune. La caractérisation du résidu produit par les industries est la clé pour augmenter la valeur de ces produits. Ainsi, la composition des différentes fractions tissulaires de l'écorce de fruit de la passion jaune a été mesurée, ainsi que celle de la pectine extraite. Les fibres alimentaires sont le principal composant du péricarpe de fruit de la passion jaune, avec des valeurs proches de 60%, sauf pour la fraction endocarpe, la plus riche en protéines de toutes les fractions analysées. En ce qui concerne la qualité de la pectine extraite, c’est le mésocarpe qui donne les rendements les plus élevés (136 g Kg-1) avec une viscosité plus forte et une teneur en composés phénoliques totaux résiduels la plus faible (15%). La composition moyenne de cette fraction était de 3,1% de protéines; 0,6% de matières grasses ; 7,1% de cendres; 66,1% de fibres alimentaires totales ; 127 g Kg-1 de composées phénoliques, 23% de carbohydrates disponibles, 6,10% d'humidité et une valeur calorique de 242 Kcal par 100 g de produit. Les principaux composants des polysaccharides y sont le glucose (297 mg g-1), l'acide galacturonique (210 mg g-1), le xylose (32 mg g-1), le mannose (32 mg g-1) et le galactose (28 mg g-1). La pectine extraite à 80 ºC pendant 20 minutes avec 50 mm d'acide nitrique, pour un rapport liquide:solide de 1:50 (w/v) présente un degré d'estérification de 79% et de méthylation de 82%. Les pectines ont été extraites dans ces mêmes conditions de péricarpe de fruit de la passion commercial ou préparé au laboratoire, d’écorce d’agrumes et de marc du pomme. Les résultats montrent une forte influence de la matière première sur la pectine résultante et ses propriétés rhéologiques. Les caractéristiques moléculaires ont été affectées négativement quand les farines des écorces ont été soumises à de hautes températures. Des farines blanchies des fruits de la passion jaune donnent des rendements de pectine de 203,4 g kg-1 avec une teneur en acide galacturonique de 681 mg g-1, des degrés d’estérification et de méthylation de 80, une viscosité réduite de 6,8 dL g-1 et une viscosité apparente de 13,4 Pa s 103 pour une solution aqueuse à 10 g L-1. L'autoclavage et la macération avec éthanol chaud ont conduit à une réduction significative de la masse molaire (environ de trois fois) et une légère réduction du degré d’estérification (proche 20%). Des traitements thermiques sévères de matière première affectent donc la qualité de la pectine extraite. Par contre, l’absence de traitement thermique de la matière première favorise la dégradation de la pectine, par la présence d’activités pectolytiques résiduelles, mises en évidence par une libération de méthanol dans un mésocarpe fraîche lyophilisé remis en suspension aqueuse. Un blanchiment de la matière première est donc indispensable. Dans les conditions d'extraction définies ci-dessus, la pectine de pomme a présenté le rendement d’extraction le plus faible mais le degré d’estérification le plus élevé, la viscosité et la masse molaire les plus fortes. La pectine extraite de farine de fruit de la passion jaune montre des caractéristiques proches de celles de la pectine de pomme, bien que légèrement plus faibles. Cette similitude est confirmée par une analyse en composantes principales, qui a permit la discrimination entre les pectines analysées, à partir des compositions en oses neutres. La pectine extraite avec de l‘eau et à froid à partir de mésocarpe de fruit de la passion jaune a des compositions en oses et un degré d’estérifications semblables à celle extraite en milieu acide à chaud, mais une masse molaire et une viscosité plus faibles. Ultérieurement, un plan d’expérience centré composite de 23 a été utilisée pour déterminer l'effet des variables indépendantes, continues et opérantes que sont la durée, la température et la concentration d'acide dans le processus d'extraction de pectine sur les variables dépendantes: rendement, degré d’estérification, teneurs et composition osidique des polysaccharides, ainsi que leur comportement rhéologique, afin de maximiser la qualité de la pectine. Les variables indépendantes étaient la durée (5-45 min), la température (63-97 ºC) et la concentration d'acide nitrique (8-92 mM). Le rendement de l'extraction et la viscosité apparent en solution saline ont été influencés significativement (> 5%) dans les essais. Les conditions idéales pour l’extraction de pectine avec la plus haute viscosité apparente et contenant les polysaccharides présentant un profil de masse molaire élevée ont été une duréecourte (5 min), une température moyenne (80 ºC) et une concentration moyenne d'acide nitrique (50 mM). Dans ces conditions, le rendement a été de 196 g kg-1 d'une pectine hautement méthylée avec une masse molaire apparent de 166.000 g mol-1, 78% d'acide galacturonique et 43 mg g-1 de sucres neutres. Néanmoins, cette pectine ne donnait pas un gel plus ferme (70% de saccharose, teneur en pectine 30 g L-1 dans un tampon citrate pH 3) que les autres échantillons analysés. Des échantillons des pectines avec des degrés d'estérification proches ont présenté des caractéristiques rhéologiques et des profils moléculaires différents. Les conditions d'extraction plus douces ont permis l'extraction de pectine des chaînes avec masse molaire plus élevée et en conséquence une viscosité plus élevée. Pour une utilisation industrielle du mésocarpe, le processus de séparation devrait inclure des opérations supplémentaires, en augmentant à la fois le coût et la durée du procédé. Cependant, étant donnée la haute valeur économique ajoutée de la pectine extraite, un traitement approprié du résidu pour l’obtention de matière première de qualité paraît primordial. Dans la mesure où il semble que le mésocarpe doive être préféré pour l’obtention d’une pectine avec une pureté et une viscosité élevées, cette fraction a été sélectionnée comme matière première pour suivre les études. Les écorces de fruit de la passion jaune, un résidu industriel du traitement de jus, peuvent constituer une matière première alternative pour extraction de pectine de haute qualité et ou une utilisation comme ingrédient fonctionnel naturel / Pectic substances, polysaccharides from group of dietary fiber, are widely as a gelling agent and stabilizer in the food industry. The main industrial processing to obtain pectin is based on the solubilization of protopectin from apple pomace and citrus peel, which is done in mild acid and heat conditions. Recent studies have reported the extraction of pectin from new raw materials and using different extraction conditions, which influence the yield and quality of final product. Brazil is the world's main producer and consumer of yellow passion fruit and the wastes from the passion fruit juice processing industry are still sub valued. The rinds, which comprise much of this waste, could be used as an alternative raw material for extracting pectin. The amount of this by-product per year could reach 300,000 metric tons, with the potential to produce 2,000 metric tons of pectin. The main goal of this trial was to produce high standard quality pectin from yellow passion fruit and the establishment of an extraction proper protocol. The characterization of waste generated by fruit processing industry is the key to increase the value of its products. The central composite experimental design of 23 was used to verify the influence of different extraction conditions on pectin extracted. The independent variables were time (5-45 min), temperature (63-97 ºC) and HNO3 concentration (8-92 mM). The conditions of extraction to compare characteristics and rheological behavior of pectin were 20 minutes, 80 ºC and 50 mM nitric acid, ratio solute/solvent 1:50 w/v. The pectins of both commercially available and prepared passion fruit peel, as weel as citrus peel and apple pomace were extracted in the same conditions to comparative analyses. It was done the relative fractions compositions of the yellow passion fruit’s rind and extracted pectin and the most abundant component of pericarp was total dietary fiber. The results showed that the highest content of pectin with higher viscosity occurred in the mesocarp fraction, which also showed the lowest phenolic compound retention. They suggest that there is a clear influence of the raw material quality on resultant pectin and rheological properties. The macromolecular characteristics were negatively affected when the rind flours were submited to high temperatures. Pectin methyl esterase activity was detected in the freeze-dried, unblanched raw material. The apple pomace pectin had lowest extraction yield however highest degree of esterification, viscosity and molar weight. The passion fruit rind pectin showed similar composition to apple pectin, confirmed by multivariate analysis that allowed the discrimination of pectins in groups using neutral sugars amount. The extraction yield and the apparent and reduced viscosity were significantly influenced (>5%) in the trials. The ideal conditions for extracting pectin with the highest apparent viscosity and with polysaccharide profile of high molar mass were obtained with short time (5 min), medium temperature (80 ºC) and medium HNO3 concentration (50 mM). In these conditions, the yield was 196 g kg-1 of a pectin with high methoxylation, a molar weight of 166.000 g mol-1, 78% GalA and 43 mg g-1 of neutral sugars. Yellow passion fruit rinds, an industrial waste from the juice processing, can constitute an alternative raw material for the extraction of high quality pectin and use as functional natural ingredient / As substâncias pécticas, polissacarídeos do grupo das fibras dietéticas, são amplamente utilizadas como agentes geleificantes e estabilizantes na indústria de alimentos. O principal processo industrial para obtenção de pectina está baseado na solubilização da protopectina, realizada em condições fracamente ácida a quente. Estudos recentes têm reportado a extração de pectina de novas matérias-primas sob diferentes condições, com influência sobre a qualidade e sobre o rendimento do produto final. O Brasil é o maior produtor e consumidor mundial de maracujá e os resíduos do processamento da indústria de suco são ainda subaproveitados. As cascas, que compreendem a maior parte do resíduo, poderiam ser usadas como matéria-prima alternativa para extração de pectina. A quantidade de subproduto por ano poderia alcançar 300 mil toneladas, com potencial de produzir 2 mil toneladas de pectina. O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi produzir pectina de alto padrão de qualidade e estabelecer um protocolo próprio de extração. Um planejamento central composto de 23 foi usado para determinar o efeito de variáveis independentes, contínuas e atuantes na extração de pectina de albedo de maracujá sobre variáveis dependentes a fim de maximizar a qualidade reológica da pectina. As variáveis independentes foram tempo (5-45 min), temperatura (63-97 ºC) e concentração de ácido nítrico (8-92 mM). As condições de extração para comparar as características e comportamento reológico da pectina foram 20 ou 25 minutos, 80 ºC e 50 mM de ácido nítrico, razão soluto/solvente 1:50 p/v. A pectina do pericarpo de maracujá, tanto comercial quanto preparado em bancada, como da casca cítrica e do bagaço de maçã, foram extraídas sob iguais condições para análises comparativas. A composição das frações relativas da casca de maracujá-amarelo foi determinada, bem como da pectina extraída, e o componente mais abundante do pericarpo foi fibra dietética total. Os resultados mostraram que o maior conteúdo de pectina foi encontrado na fração mesocarpo, com alta viscosidade e com baixa retenção de compostos fenólicos. Os resultados obtidos indicam uma evidente influência da matéria prima sobre a pectina resultante e suas propriedades reológicas. As características moleculares da pectina de maracujá foram afetadas negativamente quando as farinhas das cascas de maracujá haviam sido submetidas a altas temperaturas. Atividade da pectina metil esterase foi detectada em matéria-prima liofilizada quando não houve tratamento térmico. A pectina do bagaço de maçã teve o menor rendimento de extração, entretanto o mais alto grau de esterificação, viscosidade e massa molar. A pectina do maracujá mostrou composição similar à pectina da maçã, confirmada por análise multivariada que permitiu a discriminação em grupos utilizando os teores de açúcares neutros. O rendimento da extração e a viscosidade aparente foram significativamente influenciados nos ensaios. As condições ideais para extração de pectina com a mais alta viscosidade aparente e elevada massa molar foram tempo curto (5 min), temperatura média (80 ºC) e concentração média de ácido nítrico (50 mM). Nessas condições o rendimento foi de 196 g kg-1 de uma pectina com alta metoxilação, massa molar de 166.000 g mol-1, 78% de ácido galacturônico e 43 mg g-1 de açúcares neutros. As cascas de maracujá amarelo podem ser utilizadas como matéria-prima alternativa para extração de pectina de alta qualidade e uso como ingrediente funcional natural

Os ensaios microbiológicos são utilizados para avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana desde a descoberta do uso dos antibióticos. Apesar dos ensaios microbiológicos serem amplamente empregados para determinação da potência de antibióticos em formas farmacêuticas, uma vez que fornecem a medida da atividade biológica, apresentam limitações quanto a baixa reprodutibilidade e tempo de análise. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver, otimizar e validar ensaio colorimétrico rápido em microplaca para determinar a potência da neomicina e bacitracina em produtos farmacêuticos. Metodologias de análise fatorial e análise de superfície de resposta foram utilizadas no desenvolvimento e otimização da escolha do microrganismo, da composição do meio de cultura, da proporção de inóculo, e das concentrações de cloreto de trifeniltetrazólio e dos antibióticos. Os métodos otimizados foram validados pela avaliação da linearidade, precisão, exatidão e robustez. Análise estatística mostrou equivalência entre o método de difusão em ágar e o método colorimétrico rápido em microplaca para ambos antibióticos. Além disso, o ensaio em microplaca apresentou vantagens em relação à reprodutibilidade, sensibilidade, tempo de incubação e quantidades necessárias de meio de cultura e soluções para ambos os antibióticos. / Microbiological assays have been used to evaluate antimicrobial activity since the discovery of the first antibiotics. Despite of microbiological assays have been widely employed to determine antibiotic potency of pharmaceutical dosage forms, once they provide a measure of biological activity, they have limitations regarding the low reproducibility and increased time of analysis. The aim of this work is to develop, optimize and validate a rapid colorimetric microplate bioassay for the potency of neomycin and bacitracin in pharmaceutical drug products. Factorial and response surface methodologies were used in the development and optimization of the choice of microorganism, culture medium composition, amount of inoculum, triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) concentration and antibiotic concentration. The optimized bioassays methods were validated by the assessment of linearity, precision, accuracy, and robustness. Statistical analysis showed equivalency between agar diffusion microbiological assays and rapid colorimetric microplate bioassays. In addition, microplate bioassay had advantages concerning the reproducibility, sensitivity of response, time of incubation, and amount of culture medium and solutions required.

O setor agroindustrial tem se expandido muito nos últimos anos, levando o país a um aumento na geração de resíduos agroindustriais, sendo que a maior parte deles ainda é descartada no meio ambiente, sem tratamento adequado, ou utilizada na alimentação animal, destinos que a priori, não geram ganhos econômicos para a agroindústria além de representarem gargalos logísticos e ambientais na sua disposição. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho teve como objetivos otimizar o processo de extração de compostos bioativos, avaliar in vitro as atividades antioxidante, por meio da desativação de espécies reativas de oxigênio, e anti-inflamatória, bem como determinar a composição fenólica dos resíduos agroindustriais a saber: película de amendoim (Arachis hypogaea) (cultivares IAC886 e IAC505), pimenta-rosa (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi) e pimenta-do-reino (Piper Nigrum L). O processo de otimização da extração de compostos antioxidantes foi realizado utilizando dois processos de extração, extração convencional e subcrítica, em delineamento composto central rotacional, utilizando como variáveis a temperatura e tempo e a pressão e temperatura, respectivamente, com os solventes etanol 80%, água e propilenoglicol 80%. Durante o processo de otimização a atividade antioxidante foi avaliada pelo método de sequestro do radical ABTS. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos para a extração convencional com os solventes etanol 80%, água e propilenoglicol 80%. A película de amendoim (IAC505) apresentou as maiores atividades antioxidantes (1.396,67, 580,44 e 859,89 μmol.g-1 em equivalentes de trolox, para os solventes etanol 80%, água e propilenoglicol 80%, respectivamente). A partir dos resultados obtidos para os solventes testados, utilizando a extração convencional, foram feitas outras análises de atividade antioxidante considerando o tempo e temperatura ideal de extração. Foram realizadas análises de avaliação da capacidade de redução de Folin-Ciocalteau e potencial de desativação dos radicais livres sintéticos (DPPH e ABTS) e espécies reativas de oxigênio (radicais peroxila, superóxido e ácido hipocloroso). O solvente de extração que apresentou melhores resultados em todos os ensaios foi o etanol 80%, sendo, portanto o solvente utilizado nas análises subsequentes. A partir da definição do melhor sistema extrator foram realizadas análises da composição fenólica, por meio das técnicas de cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência em modo analítico (HPLC-RP), cromatografia gasosa acoplada com espectrometria de massas (GC-MS), e avaliação in vitro da atividade anti-inflamatória. Foram identificados nos resíduos estudados procianidinas B1 e B2, ácido p-cumárico, miricetina, ácido ferúlico, ácido siríngico, ácido sinápico, epicatequina e catequina. A pimenta-do-reino diminui significativamente os níveis de TNF-α e nitritos, reduzindo assim o processo inflamatório gerado. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho demonstram que estes resíduos agroindústrias possuem grande potencial biológico, podendo assim ser melhores aproveitados tanto pela indústria de alimentos quanto pela indústria farmacêutica. / The agribusiness sector has expanded greatly in recent years, leading the country to an increase in the generation of agro-industrial residues, even though most of them are still discarded in the environment without proper treatment, or used in animal feed, destinations that a priori do not generate economic gains for agribusiness besides representing logistical and environmental bottlenecks at your disposal. In this sense, the present study aimed to optimize the bioactive compounds extraction process, to evaluate in vitro the antioxidant activities, through the deactivation of reactive oxygen species, and anti-inflammatory as well as determine the phenolic composition of agro-industrial residues namely peanut skin (Arachis hypogaea) (IAC886 and IAC505 cultivars), pink pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi) and black pepper (Piper nigrum L). The optimization process of extraction of antioxidants was performed using two extraction processes, conventional extraction and subcritical on central composite design, using as variable temperature and time and the pressure and temperature, respectively, with solvents ethanol 80%, water and propyleneglycol 80%. During the optimization process the antioxidant activity was evaluated for the kidnapping method of ABTS radical. The best results were obtained for the conventional extraction with solvents ethanol 80%, water and propyleneglycol 80%. Peanut skin (IAC505) showed the highest antioxidant activity (1,396.67, 580.44 and 859.89 μmol.g-1 in Trolox equivalents, for solvents ethanol 80%, water and propyleneglycol 80%, respectively). From the results obtained for the solvents tested, using conventional extraction, other analyzes were done considering the antioxidant activity optimum time and temperature of extraction. Valuation analyzes were carried out of the Folin-Ciocalteau reduction capability and potential disabling of synthetic free radical (DPPH and ABTS) and reactive oxygen species (peroxyl radicals, superoxide and hypochlorous acid). The extraction solvent that showed better results in all tests was ethanol 80%, and therefore the solvent used in subsequent analyzes. From the definition of the best extraction system analyzes were made of phenolic composition by means of liquid chromatography techniques of high efficiency in analytic way (HPLC-RP), gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and reviewed in vitro anti-inflammatory activity. They were identified at residues studied procyanidins B1 and B2, p-coumaric acid, myricetin, ferulic acid, syringic acid, sinapic acid, epicatechin, and catechin. The black pepper significantly reduces TNF-α and nitrite levels, thereby reducing the inflammatory process generated. The results of this study demonstrate that these agribusinesses waste have great biological potential, and thus can be best availed by both the food industry and the pharmaceutical industry.

Experimentos industriais são realizados pelas empresas no intuito de melhorar as características de qualidade dos produtos e processos de fabricação. Nesse sentido, esta dissertação tem como objetivo estudar e aplicar as técnicas de planejamento e análise de experimentos na melhoria da qualidade industrial. Como parte do objetivo, desenvolve-se uma aplicação com as técnicas de planejamento fatorial fracionado '2POT. K-P', metodologia de superfície de resposta e análise de variância, em um processo de moldagem por injeção, utilizado por uma indústria que fabrica e comercializa componentes plásticos usados na construção civil. Com essa pesquisa experimental identificam-se os parâmetros mais importantes da injeção plástica: temperatura da máquina e pressão de injeção. Ao mesmo tempo, determinam-se os níveis ótimos de regulagem desses parâmetros. Assim, com esse estudo, avalia-se o procedimento de implantação das técnicas de experimentação e as dificuldades práticas encontradas, bem como busca-se contribuir na integração entre universidade e empresa. / Industrial experiments are made by companies in order to improve the quality characteristics of products and production processes. In this sense, the objective of this dissertation is to study and apply the design of experiments in the industrial quality improvement. In addition, as a part of the objective, an application of the techniques of design Fractional Factorial '2POT. K-P', Analysis of Variance and Response Surface Methodology is done. It is focused in an injection molding process applied by a company, that makes and trades plastic products for the civil construction. Using this experimental study, the most important parameters of plastic injection are identified: melt temperature and injection pressure. At the same time, the optimal levels of adjustment of these parameters are determined. From this study, it is evaluated both the implantation procedures of the designs of experiments as well as the difficulties faced. Also, this study tries to contribute to the university-company relationship.

O objetivo, no capítulo I deste trabalho, foi desenvolver e validar um novo método espectrofotométrico in vitro para a avaliação da eficácia de protetores solares, o qual pode ser adotado na rotina industrial como uma maneira de identificar desvios de qualidade e garantir a eficácia de protetores solares a cada novo lote produzido. O método proposto é baseado na absorção espectrofotométrica na região do UV (280-400 nm) de uma camada fina de protetor solar aplicada na face externa de uma cubeta de quartzo preenchida com uma solução padrão (SP) que absorve em toda a região do UV, a fim de obter uma medida de área sob a curva (ASC), empregada como valor de referência para cada FPS testado. Para o desenvolvimento do método, foram utilizados protetores solares da mesma marca, com valores de FPS de 15; 20; 30; 40; 50 e 60, o qual foi aplicado sobre a face externa da cubeta a uma concentração de 0,2 mg/cm2. A SP consistiu de uma solução de quercetina (10 ?g/mL) à qual foram adicionadas 6 gotas de solução de AlCL3 6%. A partir do espectro de absorvância de cada amostra na região de UV foi calculado o valor da ASC. O método demonstrou ser reprodutível, robusto e eficaz para controle de qualidade de protetores solares. Outro importante objetivo desse estudo, descrito no capítulo II, foi determinar as condições ótimas para a extração de compostos fenólicos do cranberry em pó utilizando metodologia de superfície de resposta, empregando quatro variáveis independentes: (i) tempo de extração; (ii) proporção planta:solvente; (iii) temperatura e (iv) velocidade de agitação, segundo desenho experimental do tipo Box-Behnken, com análise de três respostas: teor de polifenois totais (TPT); atividade antioxidante (CI50; DPPH) e teor de sólidos totais (TST). As condições ideais obtidas foram: tempo de extração 5 horas; proporção planta:solvente 1:2; velocidade de agitação 80 RPM e temperatura 45°C, correspondendo aos valores preditos de 433,1 mg/g; 0,100 mg/mL e 19,9% para o TPT; CI50 DPPH e TST, respectivamente. Em seguida, o extrato otimizado de cranberry foi avaliado com relação à sua atividade fotoprotetora/fotoquimioprotetora. Os resultados apresentados neste trabalho demonstraram que o extrato otimizado de cranberry apresenta elevado potencial antioxidante ao inibir a quimioluminescência (CI50 de 0,202 ± 0,32 ?g/mL) e reduzir a peroxidação lipídica (CI50 de 32,6 ± 5,8 ?g/mL). No ensaio de DPPH, obteve-se uma CI50 de 136,7 ±6,8 ?g/mL. Reduziu em 41% a peroxidação lipídica em células L929. Além disso, o extrato incorporado a uma formulação gel-creme, apresentou elevado potencial fotoprotetor in vitro. / The chapter I of this work aims to develop and validate a new in vitro spectrophotometric method for assessing the effectiveness of sunscreens, which can be adopted in industrial routine production as a way to identify quality deviations and ensure the effectiveness of sunscreen product. Briefly, the proposed method is based on the spectrophotometric absortion on the UV region (280-400 nm) of a thin layer of sunscreen sample applied on the outside of a quartz cuvette which is filled with a standard solution (SS). The area under the curve of absorption of SS and sunscreen sample is obtained. For the experiment development, it was used sunscreens products of the same brand with SPF values of 15; 20; 30; 40; 50 and 60 which was applied on the cuvette outside at a concentration of 0,2mg/cm2. The reference standard used consisted of a quercetin solution added of AlCl3 6%. From the absorbance of each sample spectrum in UV region was calculated the value of the area under the curve (AUC). The spectrophotometric method developed was effective for confirm SPF sunscreen products produced batch to batch. In the chapter II, were determined the optimal conditions for phenolic compounds extraction from cranberry powder using the surface response methodology with four independent variables: (i) extraction time (hours); (ii) ratio plant : solvent; (iii) temperature and (iv) speed agitation (RPM) , according to Box-Behnken, with analysis of three answers: total polyphenol content (TPC); antioxidant activity (IC50; DPPH) and total solids content (TSC). The ideal conditions obtained were: extraction time 5 hours; ratio plant:solvent 1:2; agitation speed 80 RPM and temperature 45°C, corresponding to the values predicted of 433.1 mg/g; 0,100 mg/ml and 19.9% for TPC; IC50 DPPH and TSC respectively. Then, the optimized cranberry extract was evaluated with respect to its photoprotective/photochemoprotective activity. Preliminary results presented in this paper demonstrate the ability of optimized cranberry extract to scavenge free radicals, with a high antioxidant potential to inhibit satisfactorily chemiluminescence generated in the system xanthine/XOD/luminol; presenting IC50 0.202 ± 0.32 ?g/ml; lipid peroxidation using yolk egg as lipid substrate, with an IC50 of 32.6 ± 5,8 ?g/ml. In DPPH test, the optimized extract showed an IC50 of 136.7 ± 6.8 mg/mL. The extract was also able to reducing UVB radiation-induced damage at the cellular level in fibroblasts mice of L929 line, with a 41% reduction in lipid peroxidation in cells compared to irradiated control.