Les rides de Barracuda et de Tiburon sont deux reliefs sous-marins situés dans la partie ouest de l'océan Atlantique, là où la lithosphère océanique des plaques Amérique du Nord (NAM) et Amérique du Sud (SAM) est entraînée par subduction sous la plaque Caraïbe, formant l'arc volcanique des Petites Antilles et le prisme d’accrétion de Barbade. Le processus et la période de soulèvement conduisant au relief actuel de ces rides (qui semblent être un marqueur important dans l'histoire géodynamique de la région) sont sujets à débat depuis des décennies.L’interprétation de nouvelles données de sismique réflexion et de bathymétrie multifaisceaux acquises à travers les rides de Barracuda et de Tiburon (campagne Antiplac, 2007 ) a permis de dater les périodes de soulèvements des rides et réaliser des reconstructions paléogéographiques incluant les flux sédimentaires majeurs, depuis le Crétacé jusqu’ à l’Actuel.L’analyse structurale révèle des phases de réactivations tardives d’anciennes zones de fractures dans un contexte transpressif, conduisant aux surrections des rides de Tiburon et de Barracuda.Les processus géologiques possibles impliqués dans la formation des rides de Barracuda et de Tiburon coïncident avec les modèles cinématiques récents décrivant les mouvements relatifs entre les plaques NAM et SAM, le long de la limite de plaque diffuse.Ces résultats permettent de mieux définir la limite de plaque entre NAM et SAM. Elle est nécessairement hétérogène exploitant les zones de faiblesses dans la lithosphère que sont les zones de fracture. Au sein de cette limite de plaque la lithosphère serait donc fragmentée. / The Barracuda Ridge and the Tiburon Rise, two oceanic-basement ridges, lie in the western Atlantic Ocean, where oceanic lithosphere of the North American (NAM) and South American (SAM) plates is subducted beneath the Caribbean plate, creating the Lesser Antilles volcanic arc and the Barbados Ridge accretionary complex. The process and the timing of the uplift leading to the present day morphologies of the Tiburon and Barracuda ridges, that seem to be key markers in the geodynamic history of the region, has remained a matter of debate for decades.From the analysis of new multibeam and seismic reflection profiles acquired in 2007 (Antiplac crusie) DSDP-ODP boreholes available, we provide new information on the timing of the formation of the Barracuda Ridge and Tiburon Rise in their present-day configurations. We propose paleogeographic reconstructions with the main sediments fluxes deposited in the area of the Barracuda and Tiburon ridges from the Late Cretaceous to present. Structural analysis shows reactivation of fracture zones in a transpressive setting leading to the uplifts of the Barracuda and Tiburon Ridges.The location of the Barracuda Ridge and the Tiburon Rise and the timing of the uplift fit well with recent global plate kinematic models describing the movements of NAM relative to SAM along a diffuse plate boundaryThis NAM-SAM plate boundary zone, therefore must most certainly be heterogeneous in nature, exploiting weaknesses in the lithosphere provided by fracture zones where mechanically advantageous, but forming new boundary segments elsewhere, to transfer motion between reactivated segments of the fracture zones.

Along with the increasing use of intermittent electricity sources, such as wind and sun, comes a growing demand for user flexibility. This has paved the way for a new market of services that provide electricity customers with energy saving solutions. These include a variety of techniques ranging from sophisticated control of the customers’ home equipment to information on how to adjust their consumption behavior in order to save energy. This master thesis work contributes further to this field by investigating an additional incentive; predictions of future energy savings related to indoor temperature. Five different machine learning models have been tuned and used to predict monthly heating energy consumption for a given set of homes. The model tuning process and performance evaluation were performed using 10-fold cross validation. The best performing model was then used to predict how much heating energy each individual household could save by decreasing their indoor temperature by 1°C during the heating season. The highest prediction accuracy (of about 78%) is achieved with support vector regression (SVR), closely followed by neural networks (NN). The simpler regression models that have been implemented are, however, not far behind. According to the SVR model, the average household is expected to lower their heating energy consumption by approximately 3% if the indoor temperature is decreased by 1°C.

Introdução: A regeneração óssea guiada baseia-se no princípio de seletividade celular, utilizando membranas para impedir a migração de células indesejadas dos tecidos moles e guiar a proliferação de células osteogênicas. A MDA é um biomaterial que tem sido amplamente utilizado em procedimentos regenerativos periodontais, não somente por ser biocompatível, mas também pela sua capacidade reconstrutiva em proporcionar um aumento da faixa de tecido queratinizado. Em pesquisas recentes, foi demonstrado o envolvimento de uma cadeia de 15 aminoácidos do colágeno (P-15) na diferenciação celular de fibroblastos e osteoblastos. A associação de matriz óssea inorgânica bovina com o P-15 (MOI/P-15) tem apresentado bons resultados. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi avaliar a eficácia da MDA associada à MOI/P-15 na preservação da crista alveolar após extração dentária em humanos. Metodologia: Foram selecionados 18 pacientes que necessitavam de exodontia de dentes anteriores da maxila com pelo menos dois dentes não contíguos. Foi adotado o modelo boca dividida. Após as extrações dentárias foram realizadas cirurgias regenerativas de preservação da crista alveolar utilizando MOI/P-15 (GT) em um alvéolo e o coágulo sanguíneo no outro alvéolo (GC). Após a inserção do substituto ósseo, a MDA foi posicionada e fixada com parafusos sobre os dois alvéolos para servir como membrana. O retalho foi suturado deixando 2 mm da MDA expostos na porção central. As medidas clínicas MVEP, MVEV e MAH foram registradas na primeira cirurgia e após 6 meses, na cirurgia de reentrada, tomando-se como pontos de referência os parafusos de titânio. Resultados Na análise intragrupos, após seis meses, houve redução estatisticamente significante nas medidas MVEP, MVEV e MAH para ambos os grupos. Para o grupo teste, houve redução na MVEP de 2,80 ± 1,61 para 1,97 ± 1,67 mm; na MVEV de 5,80 ± 1,74 para 4,60 ± 2,05 mm e na MAH de 7,40 ± 2,16 para 4,87 ± 1,51 mm. Para o grupo controle, a MVEP variou de 2,50 ± 1,24 para 1,63 ± 1,32 mm; a MVEV de 6,27 ± 1,75 para 4,77 ± 1,59 mm e MAH de 7,60 ± 1,18 para 4,20 ± 1,00 mm. Para a comparação entre os grupos, além das medidas iniciais e finais, foram calculadas as diferenças entre elas para cada grupo. No grupo teste, a diferença para MVEP foi de 0,83 ± 1,53 e no controle foi de 0,87 ± 1,13 mm; e para MVEV foi de 1,20 ± 2,02 e 1,50 ± 1,15 mm para os grupos teste e controle, respectivamente. Na medida horizontal (MAH) foi encontrada diferença estatística quando comparadas as diferenças no grupo teste e controle que foi de 2,53 ± 1,81 mm para o grupo teste e 3,40 ± 1,39 mm para o grupo controle (p<0,05). Conclusão: Os resultados deste estudo mostram que a MDA, associada ou não a MOIP-15, pode ser utilizada com sucesso como membrana para preservação do rebordo alveolar após extração dentária de dentes maxilares anteriores. A associação com o enxerto favorece de maneira significativa a manutenção da espessura no sentido horizontal da crista alveolar. / Background: Preventing ridge collapse with the extraction of maxillary anterior teeth is vital to an esthetic restorative result. Several techniques are available to regenerative procedures and are used for socket preservation. The aim of this study was to analyze by clinical parameters the use of acellular dermal matrix (ADM) and anorganic bovine bone matrix (ABM) with a synthetic cell-binding peptide P-15 to preserve alveolar bone after tooth extraction. Methods: Eighteen patients in need of extraction of maxillary anterior teeth were selected and they were randomly assigned to the test (ADM plus ABM/P-15) or control (ADM only). Clinical measurements were recorded at initial and 6 months after ridge preservation procedures. Results: In the clinical measurements - External Vertical Palatal, External Vertical Buccal and Alveolar Horizontal (EVPM, EVBM and AHM) -, the statistical analysis showed no difference between test and control groups in the initial and at six months. The intragroup analysis, after six months, showed a statistically significant reduction in the measurements for both groups. In the comparison between the groups, the differences (mm), in the test group, were: EVLM=0.83±1.53, EVBM=1.20±2.02, AHM=2.53±1.81 and in the control were: EVLM=0.87±1.13, EVBM=1.50±1.15, AHM=3.40±1.39. The differences in EVLM and EVBM measurements were no statistically significant; however, in horizontal measurement (AHM), there was statistically difference (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study show that ADM, with or without ABM/P-15, can be successfully when it is used as a membrane for preservation of alveolar ridge after tooth extraction of maxillary teeth earlier.

Introdução: A regeneração óssea guiada baseia-se no princípio de seletividade celular, utilizando membranas para impedir a migração de células indesejadas dos tecidos moles e guiar a proliferação de células osteogênicas. A MDA é um biomaterial que tem sido amplamente utilizado em procedimentos regenerativos periodontais, não somente por ser biocompatível, mas também pela sua capacidade reconstrutiva em proporcionar um aumento da faixa de tecido queratinizado. Em pesquisas recentes, foi demonstrado o envolvimento de uma cadeia de 15 aminoácidos do colágeno (P-15) na diferenciação celular de fibroblastos e osteoblastos. A associação de matriz óssea inorgânica bovina com o P-15 (MOI/P-15) tem apresentado bons resultados. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi avaliar a eficácia da MDA associada à MOI/P-15 na preservação da crista alveolar após extração dentária em humanos. Metodologia: Foram selecionados 18 pacientes que necessitavam de exodontia de dentes anteriores da maxila com pelo menos dois dentes não contíguos. Foi adotado o modelo boca dividida. Após as extrações dentárias foram realizadas cirurgias regenerativas de preservação da crista alveolar utilizando MOI/P-15 (GT) em um alvéolo e o coágulo sanguíneo no outro alvéolo (GC). Após a inserção do substituto ósseo, a MDA foi posicionada e fixada com parafusos sobre os dois alvéolos para servir como membrana. O retalho foi suturado deixando 2 mm da MDA expostos na porção central. As medidas clínicas MVEP, MVEV e MAH foram registradas na primeira cirurgia e após 6 meses, na cirurgia de reentrada, tomando-se como pontos de referência os parafusos de titânio. Resultados Na análise intragrupos, após seis meses, houve redução estatisticamente significante nas medidas MVEP, MVEV e MAH para ambos os grupos. Para o grupo teste, houve redução na MVEP de 2,80 ± 1,61 para 1,97 ± 1,67 mm; na MVEV de 5,80 ± 1,74 para 4,60 ± 2,05 mm e na MAH de 7,40 ± 2,16 para 4,87 ± 1,51 mm. Para o grupo controle, a MVEP variou de 2,50 ± 1,24 para 1,63 ± 1,32 mm; a MVEV de 6,27 ± 1,75 para 4,77 ± 1,59 mm e MAH de 7,60 ± 1,18 para 4,20 ± 1,00 mm. Para a comparação entre os grupos, além das medidas iniciais e finais, foram calculadas as diferenças entre elas para cada grupo. No grupo teste, a diferença para MVEP foi de 0,83 ± 1,53 e no controle foi de 0,87 ± 1,13 mm; e para MVEV foi de 1,20 ± 2,02 e 1,50 ± 1,15 mm para os grupos teste e controle, respectivamente. Na medida horizontal (MAH) foi encontrada diferença estatística quando comparadas as diferenças no grupo teste e controle que foi de 2,53 ± 1,81 mm para o grupo teste e 3,40 ± 1,39 mm para o grupo controle (p<0,05). Conclusão: Os resultados deste estudo mostram que a MDA, associada ou não a MOIP-15, pode ser utilizada com sucesso como membrana para preservação do rebordo alveolar após extração dentária de dentes maxilares anteriores. A associação com o enxerto favorece de maneira significativa a manutenção da espessura no sentido horizontal da crista alveolar. / Background: Preventing ridge collapse with the extraction of maxillary anterior teeth is vital to an esthetic restorative result. Several techniques are available to regenerative procedures and are used for socket preservation. The aim of this study was to analyze by clinical parameters the use of acellular dermal matrix (ADM) and anorganic bovine bone matrix (ABM) with a synthetic cell-binding peptide P-15 to preserve alveolar bone after tooth extraction. Methods: Eighteen patients in need of extraction of maxillary anterior teeth were selected and they were randomly assigned to the test (ADM plus ABM/P-15) or control (ADM only). Clinical measurements were recorded at initial and 6 months after ridge preservation procedures. Results: In the clinical measurements - External Vertical Palatal, External Vertical Buccal and Alveolar Horizontal (EVPM, EVBM and AHM) -, the statistical analysis showed no difference between test and control groups in the initial and at six months. The intragroup analysis, after six months, showed a statistically significant reduction in the measurements for both groups. In the comparison between the groups, the differences (mm), in the test group, were: EVLM=0.83±1.53, EVBM=1.20±2.02, AHM=2.53±1.81 and in the control were: EVLM=0.87±1.13, EVBM=1.50±1.15, AHM=3.40±1.39. The differences in EVLM and EVBM measurements were no statistically significant; however, in horizontal measurement (AHM), there was statistically difference (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study show that ADM, with or without ABM/P-15, can be successfully when it is used as a membrane for preservation of alveolar ridge after tooth extraction of maxillary teeth earlier.

Dans le cadre de la régression, de nombreuses études s’intéressent au problème dit de la grande dimension, où le nombre de variables explicatives mesurées sur chaque échantillon est beaucoup plus grand que le nombre d’échantillons. Si la sélection de variables est une question classique, les méthodes usuelles ne s’appliquent pas dans le cadre de la grande dimension. Ainsi, dans ce manuscrit, nous présentons la transposition de tests statistiques classiques à la grande dimension. Ces tests sont construits sur des estimateurs des coefficients de régression produits par des approches de régressions linéaires pénalisées, applicables dans le cadre de la grande dimension. L’objectif principal des tests que nous proposons consiste à contrôler le taux de fausses découvertes. La première contribution de ce manuscrit répond à un problème de quantification de l’incertitude sur les coefficients de régression réalisée sur la base de la régression Ridge, qui pénalise les coefficients de régression par leur norme l2, dans le cadre de la grande dimension. Nous y proposons un test statistique basé sur le rééchantillonage. La seconde contribution porte sur une approche de sélection en deux étapes : une première étape de criblage des variables, basée sur la régression parcimonieuse Lasso précède l’étape de sélection proprement dite, où la pertinence des variables pré-sélectionnées est testée. Les tests sont construits sur l’estimateur de la régression Ridge adaptive, dont la pénalité est construite à partir des coefficients de régression du Lasso. Une dernière contribution consiste à transposer cette approche à la sélection de groupes de variables. / In the regression framework, many studies are focused on the high-dimensional problem where the number of measured explanatory variables is very large compared to the sample size. If variable selection is a classical question, usual methods are not applicable in the high-dimensional case. So, in this manuscript, we develop the transposition of statistical tests to the high dimension. These tests operate on estimates of regression coefficients obtained by penalized linear regression, which is applicable in high-dimension. The main objective of these tests is the false discovery control. The first contribution of this manuscript provides a quantification of the uncertainty for regression coefficients estimated by ridge regression in high dimension. The Ridge regression penalizes the coefficients on their l2 norm. To do this, we devise a statistical test based on permutations. The second contribution is based on a two-step selection approach. A first step is dedicated to the screening of variables, based on parsimonious regression Lasso. The second step consists in cleaning the resulting set by testing the relevance of pre-selected variables. These tests are made on adaptive-ridge estimates, where the penalty is constructed on Lasso estimates learned during the screening step. A last contribution consists to the transposition of this approach to group-variables selection.

This thesis examines the Australia Army???s campaign on Papua from July 1942 to January 1943 with the focus on logistic support of the fighting arms and the relation of logistics to the tactics of tropical jungle warfare. It begins by examining the traditional approach to logistics in the military profession - the experience of Australian officers and forces in particular - from the First World War until May 1942, when the Australian territory of Papua was invaded. It establishes that the Army was poorly prepared because, as well as having never anticipated a prolonged land campaign in Papua-New Guinea, it lacked the logistic resources and knowledge of logistics as applicable to tropical jungle warfare. It then proceeds to examine the retreat over the Kokoda Track and the turning-point battles for Milne Bay and Imita Ridge. It demonstrates that the principal factor in the Australian retreat was logistic failure, as geography and lack of logistic resources prevented adequate supply of the fighting arms at least until lines of communication had been shortened; even then, difficulties remained. The thesis is rounded off by assessing the counter-attack across the territory of Papua for the capture of the enemy???s beachheads at Buna, Gona and Sanananda. It concludes that, as the island???s geography and tropical environment so dominated operations and since shortages of logistic equipment and units persisted, the Army could not perfect its logistic organisation by the end of this first phase of the New Guinea campaign. It fell back on improvisation and the fortitude of troops to triumph over the Japanese.

在最小平方估計中，當自變數間有共線性關係時，參數估計的變異變大，使得參數估計值不穩定。解決共線性對參數估計所造成影響的方法有很多，岭估計就是其中之一。在岭估計中，為了偵測出對岭估計有影響力的自變數，本文仿照Schall-Dunne的處理方式，推導出類似的Cook統計量及AP估計量，並且提出以Kullback-Leibler對稱散度來偵測對岭估計有影響力自變數。最後用"加拿大金融市場"與"員工對主管滿意度調查"的兩個實例，來說明本文所提出對岭估計有影響力自變數之偵測方法。

Sedimentary characteristics of grainy non-skeletal tidal flats along windward platform margins have not been described in modern environments and may be misidentified or misclassified in the rock record. This study describes the sedimentology of such an environment to aid in accurate identification and characterization in the ancient. At Shroud Cay, a grain-dominated tidal flat is sheltered from the high energy of the shelf by a ring of cemented Pleistocene and partly indurated Holocene eolianite islands separated by several narrow tidal passes. Depositional texture, environment of deposition and geobody mapping, extensive sediment sampling, and vibracoring have shown that, though the cemented island provide a barrier from the high energy of the shelf, a high degree of tidal energy still occurs behind this barrier as indicated by the overwhelmingly grainy nature of all of the tidal flat sub-environments. Intertidal flats comprise the majority of the tidal flat surface. These flats are characterized by patchy Scytonema mats overlying bioturbated peloid-ooid grainstones to packstones with cemented lithoclasts. Three main tidal channels dissect the tidal flat and allow diurnal flow, one of those tidal channels does not exit the tidal flat but dead-ends behind a cemented Holocene beach dune ridge along the eastern side of Shroud Cay. Peloid-ooid-skeletal grainstone tidal bars and peloid-ooid packstones fill much of the channels. Most of the channels are bordered by low-relief grain-rich packstone levees often capped by red mangroves and algal mats. The interior-most supratidal parts of the flat, often in the lee of the windward Holocene ridge, are covered by a thick (5-~25cm) Scytonema microbial mat underlain by grain-rich ooid-peloid packstones. Ancient grain-dominated carbonate tidal flats and eolianite deposits like Shroud Cay?s are the reservoir rocks in some of today?s largest hydrocarbon fields. We develop a model for the evolution of the grain-dominated tidal flat, document and compare differences between the grain-rich tidal flat and surrounding environments of deposition, and develop a set of criteria for recognition. These criteria can be used to more accurately characterize reservoirs such as the Jurassic Smackover fields, to avoid mis-classification of similar settings, and more effectively produce those reservoirs.

This research was designed to provide an understanding of physical wind mechanisms within the complex terrain of the Great Valley of Eastern Tennessee to assess the impacts of regional air flow with regard to synoptic and mesoscale weather changes, wind direction shifts, and air quality. Meteorological data from 2008–2009 were analyzed from 13 meteorological sites along with associated upper level data. Up to 15 ancillary sites were used for reference. Two-step complete linkage and K-means cluster analyses, synoptic weather studies, and ambient meteorological comparisons were performed to generate hourly wind classifications. These wind regimes revealed seasonal variations of underlying physical wind mechanisms (forced channeled, vertically coupled, pressure-driven, and thermally-driven winds). Synoptic and ambient meteorological analysis (mixing depth, pressure gradient, pressure gradient ratio, atmospheric and surface stability) suggested up to 93% accuracy for the clustered results. Probabilistic prediction schemes of wind flow and wind class change were developed through characterization of flow change data and wind class succession. Data analysis revealed that wind flow in the Great Valley was dominated by forced channeled winds (45–67%) and vertically coupled flow (22–38%). Down-valley pressure-driven and thermally-driven winds also played significant roles (0–17% and 2–20%, respectively), usually accompanied by convergent wind patterns (15–20%) and large wind direction shifts, especially in the Central/Upper Great Valley. The behavior of most wind regimes was associated with detectable pressure differences between the Lower and Upper Great Valley. Mixing depth and synoptic pressure gradients were significant contributors to wind pattern behavior. Up to 15 wind classes and 10 sub-classes were identified in the Central Great Valley with 67 joined classes for the Great Valley at-large. Two-thirds of Great Valley at-large flow was defined by 12 classes. Winds flowed on-axis only 40% of the time. The Great Smoky Mountains helped create down-valley pressure-driven winds, downslope mountain breezes, and divergent air flow. The Cumberland Mountains and Plateau were associated with wind speed reductions in the Central Great Valley, Emory Gap Flow, weak thermally-driven winds, and northwesterly down sloping. Ridge-and-valley terrain enhanced wind direction reversals, pressure-driven winds, as well as locally and regionally produced thermally-driven flow.

The purpose of the author is to present a geological survey of the Backbone Ridge area in Burnet and Llano counties, Texas. During the summer of 1947 while enrolled in a geologic field course in McCullough County, it was noted that a new classification of the Cambrian and Ordovician formations In central Texas had been presented In the literature. It was noted at the same time that the Paleozoic rocks of the Llano uplift are more highly faulted than had been shown on previous geologic maps of the region. The writer concluded from field observations that the Backbone Ridge area was more complexly faulted then had been previously shown, and it was decided to test this conclusion by making a detailed geologic map of the area using the stratigraphic subdivisions recently established by Bridge, Barnes, and Cloud. A detailed study was made of these subdivisions and a large number of the type sections were visited. It was necessary to study the complete geologic history of the region in order that the events which involved the complex structural pattern and the present physiographic forms might be properly understood. The material contained in this report consists of data obtained from the literature and from field observations which were made in the area during the months of June and July of 1948. / text