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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
791

A study of heat transfer at the cavity-polymer interface in microinjection moulding : the effects of processing conditions, cavity surface roughness and polymer physical properties on the heat transfer coefficient

Babenko, Maksims January 2015 (has links)
This thesis investigates the cooling behaviour of polymers during the microinjection moulding process. The work included bespoke experimental mould design and manufacturing, material characterisation, infra-red temperature measurements, cooling analysis and cooling prediction using commercial simulation software. To measure surface temperature of the polymers, compounding of polypropylene and polystyrene with carbon black masterbatch was performed to make materials opaque for the IR camera. The effects of addition of carbon black masterbatch were analysed using differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Sapphire windows formed part of the mould wall and allowed thermal measurements using an IR camera. They were laser machined on their inside surfaces to generate a range of finishes and structures. Their topographies were analysed using laser confocal microscope. The surface energy of sapphire windows was measured and compared to typical mould steel, employing a contact angle measurement technique and calculated using Owens-Wendt theory. A heating chamber was designed and manufactured to study spreading of polymer melts on sapphire and steel substrates. A design of experiments approach was taken to investigate the influence of surface finish and the main processing parameters on polymer cooling during microinjection moulding. Cooling curves were obtained over an area of 1.92 by 1.92 mm of the sapphire window. These experiments were conducted on the Battenfeld Microsystem 50 microinjection moulding machine. A simulation study of polymer cooling during the microinjection moulding process was performed using Moldflow software. Particular interest was paid to the effect of the values of the interfacial heat transfer coefficient (HTC) on the simulated cooling predictions. Predicted temperature curves were compared to experimentally obtained temperature distributions, to obtain HTC values valid for the material and processing parameters.
792

Érosion éolienne et rugosité de la surface neigeuse en Terre Adélie : observations et approche numérique / Aeolian erosion and roughness of the snow surface in Adélie Land : observations and numerical approach

Amory, Charles 08 January 2016 (has links)
Le bilan de masse en surface de l’Antarctique (noté BMS ; résultante de l’équilibre entres les termes d’accumulation et d’ablation) contribue directement aux variations du niveau moyen des mers. Dans le contexte du changement climatique, sa détermination par les modèles atmosphériques est nécessaire pour affiner son estimation présente et future.Les vents violents en périphérie de l’Antarctique de l’Est sont responsables d’un entraînement aérodynamique de la neige en surface qui influence de façon significative le BMS. Le transport de neige par le vent est également à l’origine du développement de formes d’érosion éolienne orientées parallèlement au vent moyen au moment de leur formation et dont la distribution spatiale est un déterminant majeur de la rugosité de surface. Ces éléments de rugosité exercent en retour un effet d’obstacle à l’écoulement qui affecte directement le champ de vent en surface et, par extension, le transport éolien de la neige.Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse portent sur l’observation et la modélisation numérique de l’érosion éolienne de la neige au niveau d’une région côtière de l’Antarctique de l’Est, la Terre Adélie. Dans un premier temps, le modèle atmosphérique régional MAR, qui contient une représentation détaillée des processus de transport éolien, est mis en œuvre à une résolution spatiale de 5 km sur un domaine couvrant la Terre Adélie et comparé sur un mois d’été à des observations météorologiques incluant des mesures continues du vent et du flux éolien massique de neige aérotransportée. Il est montré que les flux éoliens de neige produits par le MAR sont hautement sensibles à la paramétrisation de la rugosité de surface, et qu’une calibration unique de ce paramètre ne permet pas de simuler avec une qualité équivalente le champ de vent en deux points de mesure distants d’à peine 100 km. À partir des observations, les interactions rugosité-érosion sont ensuite étudiées à l’échelle d’évènements individuels d’érosion éolienne. Il est mis en évidence i) que l’effet d’obstacle généré par les formes d’érosion éolienne a un impact inhibiteur sur le flux éolien de neige et ii) que cet effet d’obstacle peut être fortement diminué par l’aptitude des formes d’érosion éolienne à se réorienter parallèlement au vent dominant pendant un événement de transport. L’examen des observations sur une année révèle que ce processus d’ajustement aérodynamique est sujet à des variations temporelles majoritairement reliées à l’historique de la température. Enfin, on montre qu’une reconfiguration du modèle comprenant notamment l’introduction d’une dépendance à la température dans la paramétrisation de la rugosité de surface améliore considérablement la représentation des flux éoliens de neige par le MAR sur l’année considérée. Ces résultats suggèrent qu’une distribution spatiale et temporelle de la rugosité de surface doit être prise en compte dans les modèles atmosphériques pour une simulation réaliste du transport éolien de la neige à l’échelle de l’Antarctique. / The Antarctic ice sheet surface mass balance (SMB; the result of the balance between accumulation and ablation terms) has a direct influence on variations in the global mean sea level. In the context of climate change, atmospheric models are needed to improve its current and future estimation.Intense surface winds over the coastal slopes of East Antarctica are responsible for aerodynamic entrainment of snow at the surface, which has a significant influence on the BMS. Transport of snow by the wind also produces aeolian erosion features aligned parallel to the prevailing winds at the time of their formation. The spatial distribution of these features is a major determinant of surface roughness. On the other hand, surface roughness is an obstacle to flow and directly affects the surface wind field and, by extension, aeolian snow transport.The work presented here is based on observations and numerical modeling of aeolian snow erosion in a coastal stretch of Adélie Land, East Antarctica. First, the regional atmospheric model MAR, which includes a detailed representation of aeolian transport processes, was run at a spatial resolution of 5 km over a zone including Adélie Land and model results were compared with meteorological observations made over one month in summer, including continuous measurements of the wind and the aeolian snow mass flux. Aeolian snow mass fluxes modeled by MAR were highly sensitive to parameterization of surface roughness, and a single calibration of this parameter was not enough to simulate the surface wind field at two measurement points located only 100 km apart with the same accuracy. Consequently, roughness-erosion interactions were analyzed at the scale of individual aeolian erosion events using observations. The results of this analysis underlined that (i) the barrier effect generated by aeolian erosion features had an inhibiting impact on the aeolian snow mass flux and (ii) that the barrier effect can be strongly reduced by the ability of aeolian erosion features to realign with the dominant wind during a transport event. Examination of observations made over a period of one year revealed that this adjustment process is prone to temporal variations mainly linked to past temperatures. Finally, we showed that reconfiguring the model, including introducing temperature dependence in the parameterization of surface roughness considerably improved the representation of aeolian snow mass fluxes by the MAR model for the year concerned. These results suggest that spatial and temporal distribution of surface roughness should be included in atmospheric models for realistic simulations of aeolian snow transport over Antarctica.
793

Contribution à l’inspection d’échantillons de fabrication additive métallique par ondes de Rayleigh au moyen d’une méthode ultrasons-laser / Contribution to additive manufacturing metallic sample inspection using Rayleigh wave generated by laser-ultrasonics

Millon, Célia 27 November 2018 (has links)
L’objectif de cette thèse est de contribuer à la détection de défauts dans des pièces réalisées par le procédé de fabrication additive de déposition métallique par laser (DML), en vue d’un contrôle in situ. Le contrôle in situ envisagé porte sur les derniers cordons déposés par le procédé (acier 316L et Inconel 718), pour lesquels des porosités et fissures peuvent apparaître (~ 100 µm). L’inspection est effectuée par méthode ultrasons-laser (UL), c’est-à-dire tout optique et non intrusive (régime thermoélastique). Le procédé DML engendre une microstructure dite à gros grains et des rugosités de surface qui rendent le contrôle ultrasonore plus délicat. En effet, ces caractéristiques microstructurales provoquent la diffusion des ondes élastiques dans le milieu. Ce travail de thèse participe donc à la compréhension de ces phénomènes et de leurs influences pour mieux détecter des défauts subsurfaciques dont les dimensions sont proches des longueurs d’ondes acoustiques. Ainsi, l’inspection en surface a été optimisée par la conception d’un montage optique, permettant de favoriser la génération de l’onde de Rayleigh, par une ligne source laser fine (~200 µm) et présentant des fronts raides. En conséquence, le contenu spectral de l’onde a été augmenté vers les hautes fréquences, c’est-à-dire jusqu’à 10 MHz. La longueur d’onde de Rayleigh (λR) a pu être ainsi diminuée à une valeur proche de celle des défauts recherchés, de l’ordre de 700 µm. Ensuite, les limites de ce dispositif ont été mises en évidence sur des pièces fabriquées par le procédé DML. Ces pièces comportent des défauts usinés, des entailles et des trous génératrice dont les dimensions sont inférieures à λR, leur surfaces est rugueuse (diffraction multiple de l’onde de Rayleigh). Puis, l’inspection de défauts réels subsurfaciques est étudiée. Ces défauts sont créés soit par une variation d’un des paramètres du procédé, le hatch (distance inter-cordon), ou encore par l’utilisation d’une poudre métallique de mauvaise qualité. En dégradant volontairement ces paramètres, les échantillons présentent alors des taux de porosités (Φ) pouvant s’étendre de 0,5% à 10%. Enfin, deux méthodes de corrélations ont été exploitées pour discriminer les taux de porosités : à travers l’étude du degré de ressemblance et l’Analyse en Composantes Principales (ACP). La première méthode, simple et rapide à mettre en œuvre, ne permet cependant pas de distinguer les taux de porosités. En revanche, l’ACP indique qu’il est possible de discriminer tous les défauts. Pour finir, des tests préliminaires ont été effectués afin de montrer qu’il est possible d’effectuer des mesures par méthode UL sur surface rugueuse, tout en conservant un bon rapport signal sur bruit, et ce sans moyenner les signaux, au cours d’un déplacement robotisé. / This thesis contributes to the detection of flaws in laser metal deposition (LMD) additive manufacturing process samples towards an in situ control of the process. The in situ control foreseen concerns the last layers deposited by the process (316L and Inconel 718 steel) for which porosities and cracks may appear (~ 100 µm). The inspection is performed by laser-ultrasonics (LU), an all-optical and non-invasive technic. Experiments are conducted in thermoelastic mode. The LMD process gives rise to coarse grain microstructure and surface roughness, that make the control tricky. Indeed, those characteristics generate scattering elastic waves. Thus, this work contributes to the better comprehension of those phenomena and their effects of the detection on subsurface flaws which dimensions are close to the acoustic wavelength. Surface inspection has been optimized by designing an optical setup, improving the Rayleigh wave generation by using a thin laser line source (~200 µm). Hence, the spectral content has been increased until it reaches 10 MHz, that is to say a wavelength equals to 700 µm (λR). Then, the limits have been brought out through the inspection of LMD samples. Those samples include sided drilled holes and notches which dimensions are less than λR, on rough surface (multiple scattering of Rayleigh wave). Moreover, real subsurface flaws inspections have been studied. The flaws have been created by the instability of one of the process parameter: the hatch (distance between each layer), or by a bad powder quality. By intentionally deteriorating those parameters, the samples, then, have porosity rate (Φ) with ranging from 0.5% to 10%. Finally, two correlation methods have been studied to discriminate porosity rate: through the study of the normalized cross correlation function and by Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The first method, simple and fast to implement, does not allow distinguishing the porosity rates. Nevertheless, the PCA indicates that it is possible to discriminate all the flaws. Finally, preliminary tests have been carried out to show that LU measurements is feasible on rough surfaces, while keeping a good signal-to-noise ratio, without averaging, during an automated displacement.
794

Impact de la rhéologie des matériaux cimentaires sur l’aspect des parements et les procédés de mise en place / Impact of the rheology of cementitious materials on the aspect of the concrete facing and the methods of setting up

Chuta Caceres, Edgar 26 June 2018 (has links)
La technologie du béton progresse très rapidement, principalement en ce qui concerne l'amélioration de ses propriétés mécaniques. Au cours des dernières années, de grands efforts ont été faits pour améliorer l'apparence de la surface du béton. L'amélioration de la surface du béton améliore non seulement l'aspect esthétique du béton, mais protège également le béton contre les agressions provenant de l'environnement. La surface du béton brut présente généralement de nombreux défauts de surface. Ces défauts sont visibles à l'œil nu par des variations de couleur ou de texture. Selon la littérature, l'ensemble de tous ces défauts est dû à la composition initiale du béton, aux formes de remplissage et enfin, aux conditions de conservation après démoulage. Au travers de ma thèse j'ai travaillé sur l'influence de la composition des matériaux cimentaires sur l'aspect final de la surface une fois durcie, et notamment en analysant le rapport E/C. Les essais ont tous été effectués sur de ciment CEM I. Pour la partie expérimentale, nous avons fabriqué des pâtes de ciment et des mortiers avec différents rapports E/C dans des moules métalliques de 4x4x16 $cm^3$. Nous avons utilisé un spectre colorimètre pour mesurer l'intensité de la lumière réfléchie en termes de luminance et un microscope numérique pour mesurer la rugosité des surfaces en termes de surface développée. A partir de nos résultats, nous avons observé que l'augmentation du rapport E/C engendre l'éclaircissement des surfaces et une diminution de la rugosité de la surface des matériaux cimentaires. Nous avons également effectué des essais rhéologiques sur des pâtes et des mortiers frais. Pour les pâtes, un rhéomètre rotatif de l'IRC (Institut de Recherche en Constructibilité) -ESTP Paris a été utilisé, tandis que pour les mortiers, le rhéomètre de CERIB (à Épernon) a été privilégié. Par nos résultats, nous avons observé que l'augmentation de l'eau dans la composition des matériaux cimentaires engendre considérablement la diminution du seuil de cisaillement et de la viscosité. Les modèles mathématiques pour décrire l'écoulement de matériaux cimentaires utilisés étaient les modèles classiques (Bingham, Herschel Bulkley et Casson) et modifiés par Papanastasiou. A partir de la régression numérique, nous avons observé que la loi de Herschel Bulkley et tous les autres modèles modifiés sont bien adaptés pour décrire le comportement des pâtes de ciment. Pour les mortiers, les modèles Bingham, Herschel Bulkley et tous les modèles modifiés sont bien adaptés pour les mortiers fluides. Enfin, la loi de Bingham-Papanastasiou a été choisie pour modéliser l'écoulement des pâtes de ciment via COMSOL multiphysics. Les résultats numériques sont comparés avec ceux d’expérimentation / This thesis deals with the study of the influence of the water variations in the concrete-formwork interface. The proposed approach is intended to analyze two aspects. • The role of the concrete mixing formulation, and the casting procedures on the finished mortar surface. • The movement of water in concrete formwork interface. Firstly, we search to confirm the phenomenological results on the relationship between the luminance of the concrete surface and its roughness, this last being governed by the local W/C ratio in the formwork interface. This relationship will be established for compositions of modern concrete. After, we will examine the role of operational factors on the granular segregation on the mortar surface and their consequences on the bleeding of the specimens, on the water movements as well as on the color of the surface. Parameters : Formulation parameters : granular composition, G/S, S/G, W/C ratio and admixtures Parameters of implementation: Temperature and relative humidity, vibration, waiting time, type of formwork, release agents. Maturation parameters: temperature, relative humidity, form release deadline and carbonation
795

Ultrasonically-assisted drilling of carbon fibre-reinforced plastics

Makhdum, Farrukh January 2014 (has links)
Carbon fibre-reinforced plastics (CFRP) are widely used in aerospace, automobile and other structural applications due to their superior mechanical and physical properties. CFRP outperform conventional metals in high strength-to-weight ratio. Usually, CFRP parts are manufactured near to net-shape;however,machining is unavoidable when it comes to assembly. Drilling the holes are essential to facilitate riveting and bolting of the components. However, conventional drilling (CD) induces different types of damages such as cracking, fibre pull-out, sprintling and delamination due to the abrasive nature, inhomogeneity and anisotropy of CFRP. A novel technique, ultrasonically-assisted drilling (UAD) is hybrid machining technique in which highfrequency (typically above 20 kHz) vibration are superimposed on a standard twist drill bit in axial direction using ultrasonic transducer. UAD has shown several advantages such as thrust force reduction, improving surface quality and lower bur-formation in drilling of conventional metals. UAD has also effectively been used for drilling brittle materials.
796

Influência da interação entre os parâmetros reológicos de argamassas e a área potencial de contato de substratos na aderência de argamassas de revestimento / Interaction between mortar rheological parameters and surface potential contact area on mortar renderings bond strength

Stolz, Carina Mariane January 2011 (has links)
A falta de controle tecnológico e conhecimento técnico na produção de argamassas resultam muitas vezes no aparecimento de manifestações patológicas, o que compromete o adequado cumprimento de suas principais funções: proteção, estanqueidade e acabamento estético das edificações. Buscando-se um melhor entendimento dos parâmetros que influenciam na resistência de aderência à tração e ao cisalhamento dos revestimentos argamassados aos substratos de concreto, o principal objetivo desta pesquisa consiste em verificar a influência da interação entre a área potencial de contato do substrato e a reologia das argamassas de revestimento no desempenho quanto a estas propriedades. Ainda, verificou-se a influência das propriedades reológicas das argamassas afetadas pelo teor de aditivo incorporador de ar na resistência de aderência à tração e ao cisalhamento de revestimentos argamassados, bem como o controle da rugosidade durante a confecção de substratos de concreto, proporcionando um aumento da área potencial de contato da argamassa de revestimento assentada sobre ele, visando melhorar o desempenho do revestimento quanto à resistência de aderência à tração e ao cisalhamento. Para que fosse possível alcançar estes objetivos foram realizados procedimentos laboratoriais que compreenderam a moldagem de prismas de concreto, com resistência à compressão de 35MPa, de 25x35x5cm, sobre placas de borracha que estamparam três diferentes tipos de rugosidades em suas superfícies. Sobre estes prismas, foram assentadas três diferentes tipos de argamassas de proporcionamento 1:1:4 (cimento:cal hidratada:areia, em volume, material seco), variando-se o comportamento reológico destas através de diferentes adições de aditivo incorporador de ar. Este assentamento ocorreu com o uso de caixa de queda, visando uma maior uniformidade da energia de aplicação. Para analisar as diferentes características reológicas das argamassas foram realizados ensaios de caracterização no estado fresco e endurecido conforme as normas vigentes. Os substratos de concreto foram caracterizados quanto à sua rugosidade com Scanner 3D a laser, além de ensaios de controle tecnológico. Ao final desta pesquisa pode-se concluir que nem sempre um acréscimo da área de contato proporcionado pela rugosidade do substrato é sinônimo de aumento da extensão de aderência e consequentemente da resistência de aderência. A reologia da argamassa possui grande influência sobre estes fatores, sendo essencial uma compatibilidade entre rugosidade do substrato e reologia das argamassas para que se tenha um incremento na resistência de aderência dos revestimentos ao substrato. / and the shear bond strength of mortar rendering applied to concrete surfaces, this work intended to verify the influence of the interaction between surface potential contact area and mortar renderings’ rheology on these performance properties. Moreover, this work has the objective to verify the influence of the mortar’s rheology affected by the air-entraining agents in bond strength and the concrete surface roughness control in this property. In this study, three different pre-defined surface roughnesses were stamped with rubber plates (25x35x5cm) in a concrete mold then concrete prisms were molded. The surface concrete has a fix compressive strength of 35MPa. Three mortars with the 1:1:4 (cement: hydrated lime:sand, in volume, dry material) mix proportion, changing the air-entraining proportion to modify the rheology behavior were placed on these concrete surfaces, using a drop box for mortars. Tests of tensile bond strength (Ra), according to the requirements of Brazilian Standard - NBR 13528 (2010) and shear bond strength (Rc) had been carried out with these samples. Additionally characterization tests in fresh and hardened mortars had been done. The surfaces roughnesses were characterized by a 3D laser scanner and by technologic tests control. The results indicated that the increasing of the surface contact area is not an indicative that the bond strength will also increase. The mortar’s rheology has a very important influence in these factors, and it is essential the compatibility of the system to rise the contact area and consequently the bond strength.
797

Efeitos da rugosidade de substratos, distúrbios físicos e organismos pastejadores na estruturação de assembleias de algas bênticas e na biomassa perifítica em um riacho subtropical : uma abordagem experimental

Schneck, Fabiana January 2012 (has links)
Os estudos apresentados nesta tese tiveram como objetivo compreender aspectos da organização de assembleias de algas bênticas em riachos. Foi avaliado especificamente o efeito da heterogeneidade de habitat na escala de rugosidade de substratos e sua interação com distúrbios hidrológicos e organismos pastejadores (grazers). Utilizou-se uma abordagem experimental in situ com substratos lisos e rugosos (com fendas) constituindo os tratamentos. Os experimentos foram conduzidos no Rio do Marco, um riacho de quarta ordem na região dos Campos de Cima da Serra, em São José dos Ausentes, Rio Grande do Sul. Após uma introdução geral acerca do assunto são apresentados os capítulos com os estudos. O Capítulo 1 avaliou os efeitos da rugosidade de substratos sobre a riqueza de espécies, densidade, composição e padrões de distribuição de assembleias de algas bênticas. Assembleias em substratos rugosos foram mais ricas que assembleias em substratos lisos, porém esse resultado diferiu entre grupos com diferentes formas de vida, assim como as diferenças na composição de espécies, indicando que somente alguns grupos foram beneficiados pela ocorrência de refúgios em substratos rugosos. Observou-se também que diferenças na composição da assembleia entre substratos lisos e rugosos resultaram de aninhamento e substituição de espécies. No Capítulo 2 foi testada a hipótese de que substratos rugosos abrigam assembleias mais persistentes que substratos lisos. Os resultados encontrados confirmaram esta hipótese e foram atribuídos ao efeito da rugosidade per se após a exclusão de alguns fatores de confundimento, como estabilidade física dos substratos e diferenças na riqueza de espécies. Concluiu-se que o mecanismo mais plausível para explicar a maior persistência em substratos rugosos é a maior disponibilidade de refúgios em relação a substratos lisos. O objetivo do Capítulo 3 foi avaliar o efeito da rugosidade de substratos sobre assembleias de algas frente a um distúrbio hidrológico experimental, testando especificamente se a resistência e a resiliência de algas é maior em substratos rugosos que em substratos lisos e se a resposta de diferentes formas de vida é distinta. Os resultados indicaram que a rugosidade de substratos não apresenta efeitos pronunciados sobre a resistência e a resiliência de algas bênticas. Porém, grupos de algas com distintas formas de vida diferiram quanto à resistência e resiliência, de forma que o padrão observado está relacionado a atributos biológicos que conferem habilidades para suportar distúrbios. Os resultados deste estudo em conjunto com os resultados obtidos no Capítulo 2 e resultados obtidos por outros autores permitiram que fosse proposto que a importância da heterogeneidade de habitas e de refúgios é mediada pela intensidade de distúrbios. No Capítulo 4 foram avaliados os efeitos independentes e as interações de rugosidade de substratos, peixes pastejadores e tipos de mesohabitats (corredeiras e remansos) sobre a biomassa algal, matéria orgânica e peso seco total. O efeito de peixes pastejadores não foi mediado pelos mesohabitats, sendo que a exclusão de peixes causou aumento nas três variáveis resposta, independente do tipo de mesohabitat. Por outro lado, houve uma interação entre mesohabitats e substratos para determinar o acúmulo de peso seco total, sendo que substratos rugosos acumularam maior quantidade de material em remansos que em corredeiras, enquanto substratos lisos acumularam quantidades similares entre os dois tipos de mesohabitats. Já a biomassa algal e matéria orgânica apresentaram maior acúmulo nos substratos rugosos em relação aos lisos, independente do mesohabitat. Os resultados encontrados indicam que a perda de organismos pastejadores pode afetar o acúmulo de biomassa algal e material orgânico, importantes recursos alimentares em riachos. Finalmente, na última seção são apresentadas as considerações finais. / The studies presented in this thesis aimed at understanding some aspects of the organization of benthic algal assemblages in streams. Specifically, the studies evaluated the effect of habitat heterogeneity on the scale of substrate roughness and its interaction with hydrological disturbances and grazing organisms. An experimental in situ approach was used, in which the treatments were constituted by smooth and rough (with crevices) substrates. The experiments were conducted in the Marco River, a fourth-order stream at the region of Campos de Cima da Serra, São José dos Ausentes, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. After a general introduction on the subjects of this thesis, the chapters with the studies are presented. The Chapter 1 describes a study to evaluate the effects of substrate roughness on species richness, density, composition and distribution patterns of benthic algal assemblages. Algal assemblages on rough substrates were richer than on smooth substrates, but this result differed among algal life forms. Similarly, results on species composition also differed among life forms, indicating that only some groups were benefited by the occurrence of refuges on rough substrates. It was also observed that differences in the composition of assemblages between rough and smooth substrates resulted from nestedness and turnover. The Chapter 2 describes a study in which was tested the hypothesis that rough substrates harbor more persistent assemblages than smooth substrates. The results confirmed this hypothesis and were attributed to the effect of roughness per se after the exclusion of some confounding factors, such as the physical stability of substrates and differences in species richness. It was concluded that the most plausible mechanism that could explain the higher persistence in rough substrates is the greater availability of refuges in relation to smooth substrates. The main aim of the study described in Chapter 3 was to evaluate the effect of substrate roughness on algal assemblages in the face of an experimental hydrological disturbance. Specifically, it was tested if the resistance and resilience of algae is higher on rough than on smooth substrates and if algal life forms differ in their response to disturbance. The results indicated that substrate roughness had no pronounced effects on benthic algal resistance and resilience. However, algal life forms differ in their resistance and resilience, and the observed pattern was mostly related to biological traits that confer abilities to support disturbances. The results of this study, in addition to the results obtained in Chapters 1 and 2, allowed us to suggest that the importance of habitat heterogeneity and refuges is mediated by the intensity of disturbances. The Chapter 4 describes a study that evaluated the independent and interacting effects of substrate roughness, grazing fish and mesohabitats (pools and riffles) on algal biomass, organic matter and total dry mass accrual. The effect of grazers was not mediated by mesohabitats, and their exclusion caused an increase in the three response variables, regardless of mesohabitat. On the other hand, mesohabitats and substrates interacted to determine the accrual of total dry mass, since rough substrates accumulated greater amounts of dry mass in pools than in riffles, while smooth substrates accumulated similar amounts in both mesohabitats. Algal biomass and organic matter showed greater accrual on rough than on smooth substrates, independently of mesohabitat. These results indicate that the loss of grazers may affect the accrual of algal biomass and organic matter, which are important food resources in streams. Finally, in the last section are presented the concluding remarks.
798

Avaliação de diversos métodos para remoção da resina remanescente após descolagem de bráquetes ortodônticos

Cabral, Fátima Gouveia January 2006 (has links)
Submitted by Suelen Reis (suziy.ellen@gmail.com) on 2013-04-23T17:11:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Fatima Cabral.pdf: 3063741 bytes, checksum: 2fef60738a8888a178499680d9647e2d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Meirelles(rodrigomei@ufba.br) on 2013-05-08T12:35:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Fatima Cabral.pdf: 3063741 bytes, checksum: 2fef60738a8888a178499680d9647e2d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-08T12:35:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Fatima Cabral.pdf: 3063741 bytes, checksum: 2fef60738a8888a178499680d9647e2d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as alterações na superfície do esmalte, decorrentes da utilização de 5 técnicas distintas para a remoção da resina remanescente após a descolagem de bráquetes ortodônticos. Foram analisados 50 pré-molares humanos, extraídos por fins ortodônticos e periodontais, cujas faces vestibulares foram submetidas à análise rugosimétrica de superfície, executada em 3 momentos distintos: 1- inicial; 2- após a colagem, remoção de bráquetes e eliminação da resina remanescente; 3- após o polimento final. Nos grupos 1 e 2, utilizou-se a broca carbide de tungstênio em baixa e alta rotação, respectivamente. Para os grupos 3 e 4, o instrumento empregado foi a broca carbide de tungstênio proposta por Radlanski, também em baixa e alta rotação, respectivamente. Nestes 4 primeiros grupos, o polimento consistiu na utilização de discos de óxido de alumínio de granulação superfina. O grupo 5 foi representado pela associação de alicate removedor de resina e ponta de carboneto de silício em alta rotação, seguidos por polimento com pontas de borracha com grânulos de diamante em baixa rotação. Os resultados demonstraram que, após a remoção da resina, os menores valores de rugosidade superficial foram obtidos com a utilização da broca carbide de tungstênio em baixa rotação (grupo 1) e com as brocas propostas por Radlanski, tanto em baixa (grupo 3) quanto em alta rotação (grupo 4). Já a broca carbide de tungstênio em alta rotação (grupo 2) e o alicate removedor de resina associado às pontas de carboneto de silício e borracha (grupo 5)apresentaram valores de rugosidade média estatisticamente superiores aos demais grupos. Com o polimento, passou a existir diferença estatisticamente significante apenas em relação ao grupo 5, o qual revelou maior rugosidade do que os demais. A avaliação visual foi realizada por 3 examinadores e não detectou diferença estatisticamente significante entre os métodos utilizados. A partir destes dados, concluiu-se que a broca carbide de tungstênio em baixa rotação (grupo 1) e as brocas propostas por Radlanski (grupos 3 e 4) representaram métodos menos agressivos ao esmalte dentário para a remoção da resina remanescente após a descolagem de bráquetes. / Salvador
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Análise de sistema automatizado de pesagem veicular com plataformas

Gaspareto, Douglas dos Santos January 2017 (has links)
Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre o comportamento de sistemas de pesagem em movimento baseados em plataformas comumente utilizadas no Brasil. Parâmetros relevantes nesse comportamento são modelados: rugosidade aleatória da pista, dinâmica vertical do veículo e sua velocidade, desnível entre a pista e plataforma e dinâmica da plataforma. Duas classes de veículos são simuladas trafegando a diferentes velocidades e sendo pesados utilizando uma proposta de modelo de plataforma rígida e uma proposta de plataforma flexível. As forças de reação do solo e históricos de aceleração em vários GDL são registrados a fim de obter a carga estática por eixo e os erros nas estimativas do peso para o modelo de plataforma rígida. Já para o modelo de plataforma flexível, as forças de reação servem de entrada no modelo de elemento finitos de viga Euler-Bernoulli com consideração da área de contato do pneu através de um trem de cargas. Conclusões relacionadas à redução da precisão do sistema com o aumento da velocidade do veículo são confirmadas, embora importantes conclusões não tão óbvias sobre a importância da dinâmica do veículo, do nível de rugosidade da pista, da altura do degrau pista-plataforma e da dinâmica da plataforma de pesagem são ressaltadas. / This work proposes a numerical study on the behavior of weigh-in-motion systems based on load platforms useful in Brazil. Some important parameters that may control this behavior that are modeled are random road roughness, vehicle vertical dynamics, vehicle speed, load platform step’s height to the road and platform dynamics. Two vehicles types are modelled travelling at different speeds and being weighted using a rigid platform proposal and another proposal with a flexible platform. Ground reaction force and acceleration time history on several degree-of-freedom are recorded in order to obtain the static load per axis and the corresponding estimated errors for the rigid platform model. For the flexible platform model, the reaction forces serve as inputs into the Euler-Bernoulli finite element model with consideration of the contact area of the tire by train of loads. Some usual conclusions related to the reduction in the accuracy of the measuring system with increased vehicle speed are confirmed in the numerical study, although important conclusions not so obvious concerning the importance of road roughness, vehicle vertical dynamics, and vehicle speed, load platform step’s height to the road and platform dynamics are highlighted.
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Sinais de vibração no monitoramento do processo de retificação plana de cerâmicas avançadas / Vibration signals in monitoring the grinding of advanced ceramics

Conceição Junior, Pedro de Oliveira [UNESP] 17 February 2016 (has links)
Submitted by PEDRO DE OLIVEIRA CONCEIÇÃO JUNIOR null (pedroliveira931@hotmail.com) on 2016-03-23T18:59:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação_exemplar_final.pdf: 5761621 bytes, checksum: 84b8fff3fe34ccd2b227c3763843a3c9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-03-23T20:05:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 conceicaojunior_po_me_bauru.pdf: 5761621 bytes, checksum: 84b8fff3fe34ccd2b227c3763843a3c9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-23T20:05:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 conceicaojunior_po_me_bauru.pdf: 5761621 bytes, checksum: 84b8fff3fe34ccd2b227c3763843a3c9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-17 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / As cerâmicas estruturais avançadas, tais como o óxido de alumínio, nitreto de silício, alumina e a zircônia estão sendo cada vez mais utilizadas na engenharia e na medicina. No entanto, muitas destas características que fazem a cerâmica tão atrativa também dificultam a sua fabri-cação por métodos tradicionais de usinagem. Para obter a forma desejada na usinagem de ma-teriais é necessário o uso do processo de retificação. As características da retificação cerâmicas avançadas são muito diferentes das características dos metais. Portanto, é necessário efetuar outros estudos para alcançar uma compreensão mais abrangente e um melhor controle dos parâmetros. Novas alternativas para o monitoramento do processo de retificação de cerâmicas têm sido estudadas. O monitoramento por sinais de vibração é um dos métodos bem-sucedidos utilizados no processo de retificação, pois algumas características que descrevem o comportamento e a influência do processo nas peças retificadas somente são perceptíveis no estudo deste sinal. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo estudar o sinal de vibração, de for-ma a extrair características relacionadas com o acabamento de cerâmicas avançadas no pro-cesso de retificação plana. Foi utilizada uma máquina retificadora tangencial plana com rebolo diamantado e corpos de prova de cerâmica alumina. O sinal de vibração foi medido por um acelerômetro e coletado por um osciloscópio à taxa de amostragem de 2 MHz. Os ensaios foram realizados em diferentes profundidades de corte, adotando duas velocidades da peça (vw), obtendo condições de usinagem brandas às mais severas. Medições de microscopia con-focal foram realizadas após a retificação das peças com objetivo de caracterizá-las. A rugosi-dade Ra das peças usinadas foi medida em quatro pontos ao longo das mesmas, por meio de um rogosímetro portátil. O processamento digital do sinal de vibração foi realizado, aplicando ferramentas computacionais e estatísticas de análise em cada passada de usinagem, compa-rando com os valores da rugosidade medidos. A faixa de frequência entre 800 Hz e 2 kHz foi a mais interessante para o estudo, e que melhor se relacionou com a condição da cerâmica após a retificação. Foi encontrada uma correlação entre a vibração e a integridade da peça cerâmica, pois o aumento da vibração é diretamente proporcional à rugosidade em cada profundidade de corte utilizada. Infere-se que a vibração pode ser utilizada para monitorar a retificação de cerâmica, devido à sua relação com a condição das peças. / Advanced structural ceramics such as aluminum oxide, silicon, nitride, alumina and zirconia are increasingly being used in engineering and medicine. However, many of these features that make ceramics so attractive also make them difficult to manufacture by traditional machining methods. To obtain the desired shape in the machining of these materials is necessary to use grinding process. The characteristics of the grinding of advanced ceramics are very different from those of metals. Therefore, it is necessary to perform other studies to gain a broader understanding and better control of the parameters. New alternatives for monitoring of ceramic grinding process have been studied. Monitoring vibration signals is one of the successful methods used in the grinding process, as some characteristics that describe the behavior and influence the process in parts ground only are noticeable in the study of this signal. This research aims to study the vibration signal, searching for the extraction of features that best relate to the characterization of machined parts. A surface grinding machine with diamond grinding wheel and alumina ceramic workpieces was used. The vibration signal was measured by an accelerometer and collected by the oscilloscope, using 2 MHz of sample rate. Tests were conducted at different depths of cut, adopting two different feed speeds (vw), which ranged from low to severe grinding conditions. Confocal microscopy was performed after the grinded of the workpieces in order to characterized them. The surface roughness Ra of each finished workpiece was measured at four areas along its surface, using a portable roughness measurer. The vibration digital signal processing was performed by applying computational tools on each pass machining. The frequency range between 800 Hz and 2 kHz was the most interesting for the study, and which better was related to the condition of the ceramic after the grinding process. A correlation between the vibration and the integrity of the ceramic workpiece was found, because the increased vibration is directly proportional to the surface roughness at each depth of cut used. It is inferred that the vibration can be used to monitor the grinding process of ceramic because of its relationship with the condition of the workipiece.

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