A tendência atual do mercado cosmético é desenvolver produtos que contenham insumos de origem vegetal. O objetivo deste trabalho foi a aplicação da Tecnologia da Química Verde na síntese da rutina visando o aumento da estabilidade dessa em formulações cosméticas com sua eficácia antioxidante e fotoprotetora. Realizou-se a síntese química por meio da introdução de grupos carboxilatos às hidroxilas do dissacarídeo na molécula de rutina, gerando como produto final o succinato de rutina. Este derivado e/ou a rutina foram incorporados em 74 formulações-teste e, selecionadas 12 (sistemas emulsionados O/A), após serem submetidas à Avaliação Preliminar de Estabilidade (APE) e ao Teste de Estabilidade Acelerada (TEA), sob variações de temperatura e umidade. Utilizou-se agentes emolientes e silicones para facilitar a solubilização e/ou dispersão dos filtros químicos e físicos. A segunda etapa deste trabalho foi a avaliação da segurança do succinato de rutina, tendo como padrão a rutina, por meio do método alternativo de toxicidade in vitro, o XTT. Após o screening das concentrações ensaiadas, as que apresentaram menor nível de morte celular foram respectivamente, 0,1% ou 1 mg/mL (rutina) e 0,4% ou 4 mg/mL (succinato de rutina). Segundo os resultados do TEA, as formulações contendo succinato de rutina associada ou não aos filtros solares em ambas as bases cosméticas (A - Crodafos®CES + Uniox®C e B - Hostacerin®SAF) foram selecionadas para a continuidade do Teste de Estabilidade Normal (TEN). Neste teste, as emulsões fotoprotetoras foram avaliadas frente aos parâmetros: propriedades organolépticas (aspecto, cor e odor), aspectos físico-químicos (medição de pH e de viscosidade) e funcionais (atividade antirradicalar e eficácia fotoprotetora in vitro). Os resultados apresentados pela formulação MS (succinato de rutina associado aos filtros químicos e físico) foram: homogeneidade, a não modificação de cor e odor em temperatura ambiente, a não alterações significativas de valores de pH, de área de histerese, de atividade antirradicalar e de FPS. Esta estabilidade ocorreu principalmente quando incorporada à base cosmética A num período de 90 dias em 45ºC e 75% de umidade, 5ºC e 25ºC. Concluiu-se que a funcionalidade desta associação MS mostrou-se mais estável, mantendo a eficácia quanto à proteção solar e dentro de suas características reológicas poderia ser a mais bem aceita pelo consumidor. / The current cosmetic market trend is to develop products containing vegetables raw materials. This work proposed to use the Technology of Green Chemical to increase the rutin stability in cosmetic formulas as regards of its antioxidant and photoprotective properties. The chemical synthesis was realized by the introduction of carboxylate groups on sugar moiety of rutin producing in rutin succinate. This derivative and/or rutin were incorporated into 74 test formulas. After the undergoing to preliminary and accelerated stabilities under different temperature and humidity conditions were selected 12 formulas (O/W emulsions). Emollient agents and silicones were used to improve the solubility and/or dispersion of the chemical and physical filters. The second stage of this work was to evaluate the safety of rutin succinate, rutin used as an internal standard, using the alternative method of in vitro toxicity, the XTT. After the screening of tested concentrations, the concentrations of the samples with the lowest level of cell death were 0.1% or 1 mg/mL (rutin) and 0.4% or 4 mg/mL (rutin succinate), respectively. According to results obtained in accelerated stability testing, the formulations containing rutin succinate in combination or not with UV filters in both O/W emulsions (A - Crodafos®CES + Uniox®C and B - Hostacerin®SAF) were selected for the long term stability test. In this test the sunscreens were evaluated in the following parameters: the organoleptic properties (appearance, color and odor), physico-chemical aspects (pH value and viscosity) and functional (antiradicalar activity and in vitro photoprotection efficacy). The results presented by the MS formula (rutin succinate associated with physical filter and chemical filters) were: uniformity, stability of color and odor at room temperature and showed no significant difference, as well stability in: pH and SPF (Sun Protection Factor) values, hysteresis area, antiradicalar activity. These results were observed mainly when it was incorporated to O/W emulsion A (90 days of analyses at 45°C and 75% humidity, 5°C and 25°C). It was observed the functionality of MS association was more stable, maintaining photoprotective efficacy and within their rheological properties could be more accepted by consumers.

A tendência atual do mercado cosmético é desenvolver produtos que contenham insumos de origem vegetal. O objetivo deste trabalho foi a aplicação da Tecnologia da Química Verde na síntese da rutina visando o aumento da estabilidade dessa em formulações cosméticas com sua eficácia antioxidante e fotoprotetora. Realizou-se a síntese química por meio da introdução de grupos carboxilatos às hidroxilas do dissacarídeo na molécula de rutina, gerando como produto final o succinato de rutina. Este derivado e/ou a rutina foram incorporados em 74 formulações-teste e, selecionadas 12 (sistemas emulsionados O/A), após serem submetidas à Avaliação Preliminar de Estabilidade (APE) e ao Teste de Estabilidade Acelerada (TEA), sob variações de temperatura e umidade. Utilizou-se agentes emolientes e silicones para facilitar a solubilização e/ou dispersão dos filtros químicos e físicos. A segunda etapa deste trabalho foi a avaliação da segurança do succinato de rutina, tendo como padrão a rutina, por meio do método alternativo de toxicidade in vitro, o XTT. Após o screening das concentrações ensaiadas, as que apresentaram menor nível de morte celular foram respectivamente, 0,1% ou 1 mg/mL (rutina) e 0,4% ou 4 mg/mL (succinato de rutina). Segundo os resultados do TEA, as formulações contendo succinato de rutina associada ou não aos filtros solares em ambas as bases cosméticas (A - Crodafos®CES + Uniox®C e B - Hostacerin®SAF) foram selecionadas para a continuidade do Teste de Estabilidade Normal (TEN). Neste teste, as emulsões fotoprotetoras foram avaliadas frente aos parâmetros: propriedades organolépticas (aspecto, cor e odor), aspectos físico-químicos (medição de pH e de viscosidade) e funcionais (atividade antirradicalar e eficácia fotoprotetora in vitro). Os resultados apresentados pela formulação MS (succinato de rutina associado aos filtros químicos e físico) foram: homogeneidade, a não modificação de cor e odor em temperatura ambiente, a não alterações significativas de valores de pH, de área de histerese, de atividade antirradicalar e de FPS. Esta estabilidade ocorreu principalmente quando incorporada à base cosmética A num período de 90 dias em 45ºC e 75% de umidade, 5ºC e 25ºC. Concluiu-se que a funcionalidade desta associação MS mostrou-se mais estável, mantendo a eficácia quanto à proteção solar e dentro de suas características reológicas poderia ser a mais bem aceita pelo consumidor. / The current cosmetic market trend is to develop products containing vegetables raw materials. This work proposed to use the Technology of Green Chemical to increase the rutin stability in cosmetic formulas as regards of its antioxidant and photoprotective properties. The chemical synthesis was realized by the introduction of carboxylate groups on sugar moiety of rutin producing in rutin succinate. This derivative and/or rutin were incorporated into 74 test formulas. After the undergoing to preliminary and accelerated stabilities under different temperature and humidity conditions were selected 12 formulas (O/W emulsions). Emollient agents and silicones were used to improve the solubility and/or dispersion of the chemical and physical filters. The second stage of this work was to evaluate the safety of rutin succinate, rutin used as an internal standard, using the alternative method of in vitro toxicity, the XTT. After the screening of tested concentrations, the concentrations of the samples with the lowest level of cell death were 0.1% or 1 mg/mL (rutin) and 0.4% or 4 mg/mL (rutin succinate), respectively. According to results obtained in accelerated stability testing, the formulations containing rutin succinate in combination or not with UV filters in both O/W emulsions (A - Crodafos®CES + Uniox®C and B - Hostacerin®SAF) were selected for the long term stability test. In this test the sunscreens were evaluated in the following parameters: the organoleptic properties (appearance, color and odor), physico-chemical aspects (pH value and viscosity) and functional (antiradicalar activity and in vitro photoprotection efficacy). The results presented by the MS formula (rutin succinate associated with physical filter and chemical filters) were: uniformity, stability of color and odor at room temperature and showed no significant difference, as well stability in: pH and SPF (Sun Protection Factor) values, hysteresis area, antiradicalar activity. These results were observed mainly when it was incorporated to O/W emulsion A (90 days of analyses at 45°C and 75% humidity, 5°C and 25°C). It was observed the functionality of MS association was more stable, maintaining photoprotective efficacy and within their rheological properties could be more accepted by consumers.

Resursuttagen i Sverige är cirka fyra gånger större än vad som på lång sikt anses vara hållbart. I takt med att befolkningen växer ökar mängden hushållsavfall vilket har lett till att avfallshanteringen idag är en viktig del inom arbetet mot en mer hållbar miljö. Avfall genereras från alla hushåll och kan genom återvinning och återanvändning vara en tillgång som minskar resursuttagen. Fokus för denna studie ligger i källsortering av hushållsavfall. Syftet har varit att undersöka vilka drivkrafter som finns bakom valet att källsortera och vad som påverkar dem. Utgångspunkten i studien var att ägandeformen av bostaden påverkar graden av källsortering. Totalt har sex kvalitativa intervjuer genomförts med personer från två olika stadsdelar i en svensk tätort. Det insamlade materialet har analyserats för att kunna svara på studiens syfte. En större förståelse för vad som driver personer att källsortera innebär en möjlighet att skapa incitament för att uppnå en högre källsorteringsfrekvens i samhället. Resultatet visar att ägandeformen av bostaden inte påverkade upplevelsen av källsortering. Den främsta drivkraften ligger i individens moraliska förpliktelse att göra rätt och att ta sitt ansvar. För att kunna utöva sin drivkraft är det viktigast att det finns en rutin för beteendet för att göra det en del av vardagslivet. Möjligheten att skapa en rutin påverkas främst av tillgänglighet, men också ansvarsfördelningen och synen på vad avfall är.

Syftet med undersökningen var att undersöka olika rutiner vid hantering av skeppsapotek ur säkerhetssynpunkt och hur sjukvårdarsansvariga upplever rutiner kring hantering av skeppsapotek. Undersökningen bygger på intervjuer och enkätundersökningar från sjukvårdsansvarigbefäl. 19 enkäter delades ut till en klass med sjukvårdare i Kalmars sjöfartshögskola via en kontaktperson, av dessa intervjuades fyra personer. Enkäter av samma slag skickades även ut via internet. Undersökningens resultat visar på att det saknas tydliga riktlinjer för hur rutiner vid hantering av skeppsapotek ska skötas. Dock ur säkerhetssynpunkt upplevde sjukvårdarna inte detta som något problematiskt. Dessutom kunde man identifiera tre olika rutiner som användes ute till sjöss, nämligen rutiner med hjälp av Excell dokument, journalföring med papper och penna och rutiner med hjälp av underhållsprogrammet AMOS. När det gäller samarbete mellan fartyg och läkemedelsleverantörer upplever respondenterna att det genomgående fungerar bra. Dock att det förekomma problem, t.ex. fel beställningar eller att läkemedelsleverantörer skickar läkemedel med kort utgångsdatum. / The purpose of this study was to investigate different routine for handling ship´s pharmacy from a safety point of view and how the paramedics experience the routine procedures regarding the handling of ship's pharmacy. The survey was based on interviews and surveys from medical responsible officers. 19 questionnaires were distributed to a class of paramedics in Kalmar Maritime Academy via a contact person, of those 19 four people were interviewed. Surveys of the same nature were also sent out via the internet. The survey results show that there are no clear guidelines on how procedures for handling ship’s pharmacy must be maintained. However, from safety point of view paramedics did not see this as somewhat problematic. In addition, the study could identify three different routine procedures that were used at sea, namely routines using Excell documents, keeping a journal and routines with the help of the maintenance program AMOS. In terms of cooperation between the ship and drug suppliers are experiencing respondents that consistently works well. However, there exist problems such as wrong orders or drug suppliers send drugs with short expiry dates.

Šio darbo tikslas: ištirti sukatžolių ekstrakto sudėtyje esančių veikliųjų medžiagų (chlorogeno rūgšties, viteksino, izoviteksino, rutino, kvercetino, hiperozido, izokvercetino, liuteolino, ursolo rūgšties) įtaką žiurkių izoliuotų kraujagyslių lygiųjų raumenų ir endotelio funkcijai. / Thesis goal: to investigate the effect of Leonurus cardiaca herb extract active substances (flavanoids, chlorogenic and ursolic acid) to vascular function.

Orientador: Marcos Hikari Toyama / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T09:30:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Souza_AlexJardelinoFelizardode_M.pdf: 1467336 bytes, checksum: 55dd95e96aceb5b58d0dc8fa2e11820e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Flavonóides é um grupo de compostos polifenólicos e metabólitos secundários produzidos por plantas. Eles podem ser encontrados em frutos e vegetais. Vários estudos têm mostrado que os flavonóides podem apresentar várias atividades biológicas importantes como agentes antioxidantes, antitumorais, antimicrobianos e ainda inibir atividade de algumas moléculas com as PLA2. Recentemente estudos mostram também que os flavonóides podem atuar em moléculas de DNA. A atividade antimicrobiana dos flavonóides é decorrente de desestruturação de membrana celular e consequentemente destruição da célula bacteriana. Neste trabalho avaliamos efeitos antimicrobianos de quercetina e rutina, que são comumente empregados como fitoterápicos. Foi observado que ambos flavonóides inibiram o crescimento de bactérias fitopatogênicas. Contudo nenhum efeito foi observado em outras linhagens de bactérias patogênicas. Os resultados de microscopia eletrônica de varredura e transmissão não evidenciaram mudanças significativas na estrutura celular de Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. passiflorae incubadas com rutina e quercetina. Tanto rutina quanto a quercetina foram capazes de promover mudanças estruturais na molécula de cDNA como observado nos resultados de HPLC. A rutina induziu discreta modificação na proteína DNA polimerase. E quercetina impediu a síntese de cDNA a partir de RNA como mostram resultados de eletroforese. Estes dados sugerem que a inibição do crescimento de Xanthomonas axonpodis pv. Passiflorae e Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis pode envolver a ação dos flavonóides (quercetina e rutina) sobre o DNA bacteriano, mudando suas propriedades estruturais e consequentemente a replicação bacteriana. E ainda, os dados mostram que a presença da rutinose pode influenciar a forma de atuação destes flavonóides. / Abstract: Flavonoids are a group of polyfenolic compounds and secondary metabolites produced by plants. They may be found in fruits and vegetables. Several studies have shown that the flavonoids may submit several biological important activities as antioxidants agents, antitumor, antimicrobials and even inhibit activity of some molecules like the PLA2. Recently studies also show that the flavonoids may act in DNA molecules. The antimicrobial activity of flavonoids is the result of destructuring cell membrane and consequently the bacterial cell destruction. In this work we evaluated the antimicrobials effects of quercetin and rutin, which are commonly employed as phytotherapic drugs. It was observed that both flavonoids inhibited the growth of phytopathogenics bacteria. However no effect was observed in other pathogenic bacteria strains. The results of scanning electronic and transmission microscopy showed significant changes in cellular structure of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv passiflorae incubated with rutin and quercetin. Both rutin as quercetin were able to promote structural change in the molecule of cDNA as observed in the results of HPLC. The rutin induced mild changes in protein DNA polymerase. Quercetin prevented the synthesis of cDNA from RNA as showed by electrophoresis results. These data suggest that inhibition of growth of Xanthomonas axonpodis pv. passiflorae and Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis may involve the action of flavonoids (quercetin and rutin) on bacterial DNA, changing its structural properties and consequently the bacterial replication. And yet, the data show that the presence of rutinose may influence the form of action of these flavonoids. / Mestrado / Bioquimica / Mestre em Biologia Funcional e Molecular

The aim of this diploma thesis was to determine the rutin content in springs and leaves of 19 elderberry species (Sambucus nigra L.) with use of liquid chromatography. Furthermore the rutin content was determined in its significant sources – rue and buckwheat. The observed values were compared in order to answer the question whether it is useful to use the elderberry spring and leaves as a new source of rutin. Theoretical part of the thesis describes elderberry in general, its chemical composition and its usage in medicine. Following part concentrates on important substances contained in elderberry – flavonoids. Also principles of extraction techniques and HPLC are discussed. In practice the rutin was gained from plant matrix with use of pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) which was performed in three five minutes long cycles. Conditions during the PHWE were set up to 80 °C and 150 bars. Obtained extract was purified with use of SPE columns and analyzed by HPLC with DAD detector (wave length – 360 nm). HPLC was performed with SUPELCOSILTMLC-8DB column. The mobile phase was composed of MeOH, H2O, and HCOOH in ration of 36:61,5:2,5. The set up flow of mobile phase was 1 ml/min. In the leaves the highest rutin content was determined in Pregarten – 26,34 ± 0,50 mg/g. On the other hand the lowest rutin content in leaves was determined in Körsör – 3,74 ± 0,13 mg/g. In springs the obtained results were as follow. The highest content was determined in Samyl – 4,87 ± 0,01 mg/g and the lowest content was determined in Heidegg 13 springs – 0,56 ± 0,01 mg/g. Also the HPLC detection limit – 6,3 . 10-5 mg/ml and quantitation limit – 2,1 . 10-4 mg/ml were determined for rutin.

This thesis is focused on determining the concentration of rutin in twigs elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.). The theoretical part provides an overview of the properties, occurrence and use of elderberry in folk medicine, medicine and food. Furthermore, there are the most important substances contained in elderberry, especially flavonoids, including rutin and quercetin as well. There are briefly described their properties, biological effects and possibilities of determination. The content of the experimental part of the thesis was developed cheap extraction methods to obtain the maximum yield of dried twigs rutin elderberry. Rutin content was observed in twigs cultivated elder varieties and wild elderberry. The identification and quantification of rutin in extracts was optimized and validated method of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). As a comparative method to develop extraction was used a pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE). There were tested three particle sizes of shredded twigs. The particles were extracted differently hot water varying duration. Most rutin was found in samples milled at 4 mm particles. The optimum time and temperature of extraction was 7 hours at 80°C. The highest amount of rutin in bred elderberry was determined in a sample Mladší 2014, digestion using 1,49 ± 0,004 mg.100g-1 and method PHWE 5,75 ± 0,015 mg.100g-1. There was determined the most rutin in a sample Září 2014 in the wild variant of elderberry. By digestion of ground twigs was obtained 0,90 ± 0,022 mg.100g-1 of rutin, using PHWE 2,98 ± 0,022 mg.100g-1.

When new work equipment is installed a risk assessment must be implamented to avoid accidents and incidents. Currently, BillerudKorsnäs i Gävle, is not sure whether their risk assessments are performed correctly. By developing a routine and standard where AFS 2006:4, use of work equipment, is implemented, it will be easier to fullfill the requirements for new work equipment. The purpose of this thesis is to reduce occupational injuries and contribute to a sustainable industry with the goal to develop a standard for risk assessment and a routine for how risk management can be performed correctly. Then apply the new routine and standard at BillerudKorsnäs. To achive the purpose and goals, a literature study was carried out. It was based on previous research within the steps of the risk management process. An analysis of the current situation at BillerudKorsnäs was perfomed. The current situation analysis consisted of a questionnaire and document analysis. The methods provided the opportunity to compare and combine theory with practice in order to develop a routine and standard for risk assessment.The resulting rutine was divided into four parts. Checklist for the project managers, before the risk assessment, identification of the risks and conrols and follow-up. The risk identification includes a risk assessment standard. The FMEA method is used to undentify consequences, estimate risks and to find a solution. The routine and standard should facilitate the risk management process and make it clear what work that needs to be done and which risks needs to be adressed.To make the routine and standard user-friendly, they are developed in Word and Excel. Several companies have access to Microsoft Office packages and will therefore be able to use the routine and standard for risk assessment. Which makes it possible to easily implement AFS 2006:4 in the security work. By using the routine and standard in risk assessment of new work equipment, accidents are reduced. / Ny arbetsutrustning ska genomgå en riskbedömning för att undvika olyckor och tillbud. BillerudKorsnäs i Gävle vill förbättra sitt sätt att arbeta med riskhantering och bli säkra på att riskhanteringen utförs på korrekt sätt. För att uppfylla de krav som finns för användning av arbetsutrustning har en rutin och standard tagits fram där AFS 2006:4 implementeras. Det här arbetets syfte är att minska arbetsskador och bidra till en hållbar industri med hjälp av implementation av AFS 2006:4. Målet för arbetet är att ta fram en rutin för hur riskhanteringen kan utföras på ett korrekt sätt och en standard för riskbedömning av arbetsutrustning. Därtill tillämpa den nya rutinen och standarden på företaget BillerudKorsnäs.För att uppnå syfte och mål utfördes en litteraturstudie över tidigare forskning inom riskhanteringsprocessens steg och en nulägesanalys hos BillerudKorsnäs i Gävle. Där nulägesanalysen bestod av ett frågeformulär och dokumentanalys. Metoderna gav möjligheten att jämföra och kombinera teori med praktik för att kunna utveckla en rutin och standard för riskbedömning.Resultatet blev en rutin som delades upp i fyra delar. Checklista för projektledare, inför riskbedömningen, identifiering av risker och kontroller och uppföljning. I identifiering av risker har en riskbedömningsstandard tagits fram. I standarden används metoden FMEA för att identifiera konsekvenser, bedöma riskerna och hitta åtgärder. Rutinen och standarden ska underlätta riskhanteringen och göra det tydligt vad som måste göras och vilka eventuella risker som måste åtgärdas.För att göra rutinen och standarden användarvänlig är de utvecklade i Word och Excel. Flera företag har tillgång till Microsoft Office-paketet och därför kommer alla som ska riskbedöma arbetsutrustning kunna ta del av rutinen och standarden. Dettagör det möjligt att på ett användarvänligt sätt implementera AFS 2006:4 i säkerhetsarbetet. Genom att använda sig av rutinen och standarden vid riskbedömning av ny arbetsutrustning minskar olyckor.

Studien tar upp och diskuterar de olika processer som sker i och med att en orosanmälan skickas in till socialnämnden från en grundskola. Det framgår från tidigare forskning att det råder komplexitet i den anmälningsplikt som åligger alla som arbetar inom myndigheter som berör barn och unga. Både komplexitet inför en anmälan och i processen efter anmälan är gjord. Det finns olika direktiv från både socialtjänsten och skolverket som lyfter behovet av att ha en tydlig rutin kopplat till hur en orosanmälan skall gå till. Det finns däremot inga bestämmelser för hur de ska se ut i detalj. Det förekommer endast rekommendationer. Denna studies syfte är att undersöka upplevelser från grundskollärare om hur de upplever processen efter att en orosanmälan är gjord. Det vill säga att undersöka hur behovet av stöttning och information står i förhållande till de rutiner skolan har. Den frågeställning som ställts är att framförallt undersöka ifall grundskollärarna upplever ett behov av en tydlig rutin kopplat till processen efter en orosanmälan är gjord. Studiens empiri har insamlats med kvalitativa intervjuer där intervjudeltagarna varit grundskollärare och genomgått processer av att göra en orosanmälan. Denna studie belyser vikten av att ha en tydlig arbetsgång i det sociala arbetet på skolan då det genom grundskollärares upplevelser framgår att det inte alltid är helt tydligt. Studien understryker vikten av en tydlig rutin för att kunna förbättra det sociala arbetet i skolan. Studiens empiri har analyserats med perspektiv inom organisationsteori och samverkansteori. Vad studien resulterar i är att det många gånger inte är ett helt tydligt arbete vid en orosanmälan i grundskolan. Det varierar från fall till fall samtidigt som grundskollärare eftersträvar mer delaktighet i processen av en orosanmälan för att kunna vara med och hjälpa eleven på bästa sätt.