As organisations strive to become more competitive and leaner, leadership and leading change have become key ingredients in the recipe for success. However leaders in times of difficult organisational change may not be effective in leading the change for themselves and their people. The leader’s ability to see and work beyond his or her personal needs is becoming more prevalent - leaders like Nelson Mandela and Mahatma Ghandi showed a special kind of behaviour that was fulfilling to a greater purpose.This has prompted the need to gain a deeper understanding into self-sacrificial leadership that will bring about a crucial benefit to organisational sustainability by increasing the ability to lead change and shape leaders into ‘Level 5’ leadership. This qualitative research was accomplished by collecting primary data through 15 semi-structured in-depth interviews from South African business leaders.The findings in terms of the factors that encourage a leader to self-sacrifice their needs for the organisation reveal that it is not about self, but what is best for the organisation as well as the people. Self-motivation, managing own emotions, and internalisation were the findings of the process which the leader goes through in processing loss to lead others on the journey of change. Lastly, the personality traits of leaders who have the strength to lead change and are prepared to sacrifice themselves were found to be an advocate for the value of their people; have humility at their core; and are bold, outspoken and strong minded with a gentle exterior. Recommendations were centered on the crucial role of organisations in shaping an authentic leadership environment and ingredients for leaders of the 22nd century.As a result, this research demonstrates leadership is about self-sacrifice, managing change and leading people. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted

During recent years, there has been a renewed interest in the study of the historical and religious values of the Old Testament. Christians everywhere seem to have become obsessed with an inherent thirst for a better understanding of this great book and the faith it teaches. This renewed desire to probe into the rich background of Semitic culture that is the very historical foundation of Christianity seems to have been brought about by two distinct and quite general conditions. The first and most obvious condition is the age in which we are living--the age of science. Today, this age is probing everywhere to discover and verify with facts the true meaning of the ever increasing amount of archeological evidence that is constantly being uncovered in the field of Old Testament research. Scientific research has far outdistanced the ability of the average man to assimilate even the wealth of knowledge that has already been uncovered. At this point, we are experiencing a cultural lag which in time should be overcome. A second motivating factor that has caused man to turn once again to a more critical study of the Old Testament has been his honest endeavor to bridge this cultural lag and also erase from posterity a blot of religious illiteracy concerning the great religious truths of this book. Many of these truths have never been brought into the full light of scientific discrimination and understanding until very recent years. One of the ideas of the Old Testament about which very little is generally known is the nature of the sacrificial system of the ancient Israelites. It is from this sacrificial system that the worship service of Christianity found the seeds of its early development. It is the purpose of this thesis to trace a view of the origin, purposes, and development of this sacrificial system from its most humble beginnings down to its completion in Jesus Christ. The fundamental aim of the thesis is to convey to the reader the idea that eternal truths were enshrined in the crude forms of early sacrificial worship and that, ultimately, these truths had their fulfillment in the person and work of Jesus Christ.

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The pedagogical relationship is of importance for teachers to succeed in their educational assignment. There is, however, a balancing act made by teachers to the factors that affect their educational choices in relation to the pedagogical relationship. For this paper, I have chosen to examine this from two different angles, a practical view based on the teachers’ perceptions, and secondly put into a theoretical framework of Biesta (2008; 2020) and von Oettingen (2020). The aim of the first research question regards the factors that affect teachers’ educational choices concerning pedagogical relationships and how teachers might balance this. The second research question aims to examine how the abstract concept of the functions of education (Biesta, 2008) and the paradox of the school (von Oettingen, 2020) are connected to the possible sacrifices in the educational mission in Swedish schools.   The results for research question one indicates that there is a majority of overlaps in the factors found. This creates a weaving effect among the answers given by the informants in their perception of what factors they balance and how it affects their pedagogical relationships in connection to their educational assignment. As for research question two, the results imply that one of the sacrifices made by the informants was to focus on the relationship first, and the educational assignment second. The choice to make the qualification function secondary to the pedagogical relationship indicates a lack of balance in connection to the paradox of the school, as well as an inability to connect to the pedagogical dilemma.

<p>This investigation contributes to the existing scholarship on Britain and the First World War by examining the war's impact on the county of Devon in southwest England. More specifically, this study pays particular attention to how communities, families, and individuals responded to the pressures of war and to what extent social unity was achieved at the county level. By exploring the relationship between the state and its citizens, this dissertation questions the extent to which Devonians were passive and accepting of the sacrifices and hardships that the government required from them, how their experiences were informed, and to what extent class, gender, and religious differences limited public support for the war? While this dissertation argues that Devonians were generally supportive of British participation in the war, that support was provisional and based on the perception of 'equality of sacrifice' - the expectation that the burdens of war would be shared equally throughout the county and across all segments of society. This study reveals that the inequalities of sacrifice and inconsistencies of government policies burdened some groups more than others and led to social disaffection. Rather than promoting solidarity, the war often exacerbated rural/urban tensions, highlighted the social and economic divisions that characterized relations between the communities of northern and southern Devon, and led to frequent and public criticisms of the government's management of the war.</p> / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

A shift in gaze has occurred in the study of the early modern period, one which has begun to examine the Western world in a more global and comprehensive context. This shift has been extensively written upon with regards to a historical consideration by researchers like Nabil Matar, Jeremy Brotton, Gerald MacLean, and others. This “re-orientation”, as MacLean calls it, has extended itself into the realm of literature studies, though Shakespeare and his works have been the focus of much of the scholarship circulating today. While the Bard has much to tell us, in the spirit of this expansion my thesis will focus on the work of another early modernist: poet, activist, and scholar John Milton. Utilizing both the knowledge provided by historicist scholars for contextualization and the critical apparatus of scholars like Gil Anidjar and Daniel Vitkus as a framework, my thesis will work to examine the possibility of the Islamic holy text, the Qur’an, as an influence for Milton. Focusing on the text of Samson Agonistes as a site for this influence and interaction, it will be my intention to deconstruct specific passages from Milton’s text and verses from the Qur’an in order to expose a thematic and dialectic connection between these two seemingly incongruous corpi. I will accomplish this through a careful deconstruction of elements of monotheistic religious violence and political theology as well as an examination of the inclusion or exclusion of certain events, people, or themes in Milton’s text which deviate from their Judeo-Christian origins. Finally, I will discuss the early modern Christians’ historical fear of Islamic conversion and conquer alongside an examination of Samson’s destruction of the Philistine temple in the context of political theology, in an attempt at elucidating the link between this historical fear of “turning Turk” and the supposed justification for violence against an ideological other that drives Samson towards his violent and self-conclusive act. Through this research I intend to broaden the scope of Miltonic and early modern literature studies in the hopes of creating a more global and considerate understanding of Milton’s texts.

Depuis ces vingt dernières années, l'étude sur l'enfance et le monde de l'enfant dans les sociétés anciennes s'est particulièrement développée. Souvent inhérente aux questions relatives à l'environnement féminin et à la maternité, elle a très vite tendu à se poser comme sujet à part entière. L'individu en devenir est apparu comme un élément clef utile à la compréhension de la structure des sociétés anciennes.La Mésopotamie de l'âge du Bronze est à ce titre particulièrement riche en documentations variées. Une approche pluridisciplinaire y est donc possible tout en sachant que ce matériel ne peut être lu et compris sans avoir conscience de ses propres spécificités. C'est pour cette raison que chaque type de documentation a été traité dans cette étude individuellement dans un premier temps.Après un bref aperçu de ce nous disent les images du monde mésopotamien, principalement à travers des représentations religieuses, l'étude des textes nous a permis non seulement de dessiner les grandes étapes du développement de l'enfant en tant qu'individu en devenir, mais aussi d'appréhender les enjeux sociaux qui se tissent autour de lui.Les données archéologiques nous ont permis quant à elles, car elles concernent un plus grand nombre de sites et des régions plus variées, de mettre en lumière tantôt certaines tendances régionales, tantôt des motifs transculturels concernant surtout les plus jeunes. / Studies on childhood and the children world in ancient societies has been very well developed for about twenty years. Mostly related to female environment and maternity, this topic quickly became a real field of investigation. The developing being came out as a key element in the understanding of the organisation of ancient societies.Regarding this, Mesopotamia in the Bronze Age is rich of varied materials allowing a multidisciplinary approach. Nevertheless, due to their own specificities, each type of data has been treated separately in a first time.Following a quick overview of Mesopotamian representations of the youngest ones, mainly thanks to religious and magical artifacts and pictures, textual data analysis allowed us to draw some stages of the children development as evolving individuals, and to grasp social issues forged around them.Finally, substantial archaeological data, more varied in time and space, permitted to enlighten regional trends and transcultural patterns, especially concerning the very young ones.

L’étude monographique du macellum de Djemila (Cuicul) vient compléter la courte série de macella fouillés et publiés dans le monde romain. De fait, pour le moment, seuls les macella de Belo, Saint-Bertrand de Comminges, Cordoue, Wroxeter et Pouzzoles ont fait l'objet d'une étude détaillée. Construit sous le règne de l’empereur Antonin le Pieux, le marché alimentaire de Djemila présente un excellent état de conservation et une grande richesse épigraphique. Mon étude comprend l’édifice, en tant qu’entité architecturale, mais je l’ai élargi à l'ensemble du complexe monumental, pour mieux comprendre son implantation dans l’urbanisme de la cité, les raisons de sa proximité avec le forum et sa fonction précise. Nos recherches ont permis de faire une description détaillée et des relevés des vestiges du macellum et de traiter, par une étude architecturale et stylistique, l'ensemble des structures en place mais aussi les membra disjecta. Elles m’ont également permis de proposer des restitutions architecturales, illustrées par des représentations de l'édifice en plan et en élévation, ainsi qu’une modélisation informatique. Nous avons également étudié les techniques de construction mises en œuvre. Enfin, nous nous sommes penchés sur la question de la personnalité de son bienfaiteur et le rôle de l’évergétisme dans le financement de la construction du marché. / The monographic study of the macellum of Djemila (Cuicul) comes to complete the short series of macella excavated and published in the roman world. For the moment, only macella Belo, Saint-Bertrand de Comminges, Cordoue, Wroxeter and Pouzzoles were the object of a detailed study. Built during the reign of emperor Antoninus Pius, the food market of Djemila presents an excellent state of preservation and a big epigraphic wealth. My study includes the building as architectural entity, but i widened it to the all monumental complex, to understand better its implantation in the town planning of the city, the reasons for its closeness with the forum and its precise function. Our researches allowed to make a detailed description and surveys of the remains of the macellum and to treat, by an architectural and stylistic study, all the structures in position but also membra disjecta. They also allowed me to propose architectural restitution, illustrated by representations of the building in plan and elevation, as well as computer modeling. We also studied the implemented techniques of construction. Finally, we dealt the question of the personality of his benefactor and the role of generosity in the financing the construction of the market.

Ce travail propose de questionner un manque apparent de référents iconographiques à la pratique sacrificielle en Colombie préhispanique, alors que les récits du XVIe siècle l’évoquent aussi vigoureusement que dans d’autres aires panaméricaines. Deux axes de recherche ont été menés : une étude de cas pluridisciplinaire sur les Muiscas des hauts plateaux de Bogotá a permis d’étudier le lien existant entre l’acte et l’image, puis notre recherche s’est étendue à un ensemble iconographique macroscopique, pour en définir les modélisations socio-culturelles. Une définition et une interrogation des limites chronologiques, linguistiques, territoriales et politiques d’un tel travail ont été entreprises. Le récolement muséographique et iconographique, élargi à l’ensemble de la Colombie préhispanique, en forge l’essence même. Au sein du groupe muisca, un corpus ethno-historique des sacrifices humains a été compilé, et ses traces archéologiques ont été réévaluées, au sein de classements typologiques respectifs.L’étude des rites sacrificiels muiscas, associée à celle de leurs mythes cosmogoniques, a permis de définir un ensemble de symboliques, confirmées par les schèmes funéraires et l’iconographie. L’élargissement de cette analyse à d’autres productions iconographiques, au sein des frontières actuelles de Colombie, a permis de concevoir l’image à la fois comme une source d’information sur des rituels précis, en tant que support de représentation, mais également comme un vecteur de concepts symboliques et une écriture codifiée, un objet d’étude en lien à son support fonctionnel. Cette approche iconographique renouvelée permet à la fois de comprendre que le réalisme n’est pas le seul biais de compréhension d’une image, mais également que derrière d’apparentes dissemblances culturelles, il existe une unité conceptuelle et symbolique définissant les productions mythologiques, funéraires, architecturales, politiques, et enfin iconographiques des groupes étudiés. / This research enquires the apparent lack of iconographical display of sacrificial practices in Pre-Hispanic Colombia, while its ethno-historical depictions in the 16th century are as vivid as in the other parts of the continent. The proposed methodology consists of two lines of investigation. The first part offers a multidisciplinary case study on the Muisca culture in the highlands of Bogotá. Their sacrificial images and practices allowed to investigate the link between the sacrificial act and its representation. The second part extends its pattern to a macroscopic iconographical study, with the aim of modelling socio-cultural applications to a wider framework. We presented the chronological, linguistic, territorial and political limits of such work. An inventory of iconographical sources and museum collections, enlarged to the whole Pre-Hispanic Colombian productions, forms the essence of this work. For the Muisca culture itself, an ethno-historical corpus of sources was compiled allowing the revaluation of its archaeological traces, providing a typological classification for each.The study of Muisca sacrificial rituals, in association with their cosmogonical myths, allowed the investigation of a whole symbolic system, supported by both archaeological and iconographical data. By widening our frame of investigation to other iconography production within the frontiers of present day Colombia, we came ton conceive those images as a representative source on specific rites, but also as the vehicle of conceptual symbolisms and as a codified writing system, an object of study in relation to its functional support. This renewed iconographical approach proved that realism is not the only approach to our understanding of images, but also that beyond apparent cultural dissimilarities, the unity of the symbolism stands and governs the cultural productions in various ways, may it be mythological, funerary, architectural, political or iconographical.