Thesis (M.S.P.H.)--University of Michigan, 1931.

Made available in DSpace on 2013-01-07T15:54:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) 9.pdf: 3228830 bytes, checksum: 8b715c27348617242506252373b3870e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Trata das ações de saúde e saneamento na Amazônia durante o Primeiro Governo Vargas (1930-1945) e tem como foco compreender de que forma a região se localiza nos discursos da época sobre a integração nacional. No período, ocorreu a criação de instituições científicas que tinham como foco a saúde e saneamento da região amazônica, como o Instituto de Patologia Experimental (IPEN), e o Serviço de Estudo das Grandes Endemias (SEGE), capitaneados por Evandro Chagas.

The Hull Street Integrated Housing Project, in Kimberley, is one of the projects supported by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, Sida, in South Africa. The vision of the project is to provide low cost housing for the people of Kimberley. As a way of ensuring sustainability, the project adopts the Ecological sanitation (Ecosan) approach where urine and faeces are separated from the source. The concept of Ecosan is new to many people around the world. To make the concept workable and acceptable effective implementation strategies are required. At the Hull Street, after the first of the four phases 144 unit houses have been completed all fitted with the UDS. Urine from the UDS as well as the greywater from the kitchen and bathroom are connected to infiltrate into the ground. This arrangement is called the “quick-fix”. The faeces from the houses are sent to the compost yard for composting so that the residents could use the compost in their gardens. This study which involves interview with some selected workers and residents in Hull Street focuses on the modus operandi of the Ecosan unit of the Hull Street project with special emphasis on the methods of human excreta disposal and education strategies.

A Lei n°11.445/2007, conhecida como Lei do Saneamento, constitui o marco regulatório do setor de saneamento, define o conceito e estabelece diretrizes nacionais para o saneamento básico. Apesar de terem se passado nove anos da sanção desta lei, ainda verifica-se a necessidade de integrar os componentes do conceito de saneamento básico que são: abastecimento de água, esgotamento sanitário, resíduos sólidos e drenagem urbana; e também de buscar meios para monitorar o saneamento básico nos municípios. Por isso, o objetivo do trabalho é propor uma classificação dos municípios do Estado de São Paulo em forma de ranking com base nas condições de saneamento básico, considerando o conceito proposto pela Lei n° 11.445/2007. A classificação na forma de ranking se justifica devido às crescentes iniciativas internacionais em utilizar indicadores compostos para mensurar o desempenho das cidades e compará-las. O ranking de cidades é importante para influenciar discussões políticas nacionais e internacionais, para monitorar e realizar benchmarking, assim como para estabelecer prioridades de ação. A pesquisa possui uma abordagem qualitativa em um primeiro momento para compreender o tema por meio de entrevistas com especialistas e, em um segundo momento possui uma abordagem quantitativa para classificar os municípios paulistas quanto ao saneamento utilizando análise fatorial exploratória. Como resultado obtido, tem-se a proposta de elaboração do ranking de saneamento básico dos municípios paulistas e a respectiva classificação com base em dados de 2013 do SNIS e Munic. / Law n°11.445 / 2007, known as Sanitation Law, is the regulatory framework of the sanitation sector, which defines what is meant by basic sanitation and establishes national guidelines for basic sanitation and for federal policy. After eight years of this law approval we still need to integrate the dimensions proposed by the concept of sanitation which are: water, sewage, solid waste and urban drainage; and also to seek tools that enable achieving the goals set by the government. Therefore, the objective is to create a ranking tool to classify cities according to sanitation conditions, considering the concept of sanitation proposed by Law 11.445/2007. The ranking classification is justified due to the growing international initiatives in using composite indicators to measure the performance of cities and compare them. The cities\' ranking is important in influencing national and international policy discussions, to monitor and carry out benchmarking, as well as to establish priorities for action. The research has a qualitative approach at first to thoroughly understand the subject through interviews with experts, and a second stage has a quantitative approach to the measurement of the counties sanitation by using factor analysis. The results analysis will be done through the description and comparison of the proposed sanitation ranking with the other proposals identified. As a result, we have the proposal for sanitation ranking of counties and their classification based on 2013 data of SNIS e Munic.

Magister Public Health - MPH / Background: Millennium Development Goal 7 was to ensure environmental sustainability by aiming to halve the proportion of people without sustainable access to basic sanitation and safe drinking water by the year 2015. The 2015-MDG Report estimated that the use of improved sanitation rose from 54% to 68% globally, but the target of 77% was not met, and that implies slowing the progress in the health and education sectors. Although Malawi has made significant progress in increasing access to safe water and improved sanitation in comparison to other Sub-Saharan African countries, disparities in improved water supply and sanitation within Malawi remains a challenge. In Malawi, only about a quarter of all schools have improved latrines with a ratio of one latrine for every sixty learners. While the water and sanitation situation in primary schools of Malawi is reported to be making progress, such progress remains unreported in secondary schools. Aim: The purpose of this qualitative study was to provide insight on the water and sanitation situation in secondary schools by understanding factors that influence learners' use of the water and sanitation facilities and personal hygiene practices in a girls' boarding secondary school in Zomba District, Malawi. Methodology: This study employed a descriptive qualitative study design using individual interviews, focus group discussions (FGDs) and observations. A purposive sample consisting of 12 learners participated in two FGDs, while individual interviews were conducted with 6 prefects, 2 teachers responsible for sanitation at the school and 1 matron. The FGDs and individual interviews were targeted at exploring these participants' perceptions, experiences, challenges faced in the use of water and santation facilities and perceptions of appropriate interventions to improve hygiene practices and utilization of sanitation services. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Findings: The findings indicate that there were several factors that influenced learners' use of water and sanitation and their hygiene practices at the school. One of the main challenges was the irregular supply of safe water by the Southern Region Water Board which meant that alternate sources of water, which was not always potable, had to be used instead. Poor water and sanitation infrastructure and facilities including lack of privacy in shower cubicles and the poor condition of the incinerator that is meant for disposal of sanitary pads were other challenges facing the learners. There were also insufficient toilets and shower cubicles for the number of learners at the school. A good number of learners knew the importance of hand washing for their personal health at school, but limited accessibility to running water compromised their hand washing practices and personal hygiene including menstrual hygiene. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the challenging factors occur at the macro, meso and micro levels but more importantly that these levels are interrelated and impact on one another, emphasising the complexity of the water and sanitation situation in the study school, but could most likely also be the situation at other schools in Malawi. Therefore multi-level interventions will have to be put in place to address these challenges. Recommendations: The present study recommends that at macro level the Department of Education should provide an enabling environment and political will to facilitate development of a multi-sectoral approach that would complement the school operation rules to improve the adequacy of the water and sanitation facilities and hygiene practices. In addition, the Southern Region Water Board should ensure a reliable supply of safe water to the school and provide better infrastructure of piped water. At meso level (school organisational level), the school management should take more responsibility for maintaining the infratstructure. In addition, the school-board, the school management and parents'-teachers' association and learners should form a committee to discuss and implement strategies that would enhance the learner's use of water and sanitation facilities at the school and ensure their privacy and dignity. At micro level, the school, the communities including families and religious leaders should encourage personal hygiene practices repeatedly amongst everybody.

Sanitation marketing is an emerging approach of strengthening the local private sector to implement scalable and sustainable improved sanitation coverage in developing countries, specifically among the poor. It encourages the enhancement of sanitation market supply and demand by developing distribution infrastructure and stimulating consumer interest. Unlike interventions that provide hardware subsidies to initiate sanitation demand, financial support for sanitation marketing is used exclusively for the research and development of the market; this encourages the private sector to become independent and self-sufficient. Qualitative data suggests that while sanitation marketing projects have been successful at implementing replicable and sustainable sanitation coverage, they are not effective in close proximity to other programs that provide hardware subsidies. The aim of this study is to determine how hardware subsidies impacted iDE’s (formerly International Development Enterprise) Cambodia Sanitation Marketing Scale-Up (SMSU) project using quantitative data collected between 2010 and 2014, and to develop an approach that best illustrates this relationship. Using their project database of 48,844 transactions in 9 provinces, QGIS 2.8.1 and MS Excel were used to determine the correlations between the NGO (subsidized) and customer sales. QGIS maps and time-lapse animations were effective in spatially juxtaposing the quantity and location of both NGO and customer sales, and MS Excel charts quantified the relationship as a function of time, identifying opposing correlational patterns. Within the Cambodia SMSU project, the provision of hardware subsidies (represented by NGO sales) resulted in the attrition of the sanitation marketplace (represented by customer sales) when the NGO sales landed between 71 and 889 in a single month, averaging 400 NGO sales in a month. Overall, 14 districts showed decreased customer sales in the presence of subsidies, and 36 districts showed increased customer sales in the presence of subsidies. Within this study, any district with over 395 sales in one month showed a decline in customer sales. There were 106 months within this project that the NGO and customer sales had a positive correlation and 110 months showing a negative correlation.

Thesis (M.Dev.) --University of Limpopo, 2008 / Rural sanitation researchers, particularly in the Limpopo Province, have not offered theories in relation to the patterns of the development of rural sanitation. Several researchers have concerned themselves with the need for the solution of water supply but not sanitation services. The present study seeks to enhance the understanding of the dynamics of the patterns of the development of rural sanitation in the Capricorn District Municipality, in particular at the Eisleben Village. This research paper applied an evaluative methodology to assess the impact of VIP sanitation technology at Eisleben Village at Ramokgopa under Capricorn District Municipality in Limpopo Province in comparison to dry sanitation. Supportive cases studies on sanitation delivery in South Africa have also been cited to where both technologies have been applied to assess their impact to the health and dignity of the communities, the environmental impacts. Examples of such case studies included examples of the Mosvold Hospital Sanitation Programme, the Northern Cape Household Sanitation Programme, the eThekwini Water and Sanitation Programme and the Dry sanitation in an urban environment at Weiler’s Farm in Johannesburg. The following five major findings emerged from the study: 1. Sanitation development should be community driven in terms of information, knowledge and decision making. 2. There is need for the vision of health, hygiene and education strategy for water and sanitation. Efficient and effective hygiene education is urgently needed. 3. There is resounding evidence from previous sanitation projects done in various places in South Africa that dry or waterless sanitation has been found to be an adequate sanitation technology that best suits urban, peri-urban and rural areas. 4. There is need to replace VIP with a better technology such as dry sanitation as a matter of urgency to avoid unhygienic and unhealthy conditions due to inadequate VIP sanitation technology. vii 5. Sanitation solution and technology should comply with the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) policies of adequate sustainable water and adequate sustainable sanitation solution, Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and the German Helmhotz Association HFG’s “concept of integrated sustainable development”. In the main, the study suggests possible strategies and mechanisms to overcome the challenges that are identified in the research, with the idea in mind of contributing in improving sanitation, not only in the Eisleben Village, but rather to all rural communities in the Limpopo Province, South Africa.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Ricardo de Souza Moretti / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Planejamento e Gestão do Território, 2017. / Passada a crise hidrica ocorrida entre 2014 e 2016 na Regiao Metropolitana de Sao Paulo, a agua e ofertada em plena disponibilidade pelas empresas de saneamento. A maior e mais importante dessas empresas e a SABESP, empresa mista de capital aberto que deve atuar no mercado buscando um equilibrio entre os interesses publico e economico tendo, porem, o lucro como um objetivo bastante presente. Nesse cenario observou]se que o modelo de cobranca pelos servicos de saneamento tende a induzir as empresas de saneamento a venda da maior quantidade de agua possivel, ou seja, interessa ampliar de esgotos. Na perspectiva de manutencao ou ampliacao do lucro sao privilegiadas acoes de aumento de disponibilidade hidrica frente a gestao de demandas; de retorno dos niveis de consumo apos a crise para reequilibrio economico; de seletividade de obras e operacao dos sistemas de abastecimento frente aos de tratamento de efluentes; da atuacao proativa pela agua e de atuacao em decurso de prazo quanto ao esgotamento sanitario e qualidade ambiental. Este estudo visa analisar os principais pontos que levam a esse direcionamento dos servicos do saneamento para a venda de agua, em contraponto com o objetivo social da gestao de demandas, aumento da disponibilidade para demais usos e usuarios e de melhoria da qualidade ambiental. Sao apresentados e analisados os principios teoricos da regulacao dos servicos do saneamento, alguns dos principais modelos de precificacao aplicados pelas agencias reguladoras no Brasil e a percepcao desses modelos por parte dos principais formadores de opiniao sobre o assunto. Sao analisadas possibilidades e dificuldades associadas a alteracao do modelo de precificacao em vigor no Estado de Sao Paulo, procurando]se avaliar a importancia dessa alteracao, considerando]se possiveis beneficios economicos e sociais. / After the water crisis that occurred between 2014 and 2016 in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, water is again offered in full availability by the sanitation companies. The largest and most important sanitation company is SABESP, a mixed public and private held company that must act in the market seeking a balance between public interests and economic gain, but profit is a present objective. In this scenario, we observed that the pricing model for sanitation services tends to induce sanitation companies to sell as much water as possible, that is, it is important to increase the supply and consumption of water, as well as to delay investments in sewage treatment. Aiming the maintenance or profit growth, actions to increase water availability are favored in front of demand management like rise of consumption levels after the crisis for economic rebalancing, selection of infrastructure investment and operation of supply systems regarding those of effluent treatment; There is a proactive care in water issues while lagging deadlines regarding sewerage and environmental quality. This study aims to analyze the main points that induce the increase in water sales, as opposite to the social objective of demand management, safeguarding availability for other uses and users, and improving environmental quality. The theoretical principles of regulation of sanitation services, some of the main pricing models applied by regulatory agencies in Brazil, and the perception of these models by the leading specialists on the subject are presented and analyzed. A modification in the pricing model applied as regulatory tool in the State of São Paulo is analyzed, with the objective of evaluating the importance of this change, considering possible economic and social benefits.

Although the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade has generated great interest from foreign aid donors, its impact. in terms of increased service levels has been poor. These disappointing results have been explained by the UN and other donors in terms of inadequate funding and lack of cost recovery, poor operations and maintenance, lack of personnel, unacceptable technology, poor logistics and non involvement of the beneficiaries. However, an alternative explanation revolves around factors contributing to poor project design. These include the lack of understanding of the development process, donor bias and self interest, and poor coordination and commitment by the recipient government. A review of the development and trends of contemporary aid philosophy and its translation in to rural development and water and sanitation projects, which led to the launch of the IDWSSD, provides a number of lessons that can be used to formulate a hybrid model for project design and the sector development process, that defines the relative roles of donors, recipient governments and people themselves. The model is based on coordinated development, community participation, and sector growth from pilot projects to large scale programmes. The developments in the rural water and sanitation sector that took place in Zimbabwe from 1974 to 1987, provide a unique opportunity to test this model using a systems analysis approach. After gaining Independence in 1980, Zimbabwe's development assistance funding grew tenfold with the influx of foreign donors, and major commitments were made by the new Government to rural development and the goals of the IDWSSD. However, the large investments in water and sanitation which included the preparation of a national master plan with external technical assistance, had both positive and negative impacts on the continuing development of the sector, the start of which can be traced back, well before Independence, to small pilot projects sponsored by non government organizations that used appropriate technology developed by the Rhodesian Government. This development process and the changing approach to project design is illustrated by a series of case studies of projects supported by multilateral and bilateral donors, and non government organizations, that were milestones during this period. Finally the project and sector development model is modified based on the practical lessons from Zimbabwe and recommendations for future practice are made together with suggestions for areas of further research.

2.4 billion people worldwide lack access to basic sanitation solutions, with major health and environmental impact as a result. The recently adopted worldwide Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) aim to reduce this problem and extend the access to basic sanitation. The sanitation systems have to be safe to manage, and resources such as nutrients within the waste be recovered to a great extent, for the system to be worthwhile. For Burkina Faso, a low-income country in West Africa, achieving the SDGs will be a challenge, especially considering the almost 9 million people that lack access to basic sanitation. One way of achieving this is through Ecological Sanitation (EcoSan), an innovation with the goal of protecting human health and enabling reuse of sanitized human excreta as fertilizer. The overall purpose of this study is to provide sanitation practitioners in Burkina Faso with useful information on how to better carry out EcoSan interventions in the future, within the scope of achieving the SDGs.The study aim is to investigate why and to what extent earlier EcoSan latrines have not been used to their full capacity regarding nutrient recovery to local agriculture. The results are mainly based on a household survey conducted on rural Burkinabe households possessing an EcoSan latrine and supplemented with focus group discussions, key informant interviews and measurements on site. To fulfill the study objective, a material flow analysis was performed which showed that nutrient losses of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium all were likely to exceed 80%, compared to the theoretically calculated values. Additionally, 14 barriers for recovery of nutrients were identified, where the most important ones concern urine collection and storage. Furthermore, results showed that use and reuse practices tended to be higher if initialtraining focused on agricultural aspects rather than hygiene aspects. / 2.4 miljarder människor världen över saknar idag tillgång till grundläggande sanitetslösningar, med stora effekter på människor hälsa och närmiljö som följd. Tillgång till sanitet ska inte bara uppfyllas, enligt de nyligen antagna globala målen för hållbar utveckling (SDG) ska hantering av det mänskliga avfallet ske på ett  säkert sätt samt att näringsresurserna i detta återvinnas. För Burkina Faso beläget i Västafrika och ett av världens fattigaste länder, kommer det bli en stor utmaning att uppnå SDG-målsättningarna, särskilt med tanke på de nästan 9 miljoner invånare som helt saknar tillgång till grundläggande sanitet. Ett sätt att uppnå målsättningarna är genom ekologisk sanitet (EcoSan), ett koncept med målen att skydda människors hälsa samt möjliggöra återanvändning av hygieniserat mänskligt avfall som gödningsmedel i det lokala jordbruket. Det övergripande syftet med denna studie är att ge aktörer inom sanitetssektorn i Burkina Faso användbar information om hur EcoSan-interventioner kan genomföras bättre i framtiden inom ramen för SDG. Det närliggande syftet var att undersöka varför och i vilken utsträckning tidigare EcoSan-latriner inte har använts till sin fulla kapacitet när det gäller näringsåtervinning till det lokala jordbruket. Resultaten baseras huvudsakligen på en enkät på Burkinska hushåll som äger en EcoSan och kompletterades med fokusgruppdiskussioner, intervjuer med nyckelpersoner och mätningar. För att uppfylla syftet med projektet genomfördes en materialflödesanalys för att kvantifiera skillnaden mellan teoretisk och praktisk återföring av näringsämnena kväve, fosfor och kalium till jordbruket. Förlusten av samtliga tre näringsämnen överskred 80%. Dessutom identifierades 14 barriärer för återföringen, där de viktigaste rör insamling och lagring av urin. Hushållens återföringspraxis tenderade att bli högre om den initiala undervisningen var mer inriktad mot jordbruksaspekten än på hygienaspekten.