Teismų ir teisėjų principas yra gana senas ir nemažai autorių nagrinėtas, bet ši tema yra aktuali ir šiandien, kadangi teisėjų vykdomam teisingumui neretai bandoma daryti įtaką, o taip pat nereti drausminių bylų iškėlimai rodo, kad vidinis teisėjų nepriklausomumas yra ne iki galo išgrynintas iki tobulos formos. Darbe analizuojamos Konstitucijos nuostatos, kurios reglamentuoja teismų ir teisėjų nepriklausomumą bei Konstitucinio Teismo nutarimai, liečiantys teismų ir teisėjų nepriklausomumo principą. Kadangi teismų ir teisėjų nepriklausomumo principas yra vienas iš esminių konstitucinės teisės principų, todėl jis yra įtvirtintas ne viename tarptautiniame dokumente. Darbe taip pat analizuojamos tarptautinių dokumentų nuostatos reglamentuojančios teismų ir teisėjų nepriklausomumą ir jos lyginamos su Lietuvos konstitucinėje teisėje įtvirtintomis nuostatomis. Be to, darbe remiamasi sociologinių tyrimų duomenimis norint išsiaiškinti visuomenės pasitikėjimo teismais lygį. Darbe iškelta hipotezė, kad teisėjų ir teismų nepriklausomumo lygis įtakoja visuomenės pasitikėjimą teismais pasitvirtina, kadangi kuo didesnis teismų ir teisėjų nepriklausomumo lygis, tuo bus didesnis visuomenės pasitikėjimas teismais ir teisėjais. Pirmoje darbo dalyje nagrinėjamas valdžių padalijimo principas, teisminės valdžios santykis su kitomis valdžiomis (įstatymų leidžiamąja ir vykdomąja) bei išskiriami teisminės valdžios požymiai. Antroje darbo dalyje analizuojama istorinė tesimų ir teisėjų nepriklausomumo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The principle of court and judges is quite old and it has been studied by many authors but this topic is current nowadays as well. The justice supported by judges is often being tried to be influenced as well as frequent disciplinary proceedings show that inner independence of judges is not purified to a perfect form. The provisions of the Constitution which govern the independence of courts and judges are analyzed in the study together with Constitutional Court rulings that are connected with the principle of the independence or courts and judges. As the independence principle of courts and judges is the basic one in the constitutional law it is fortifies in many international documents. The provisions of international documents that regulate the independence of courts and judges are discussed in the study. They are compared to the provisions that are fortified in the Constitution of Lithuania. Besides, the data of sociological researches is used in the study in order to see the level of the trust of the public in courts. The hypothesis is raised in the study that the level of independence of courts and judges influence the public trust in the courts ad judges was confirmed. The higher level of the independence of courts and judges appears the bigger trust of public in courts and judges is. The principle of power division, the ratio of court’s authorities with other authorities (legislature and executive power) as well as the features of the court power are distinguished... [to full text]

United States President Barack Obama issued an Executive order on November 20, 2014 to implement new law regarding the American immigration system and deportations. The system has long been skewed, and a polarizing issue among both the general public and of those involved in the United States government. Obama, by issuing this decree, created a law on his own due to congressional deadlock in creating and passing immigration reform legislation. However, the constitutionality of his decision to do so has now become highly debated, with many officials and academics across the country asserting their beliefs in his legal ability to issue the order. The ability to create laws is explicitly prescribed to the Legislative branch in the Constitution, but there have been past examples of Executive authority being necessary so as to preserve the Union and allow the government to continue. This thesis will examine the constitutionality of Obama’s Executive decree and the potential precedent that it will set for future Presidents by analyzing it within the context of John Locke, the original proprietor for the rule of law, James Madison, the father of the United States Constitution and separation of powers system, Alexander Hamilton, the forthcoming advocate for an energetic Executive of the Founding Fathers, the Abraham Lincoln presidency, which involved the crisis known as the Civil War, and the George W. Bush presidency, widely known as one of the most polarizing constitutional presidencies in American history. When looking at these past examples it becomes clear that Barack Obama overstepped his place in the government with no existential crisis threatening the nation, therefore setting a dangerous precedent for future Executive’s as well as damaging the force of the separation of powers system.

Thesis (M.A.) - Carleton University, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 122-127). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, Department of Political Science, December 2000. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available in the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005. / Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xiv, 421 p.; also includes graphics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 390-412). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center

Thesis (doctoral)--Humboldt-Universität, Berlin, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references and sources (p. 167-171) and index.

Aucun texte de loi n'affirme que la société anonyme est régie selon les principes de hiérarchie et de séparation des pouvoirs. C'est la jurisprudence de l'arrêt Motte qui fonde ces principes à l'image d'une démocratie politique. L'enjeu consiste donc à vérifier l'application de ces principes dans les sociétés anonymes de type classique. La présence du principe de séparation des pouvoirs semble associée à la présence du principe de hiérarchie. Pourtant, les rapports entre les deux principes sont traditionnellement tumultueux. Pour autant, il ne s'agit guère d'un simple constat. L'affirmation selon laquelle l'assemblée d'actionnaires occupe une position souveraine dans la hiérarchie ne résiste pas longtemps à l'analyse. L'apparente cohabitation 'paisible entre principe de hiérarchie et principe de séparation des pouvoirs s'érode devant les exigences du marché. Ce marché est un acteur externe à la société anonyme mais démontre intensément que les règles régissant l'organisation des pouvoirs dans la société anonyme reflètent imparfaitement les rapports entre ces principes. Les différentes figures de ces principes ont permis de constater la présence de forts déséquilibres très contraignants et paradoxaux, voire une distorsion entre la pratique de ces principes et ce qu'exige l'essence de leurs déterminants. Ces constats ne s'opposent pas à la possibilité de retrouver une cohérence et une harmonie générale au fonctionnement de la société anonyme. Toutefois, le développement des solutions alternatives ne devrait guère contester l'influence légitime du marché; bien au contraire, il convient d'affirmer le rôle économique de la société anonyme. Ainsi, l'un des objectifs premiers de cette thèse est de montrer que si les principes de hiérarchie et de séparation des pouvoirs sont des principes fondateurs du fonctionnement des sociétés anonymes; ils nécessitent néanmoins une refondation. Celle-ci consiste à déterminer les finalités des principes, la redéfinition des pouvoirs de l'organe souverain, ainsi qu'une rationalisation des pouvoirs de l'organe de gestion. Enfin, pour renouer le dialogue entre ces deux organes, il convient de relativiser leurs rapports, en intégrant les valeurs de collaboration et de conciliation dans la culture de la société anonyme. / There is no legislation asserting that the limited company is governed according to the principles of hierarchy and separation of powers. It is the jurisprudence of the Motte ruling that establishes these principles modeled on a political democracy. The challenge is therefore to verity the application of these principles in classic limited companies. The presence of the principle of separation of powers seems to be associated with the presence of the principle of hierarchy. However, the relationship between the two principles is traditionally tumultuous. Nevertheless, it is hardly about a simple report. Indeed, the assertion according to which shareholders assembly occupies a sovereign position in the hierarchy does not resist for a long time to the analysis. The apparent peaceful coexistence between the principle of hierarchy and the principle of separation of powers is eroded when facing the market requirements. This market is an external actor to the limited company. However it intensely demonstrates that the rules governing the organization of power in the company imperfectly reflect the relationship between these principles. The different cases of these principles revealed the presence of strongly binding and paradoxical imbalances, even distortions, between the practice of these principles and what is required by the essence of their determinants. These findings are not opposed to the possibility of reaching consistency and harmony in the general operation of the limited company. However, the development of alternatives should not challenge the legitimate influence of the market. On the contrary, it is to enforce the economic role of the company. Thus, a primary objective of this thesis is to show that even though the principles of hierarchy and separation of powers are the founders of the companies operating principles, they nevertheless require a re-founding. The re-founding aims to determine the purpose of the principles, redefining the powers of the sovereign body, as well as streamlining the powers of the managing body. Finally, to resume the dialogue between the two bodies, their relationship should be relativized, incorporating the values of cooperation and conciliation in the culture of the company.

256 f. / Submitted by Ana Valéria de Jesus Moura (anavaleria_131@hotmail.com) on 2013-05-24T14:54:17Z No. of bitstreams: 4 L&C 170.pdf: 1004275 bytes, checksum: 278a77162cf16122f9aeb22eb6624f3b (MD5) L&C 169.pdf: 463925 bytes, checksum: ce7b4cad05d813ee5fc9886c1cf6123f (MD5) CONSULEX 355.pdf: 414740 bytes, checksum: 17afd9fca188544fe066bc4cd22a0e75 (MD5) JOÃO PAULO PIRÔPO DE ABREU.pdf: 1091587 bytes, checksum: 6a57744da7f05d05f4e5225a68c51283 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Valéria de Jesus Moura(anavaleria_131@hotmail.com) on 2013-05-24T14:55:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 4 L&C 170.pdf: 1004275 bytes, checksum: 278a77162cf16122f9aeb22eb6624f3b (MD5) L&C 169.pdf: 463925 bytes, checksum: ce7b4cad05d813ee5fc9886c1cf6123f (MD5) CONSULEX 355.pdf: 414740 bytes, checksum: 17afd9fca188544fe066bc4cd22a0e75 (MD5) JOÃO PAULO PIRÔPO DE ABREU.pdf: 1091587 bytes, checksum: 6a57744da7f05d05f4e5225a68c51283 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-24T14:55:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 4 L&C 170.pdf: 1004275 bytes, checksum: 278a77162cf16122f9aeb22eb6624f3b (MD5) L&C 169.pdf: 463925 bytes, checksum: ce7b4cad05d813ee5fc9886c1cf6123f (MD5) CONSULEX 355.pdf: 414740 bytes, checksum: 17afd9fca188544fe066bc4cd22a0e75 (MD5) JOÃO PAULO PIRÔPO DE ABREU.pdf: 1091587 bytes, checksum: 6a57744da7f05d05f4e5225a68c51283 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Versa o presente trabalho sobre o aparente conflito entre os princípios da independência e harmonia dos Poderes e o da autonomia administrativa, financeira e orçamentária do Poder Judiciário. Dessa forma, faz-se necessário descrever o conceito de poder, sua relação com o Estado, fazendo-se também uma análise crítica da influência da soberania no Estado Democrático de Direito, bem como a interação existente entre soberania e a separação de poderes. Da mesma forma, é importante focar o estudo do fundamento da separação de poderes, fazendo um breve histórico sobre esse princípio, avaliando a evolução do Estado, bem como a evolução do próprio princípio da separação de poderes, analisando os principais autores do tema, como Aristóteles, John Locke, Montesquieu, tecendo-se algumas críticas em relação a tal princípio e formulando-se um modelo ideal do mesmo. Deve-se, ainda, ser objeto de pesquisa o tema do Poder Judiciário, em que deve ser traçado seu conceito, analisado seu papel frente ao positivismo jurídico, sua importante função de controle de constitucionalidade, sua independência e sua autonomia financeira e orçamentária, fazendo um breve estudo dessas características na Espanha, na América Latina e nos Estados Unidos, bem como sua relação com os outros Poderes. Deve-se fazer uma análise da imprescindível relação entre o Poder Judiciário e a Democracia, buscando-se a conceituação desse tão importante valor, os critérios para sua efetivação, fazendo-se também uma análise sobre a crise do Direito, bem como do constitucionalismo, relacionando-o com os direitos fundamentais, e finalizando mostrando a função da atividade jurisdicional para a proteção desses direitos. Por fim, deve-se avançar sobre o tópico do orçamento, mostrando suas relações com o Estado, estudando-se seu conceito, e, principalmente, da sua natureza jurídica, para, ao final, demonstrar como deve ser interpretada a Lei Orçamentária na sua atual concepção jurídica. / Salvador

O controle de constitucionalidade de leis sempre foi objeto de desconfiança da teoria democrática. Sob qual justificativa juízes não eleitos podem ter a última palavra sobre o significado de direitos fundamentais? É assim que a questão costumou ser formulada pela tradição. Alguns a responderam em favor desse arranjo, outros em defesa da supremacia do parlamento. Essa seria uma encruzilhada da separação de poderes e as teorias da última palavra se enfrentam nesses termos. A tese investiga uma saída alternativa para esse dilema, oferecida pelas teorias do diálogo institucional. Segundo essa corrente, a última palavra, na democracia, não existe. O trabalho defende que ambas as perspectivas, última palavra e diálogo, têm papel analítico importante a cumprir. Propõe que uma interação de caráter deliberativo, e não somente adversarial, entre os poderes, tem maiores possibilidades de, ao longo do tempo, produzir boas respostas sobre os direitos fundamentais. Torna a separação de poderes sensível ao bom argumento / The judicial review of legislation has always been under the distrust of democratic theory. Under what justification can unelected judges have the last word upon fundamental rights? Thats the way the question has been formulated by the tradition. Some are favourable to this institutional arrangement, whereas others defend the supremacy of parliament. This would be the crossroads of the separation of powers and theories of last word face the dispute under these terms. The thesis investigates an alternative response to this dilemma, offered by theories of institutional dialogue. According to it, there is no last word in a democracy. The dissertation defends that both perspectives last word and dialogue have an important analytical role to play. Is proposes that an interaction of a deliberative kind rather than adversarial is more likely, in the long term, to produce better answers about rights. It turns separation of powers sensitive to the quality of argument

O princípio da separação de poderes sofreu alterações fundamentais ao longo dos mais de três séculos desde sua consagração. Dentre as alterações na balança dos poderes, destaca-se a evolução do Poder Judiciário, com o alargamento de suas funções e aumento de sua importância se comparado em face da concepção clássica. No contexto brasileiro pós Constituição de 1988, dois fatores têm se mostrado fundamentais ao avanço do Poder Judiciário a uma posição de destaque no cenário político e constitucional: o desenvolvimento sistema de controle de constitucionalidade aliado às características das normas do texto constitucional, aliados a outros fatores, permitindo o seu avanço ao campo do chamado ativismo judicial. Dentro desta abordagem, o presente estudo busca apontar as implicações desta nova forma de atuação do Poder Judiciário denominada de ativismo judicial em face da democracia, analisando os principais pontos de tensão e críticas surgidas de seu confronto / The principle of separation of powers has undergone fundamental changes over the last three centuries since its establishment. Among the changes in the balance of powers, there is the evolution of the judiciary, with the enlargement of its functions and increase its importance compared in view of the classical conception of the separation of powers principle. In the Brazilian context after the 1988 Constitution, two factors have been shown to be fundamental to the advancement of the Judiciary to a prominent position in political and constitutional landscape, the development of the mechanisms of judicial review combined with the features of constitucional norms, also combined with other factors, allowing its advancement to the field of so-called judicial activism. Within this approach, this study seeks to identify the implications of this new form of action of the Judiciary called judicial activism in the face of democracy, analyzing the main points of tension and conflict that arises from them.