As realizações e atividades desenvolvidas pelo homem em qualquer segmento produtivo são geradas pela percepção de suas necessidades, pelo acompanhamento da evolução tecnológica e pela adequação aos cenários e aos comportamentos da sociedade, seguindo uma abordagem global. Questões relacionadas aos programas de melhoria da qualidade na indústria do software, hoje caracterizadas como competências qualificadoras para a competitividade, tornar-se-ão um conjunto de exigências básicas para a sobrevivência de longo prazo no mercado internacional. Esta realidade faz parte das empresas do mundo todo, principalmente da empresa brasileira, dada a meta de desenvolvimento e melhoria da qualidade de vida estabelecida para a sociedade. Neste contexto, o mercado em que atuam as empresas de pequeno porte é extremamente competitivo. Em se tratando de melhoria de desenvolvimento de software, o CMM (Capability Maturity Model), desenvolvido pelo Instituto de Engenharia de Software, da Universidade de Carnegie Mellon, por solicitação do Departamento de Defesa Norte Americano, tem como objetivos: avaliar o nível de maturidade das empresas desenvolvedoras de software e propor melhorias para seus processos. Este modelo apresenta cinco níveis crescentes de maturidade: inicial, repetível, definido, gerenciado e em otimização. O objetivo desta dissertação é apresentar uma contribuição às empresas desenvolvedoras de software, em especial às de pequeno porte, que desejam aumentar a qualidade de sues processos de desenvolvimento, utilizando um modelo o qual fora desenvolvido originalmente para grandes empresas e projetos. A investigação exploratória sobre a qualidade nos processos de desenvolvimento de software será enriquecida através de uma aplicação, a qual será realizada em uma empresa desenvolvedora de soluções de software localizada no município de São Carlos, interior de São Paulo. / As technology developments becomes more integrated with everyday business activities, the search for quality has become more important than ever in today\'s organizations. For Brazilian companies that develop software, the quality of the final product is directly related to the quality of its development process. Related to the software quality, the CMM (Capabllity Maturity Model) developed by the Software Engineering Institute of Carnegie Mellon University, is a mo dei that assist companies in the evaluation of its current software development process and enables improvements for this process. This model presents five growing levels of maturity: initial, repeatable, defined, managed and in optimizing. The main goal of this work is to extend through an investigation the state of art of software quality engineering, and to apply the principies and practices of the Second Level of the CMM in a small Brazilian company.

A evolução da tecnologia e o acesso ao conhecimento proporcionam um ambiente de negócios cada vez mais mutante e competitivo. A informação é vista como essência da estratégia empresarial, onde a busca e manutenção do diferencial competitivo são constantes. As empresas de uma forma geral, e principalmente as pequenas empresas, necessitam de meios para acompanhar essas mudanças de forma a ajustar suas estratégias ao novo contexto apresentado. O objetivo desta dissertação é demonstrar que a internet pode ser utilizada como meio para o acompanhamento das informações do ambiente externo à empresa. A internet vem ao encontro desta realidade ao possibilitar o monitoramento das variáveis macro-ambientais: governo, legislação, tecnologia e informática, sócio-cultural, demográfica, estatística, fiscal e tributária, política e, econômica e financeira. A revisão bibliográfica aborda a importância para a pequena empresa em acompanhar as variáveis macro-ambientais, e ter o conhecimento destas informações para o processo decisório estratégico. No estudo exploratório foi feita extensa pesquisa, principalmente na internet, buscando identificar sites com as informações relacionadas a cada variável identificada pela revisão bibliográfica. Visando proporcionar informações para que a empresa decida estrategicamente com eficácia diante de ameaças ou restrições ambientais, além de também capitalizar as oportunidades oferecidas pelo ambiente, esta dissertação apresenta como resultado um guia de sites de conteúdo, com o intuito de facilitar a busca das informações macro-ambientais que influenciam direta ou indiretamente cada negócio. / The evolution of the technology and the access to the business-oriented knowledge provide to an environment each more mutant and competitive time. The information is seen as essence of the enterprise strategy, where the search and maintenance of the competitive differential are constant. The companies of one form generality, and mainly the small companies, need half following these changes of form to adjust its strategies to the new presented context. The objective of this dissertation is to demonstrate that the internet can be used as half for the accompaniment of the information of the external environment the company. The internet comes to the meeting of this reality when making possible the monitoring of the macro-ambient variable: government, legislation, technology and computer science, partner-cultural, demographic, statistics, inspector and tax, politics and, economic and financial. The bibliographical revision approaches the importance for the small company in following the macro-ambient variable, and having the knowledge of these information for the strategical power to decide process. In the exploratory study extensive research was made, mainly in the internet, searching to identify sites with the information related to each variable identified for the bibliographical revision. Aiming at to provide information so that the company strategically decides with effectiveness ahead of threats or ambient restrictions, beyond also capitalizing the chances offered for the environment, this dissertation it presents as resulted a guide of sites of content, with intention to indirectly facilitate to the search of the macro-ambient information that influence direct or each business.

[pt] A flexibilidade de manufatura tem sido considerada uma vantagem competitiva muito importante para as empresas na atualidade. Considerando que o seu uso efetivo pode exercer influências sobre o nível de diferencial competitivo de uma empresa, neste estudo procurou-se observar de que modo esse importante fator tem sido percebido e efetivado no âmbito de micro e pequenas empresas - MPEs. Desenvolve-se, inicialmente, uma revisão bibliográfica abordando diversos aspectos relacionados à flexibilidade de manufatura, como definição e conceituação, classificação e relacionamento entre dimensões, medição e operacionalização, para definir uma visão consistente e atualizada do tema. E, a partir de um estudo de campo envolvendo cinco MPEs, são desenvolvidas considerações sobre o ambiente competitivo, prioridades gerenciais, importância e efetivação de diferentes dimensões, procurando capturar o posicionamento dessas empresas em relação à flexibilidade de manufatura. / [en] Manufacturing flexibility has been considered one of the most important competitive advantages to the firms nowadays. As the effective use of manufacturing flexibility can influence the competitive level of a firm, this study aims to observe how this important factor has been perceived and used by managers of small enterprises. Initially, a literature review is developed in order to define a consistent and updated view of some aspects of manufacturing flexibility such as definition and conceptualization, classification and relationship between dimensions, measurement and operationalization. Then, based on a field work involving five small enterprises, some patterns related to the competitive environment, to management priorities and to the importance of ten manufacturing flexibility dimensions are identified and show the managers` perspective about these questions in the manufacturing flexibility context. / [es] En la actualidad, la flexibilidad de manufactura es considerada una ventaja competitiva de grande importancia para las empresas. Considerando que el uso efectivo puede ejercer influencias sobre el nível de diferencial competitivo de una empresa, este estudio observa de que modo ese factor ha sido comprendido e implementado en el ámbito de micro y pequeñas empresas - MPEs. Con el objetivo de definir una visión consistente y actualizada del tema, se realiza una revisión bibliográfica que aborda diversos aspectos relacionados a la flexibilidad de manufactura, como definición y conceptuación, clasificación y relación entre dimensiones, medición y operacionalización. A partir de un estudio de campo que comprende cinco MPEs, se desarrollan consideraciones sobre el ambiente competitivo, prioridades gerenciales, importancia y efectivación de diferentes dimensiones, procurando capturar la posición de esas empresas en relación a la flexibilidad de la manufactura.

This thesis describes the design of Competitive Intelligence for the selected construction company. The main objective of this work is to choose a competent person responsible for the implementation of activities of CI in this company, identify appropriate sources for information about the company environment and tools for monitoring. The theoretical part is based on the scientific literature and focuses on the characteristics of competitive intelligence and describes the various phases of the intelligence cycle. The theoretical part includes the chapter, which deals with the issue of CI in the small companies. Then, there is the typology of information sources which describes the tools for information monitoring through the Internet. The practical part of this thesis deals with the design system of the competitive intelligence for the selected company. The first part has evaluated the actual situation in the construction industry in the Czech Republic and conducted research information sources suitable for tracking environment of the construction company. Based on this research there are recommended sources of information in the next chapter that should be monitored and there are also selected tools for collecting and monitoring information. Part of the proposed solution is the choice of the officer responsible for the conduct of CI. The last chapter of the practical part describes the processes that must be performed by the specialist in the various stages of the reporting cycle and it also determines the structure of the data entered into the system. The contribution of this work is to improve collecting, processing and distributing information efficiency about the company´s environment and to establish a systematic recording of detected events, opportunities and threats. Another benefit is a practical demonstration of the introduction of the CI system that respects the constraints of small companies and an overview of IT tools, which can be used by these companies for systematic information monitoring and collection.

This master´s thesis is a proposal of a business plan for the establishment of a small business that is specialized on the production of salted pastries and their supply to various restaurants, internet shops and stores. The thesis is divided into three parts, the first part summarizes all the theoretical knowledge that serves as a basis for the business plan. The second part deals with market characteristics and opportunities with analysis of product demand, market segmentation and evaluation of social, legislative and economic factors. Information about potential customers and their preferences are identified through a questionnaire. The last part consists of a business plan, in which marketing mix is developed for the offered product and the competition is evaluated. This section also provides estimates of sales and expenditures.

The diploma thesis deals with the creation of a realistic business plan to establish a small company in the veterinary field. For the establishment of a small business, the analysis of the current situation, both in the field of opportunities and in the analysis of the market and its surroundings, was first undertaken. A business plan is then elaborated, to which the organizational, marketing and financial plan are related. Part of the diploma thesis is also a guide to the founding of a limited liability company. Subsequently, possible risks for business in the veterinary sector are defined.

The thesis deals with the creation of a real business plan, namely the establishment of a small Moravian winery. In order to prepare a business plan, a strategic analysis of the current situation was carried out, both in the area of opportunities and threats, as well as an analysis of the market and its surroundings. Subsequently, the prepared business plan is processed into a formal form, where the emphasis is on organizational, marketing, and especially financial plan. Last but not least, the thesis identifies possible risks for business in the wine sector.

The diploma thesis focuses on creating the business plan to establish a competetive small company dealing with scale of yarn, fabrics and handmade assortment. Thesis is divided into three parts. The first part is focused on basic theoretical concepts. The second part practically analyses the environment of the future company. In the last part, a business plan is compiled with business schedule.

The thesis deals with a proposal of a stabilization strategy for a small company distributing electrical components. The first part explains the general concepts of the issue of strategic management, organizational life cycle and selected analyses of company’s external and internal environment. The analytical part of the thesis contains application of selected methods and identification of key factors in the context of the environment with situational assessment. The results of these analyses are subsequently processed into proposal for a suitable strategy leading to stabilization of the company and an increase of company’s competitiveness.

O principal objetivo da pesquisa é construir um mapa, informado pelas \"Teorias Ambientais\", das práticas do dirigente da pequena empresa relacionadas ao ambiente organizacional. Os objetivos específicos são: compreender as especificidades da pequena empresa de tecnologia da informação, como o dirigente compreende o ambiente organizacional e quais são as práticas relacionadas a ele. Pretendeu-se adotar uma postura subjetivista-interpretativa. O quadro teórico de análise é a etnometodologia. De acordo com as teorias ambientais estudadas, o ambiente organizacional é composto por grupos de interesse e instituições que fornecem recursos e legitimidade para a organização. As práticas relacionadas ao ambiente são atendimento das demandas dos grupos de interesse, alteração do ambiente organizacional e conformidade institucional. A pequena empresa apresenta algumas especificidades que podem ser compreendidas mediante três dimensões: dirigente, organização e contexto. Foi realizado um estudo de caso em uma pequena empresa da área de tecnologia da informação de Campinas-SP. Mediante análise da conversação e observação do cotidiano da empresa, puderam-se compreender as principais práticas dos dirigentes relacionadas ao ambiente organizacional. Foi construído um mapa representativo destas práticas, com base na Teoria da Dependência de Recursos e na Teoria Institucional. A empresa apresenta práticas de conformidade institucional, especialmente aos contextos tecnológico, político-legal e sócio-cultural. Mecanismos normativos e miméticos limitam a escolha da tecnologia para desenvolvimento dos softwares, e mecanismos coercitivos forçam a empresa a se adequar ao sistema político-legal e aos valores e normas sociais e culturais. No entanto, há tentativas de alteração destes contextos institucionais, mesmo que bastante restritas. A principal prática de alteração do ambiente organizacional é a estratégia de expansão - investimento direto, atendimento de outros \"nichos\" e diversificação. Mesmo que relativamente modesto, comparado às estratégias das grandes empresas do segmento de desenvolvimento de software, o crescimento representa, dentro do \"nicho\" específico que a empresa atua, redução da dependência e maior controle sobre os recursos que ela precisa para sobreviver. A idéia de \"mapa\" é coerente com a concepção weberiana de \"tipo-ideal\"; é uma forma de entender a realidade, um esquema de interpretação. / The main objective of this research is to construct a map, supported by \"Environmental Theories\", of the practices of small company managers related to the organizational environment. The specific objectives are the comprehension of the specificities of the information technology small company, how the manager understands the organizational environment and which practices are related to it. A subjective-interpretative position was adopted and the theoretical frame of analysis is ethnomethodology. According to the environmental theories studied, the organizational environment is composed of interest groups and institutions that supply resources and legitimacy to the organization. The practices related to the environment are the meeting of the interest groups\' demands, alteration of the organizational environment and institutional conformity. The small company presents specificities that can be understood by means of three dimensions: manager, organization and context. A case study was performed in an information technology small company in Campinas-SP. By means of a conversation analysis and observation of quotidian routine of company, it was possible to understand the managers\' main practices related to the organizational environment. A representative map of these practices was constructed on the basis of the Resource Dependence Theory and Institutional Theory. The company presents practices of institutional conformity, especially to the technological, legal-political and socio-cultural contexts. Normative and mimetic mechanisms limit the choice of the technology for software development, and coercive mechanisms force the company to adjust to the legal-political system and the values and social and cultural norms. However, although restricted, attempts have been made to modify these institutional contexts. The main practice of organizational environment alteration is the expansion strategy - direct investment, seeking for other \"niches\" and diversification. Although relatively modest, in comparison with large companies\' strategies in the software development segment, growth represents, inside of the \"specific niche\" the company acts in, a dependence reduction and greater control of the resources required for the company to survive. The idea of \"map\" is coherent with the weberian conception of \"ideal-type\"; it is a way to understand reality, a scheme of interpretation.