Biogas is a renewable energy source produced by decomposing organic matter in the absence of oxygen. Without oxygen, organic matter is broken down in this process, producing a mixture of gases that may be used for a variety of tasks, such as heating, cooking, and producing power. In contrast to conventional fossil fuels, biogas is economical and sustainable. Additionally, it may be produced from waste products like animal manure and agricultural wastes, which has considerable economic advantages. Due to its capacity to lower greenhouse gas emissions and solve climate change challenges, biogas has grown in popularity. To find the most effective source of biogas, scientists are constantly studying different types of bacteria and organic waste. The biologists can receive assistance from technicians to expedite the development of this field. Assistance can be provided by enhancing the laboratory equipment to make them more intelligent, user-friendly, and productive, which is the focus of this research endeavour. This study's state-of-the-art is an Automatic Methane Potential Test System currently utilised in laboratories and available for purchase. This project aims to redesign the blending mechanism of the Automatic Methane Potential Test System. The system is designed to operate independently using CAN communication and an edge device (a smartphone) that connects to the system via Bluetooth. The application for smartphones is designed to communicate with a master controller using Bluetooth Classic to send and receive data. Which, in turn, uses CAN-bus to interact with 18 bioreactors remotely. The TMC5130 stepper motor controller is utilised in this project, offering cutting-edge characteristics that meet the project's needs. The system's components have each been individually tested on a prototype. The result is encouraging and shows that, with modest adjustments, the conceptual design might one day successfully replace the current system.

Location-based services have grown in importance as smartphones, and location-based applications have become an integral part of everyday life. While Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs) provide the most accurate position determination, open service GNSS signals remain unprotected and susceptible to spoofing attacks. Previous work within the domain highlighted this issue, with many smartphone receivers shown susceptible to GPS L1 spoofing, suggesting that their resilience experiments should be extended to include other GNSS signals in the future. Given that multi-GNSS receivers now have become the norm in smartphones, this thesis investigates whether smartphone GNSS receiver spoofing resilience depends on the type of signal; by conducting a series of comparative spoofing experiments involving GPS L1 and Galileo E1-B/C signals. To conduct the experiments, we developed a Galileo E1-B/C signal simulator that, together with the open-source GPS-SDR-SIM signal simulator, was the basis for conducting a series of experiments designed to identify the potential presence of anti-spoofing measures. The result of our experiments indicates that smartphone multi-GNSS receivers were significantly more resilient towards Galileo E1-B/C spoofing attacks, often accepting GPS L1 signals with significant position, time, and data errors, while refusing to accept corresponding Galileo E1-B/C signals. While we never observed cases of E1-B/C signals being accepted while rejecting GPS L1 signals, external factors limited the scope of the investigation and do not allow a generalized conclusion. As such, to deepen our understanding of these issues and how they relate to the development of anti-spoofing measures and trust in different signals, it is essential to extend this research to include more devices and other GNSS signals. / Positionstjänster har växt i betydelse allteftersom smarttelefoner och positionsapplikationer har blivit en integral del av våran vardag. Även om satellitpositionering utger det mest precisa och vedertagna positionsbestämningen av tillgängliga positionstjänser så är de publika satellitnavigeringssignalarna oskyddade och sårbara för förfalskningsattacker. Tidigare forskning inom området har evaluerat dessa sårbarheter och visat att ett betydande antal smarttelefoner var sårbara för GPS-L1 förfalskningsattacker och att denna forskning borde utökas i framtiden allteftersom satellitnavigeringsmottagare med förmåga att mottaga olika satellitsignaler integreras i smarttelefoner. Givet att en majoritet av nya smarttelefoner nu integrerar denna typ av mottagare så utvärderar detta arbete hur sårbarheten mot förfalskningsattacker beror på typ av satellitsignal genom en komparativ jämförelse av sårbarhet mellan GPS-L1 och den nyare Galileo E1-B/C signalen. För att genomföra utvärderingen så utvecklade vi en Galileo E1-B/C signalsimulator som tillsammans med GPS-L1 signalsimulatorn (GPS-SDR-SIM) utgjorde grunden för en serie av experiment designade för att identifiera och utvärdera sårbarheter och potentiella motåtgärder i smarttelefoner. Våra resultat indikerar att smarttelefoner är betydligt mer sårbara for GPS-L1 forfalskningsattacker då de accepterade GPS-L1 signaler med betydande position, tid, och datafel medans motsvarande Galileo E1-B/C signaler ej accepterades. Trots resultaten så är det viktigt att inte dra för starka slutsatser då underlaget var kraftigt begränsat givet rådande omständigheter (Covid), som gjorde det svårt/omöjligt att på ett säkert sätt samla volontärer med olika smarttelefoner för våra experiment. Därav så är det viktigt att i framtiden utöka arbetet med ett större underlag och fler signaltyper.

The purpose of this study is to determine the viability of this technology as a realistic archaeological field tool and discuss what advantages, limitations, and implications this technology has for the purposes of archaeological field survey in Sweden. To determine this, five targets in Stockholm County already professionally surveyed and documented, have been scanned with LiDAR as well as two also with photogrammetry via smartphone apps on an iPhone 12 Pro Max to compare the scanning process and the respective results for each target. After analysing targets in Angarn, Fresta, Sollentuna, Österhaninge, and Kärrtorp parishes, a post-phenomenological perspective was applied to each model to discuss their potential as technologically mediated human experiences. An additional sixth target was scanned to compare against other 3D techniques. This study has determined that the photogrammetry tools in the apps provided the best conditions and results for use in archaeological field survey documentation while the LiDAR tools have room for improvement as a professional tool.

homework problems in an introductory mechanics course at a university. A quasi-experimental field study with two cohorts design was performed to measure the impact of such exercises on motivation, interest and conceptual understanding. The empirical results on learning achievement show a significant positive influence of the smartphone-based experimental exercise for the dynamics of rigid bodies topic with a medium effect size of d =0.42. For the analysis of rotational motion topic, a positive learning achievement for both groups was evidenced, but the effect size of the smartphone-based exercise was rather small at d =0.20 . The intrinsic and germane cognitive loads turned out to be similar at an intermediate level for both groups. However, the extrinsic cognitive load for the intervention group decreased significantly, which might be the reason why more complex experimental exercises foster conceptual understanding.

A concept for undergraduate mechanics courses at universities is introduced where traditional pencil-paper based exercises are partially replaced by experimental exercises, in which smartphones are used as measurement devices. A detailed guidance for practical realization and implementation of these tasks formats into the course is presented. Three smartphone-based experimental exercises ‘The tilting smartphone’, ‘The oscillation balance’ and ‘Using the Smartphone in a Torsion Pendulum’ are presented. First empirical results with respect to the learning achievement indicate a mid size effect on the understanding of the physical concepts. Compared to the traditional pencil-paper based exercises, the students performance in the experimental exercises is slightly lower, although the motivation to solve these tasks is higher.

An experimental exercise is presented where students explore the principal concepts of kinematics with the GPS sensor of their smartphone. It enables our students to record and analyze a self-performed complex movement independently. Students learn how to transform geographical into Cartesian coordinates and how to investigate movements in everyday life.

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Bakgrund: Samhällets digitalisering och utbredningen av sociala medier har under de senaste 20 åren ökat. Parallellt har införandet av IT-stöd i skolor och utvecklingen av digitala samhällstjänster skapat ett behov att undersöka om en reglering av användandet krävs. Tidigare forskning har undersökt vilken påverkan mobiltelefoner och dess användning på sociala medier har på människor, framförallt ungdomar. Forskningen har mest varit inriktad på de psykologiska faktorer användandet för med sig. Restriktioner återfinns i skolor och debatten pågår om ett mobilförbud ska införas i skolorna. Det finns mobilförbud kopplat till bilkörning och inom sjukvården är förbudet kopplat till medicinsk utrustning som påverkas av elektriska fält. Försvarsmakten har ett mobilförbud kopplat till värnpliktstjänstgöring men vilken påverkan det har på de ungdomar som rycker in är ett relativt obeforskat område. Syfte: Studiens syfte var att undersöka hur svenska värnpliktiga ungdomar upplever att deras tillvaro påverkas av Försvarsmaktens mobiltelefonförbud.Metod: En kvalitativ metod med induktiv ansats valdes och 16 värnpliktiga indelade i tre fokusgrupper intervjuades. Intervjuerna spelades in och transkriberades, därefter genomfördes en kvalitativ innehållsanalys.Resultat: Analysen av resultatet gav att omställningen från fri tillgång till mobiltelefon till ett mobilförbud upplevdes som jobbig, framförallt den första tiden av värnplikten. Långa dagar, ett högt tempo och att ha lämnat en tillvaro med en trygg kontext upplevdes påtaglig. För många ungdomar innebär värnplikten även resor till andra orter, nya intryck och att lära känna främmande människor i en begränsad och reglerad tillvaro. Det framkom även att efter anpassning till den militära tillvaron med mindre fritid, både kvällar och helger reglerar en del användandet av mobiltelefonen och det förefaller som att en prioritering sker.Slutsats: De två viktigaste slutsatserna är för det första att de värnpliktiga upplever en liten möjlighet att påverka sin tillvaro. Genom att medvetet beakta människans psykologiska grundbehov kan Försvarsmakten troligen skapa bättre förutsättningar för de värnpliktiga under den inledande delen av värnplikten. Det kan möjligen minska deras jobbiga upplevelser. För det andra tenderar kvalitén i kontakten med vänner och anhöriga att öka vilket tyder på ett fokus att vidmakthålla det sociala nätverket som betyder något. En gallring av meningslöst mobilanvändande sker. Möjligen har mobilförbudet framtvingat detta. Tidigare forskning kring rädslan att missa händelser eller att hamna utanför beskriver till del hur denna förändring sker och den inverkan det får. / Background: The digitalization of society and the spread of social media have increased in parallel over the past 20 years. The introduction of IT support in schools and the development of digital social services have created a need to investigate whether a regulation of the use is required. Previous research has investigated the impact of mobile phones and its use on social media on people, especially young people. The research has mostly focused on the psychological factors that use brings. Restrictions are found in schools and the debate is ongoing on whether a mobile ban should be introduced in schools. There are mobile phone bans linked to driving and in healthcare the ban is linked to medical equipment that is affected by electric fields. The Swedish Armed Forces have a mobile ban linked to conscription, but the impact it has on the young people who step in is a relatively unexplored area. Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate how Swedish conscripted young people feel that their lives are affected by the Swedish Armed Forces' mobile phone ban.Method: A qualitative method with an inductive approach was chosen and 16 conscripts divided into three focus groups were interviewed. The interviews were recorded and transcribed, after which a qualitative content analysis was carried out.Results: The analysis of the result gave that the transition from free access to a mobile phone to a mobile ban was perceived as difficult, especially the first period of conscription. Long days, a fast pace and having left an existence with a safe context were felt tangible. For many young people, military service also means trips to other places, new impressions and getting to know strangers in a limited and regulated existence. It also emerged that after adapting to the military life with less free time, both evenings and weekends, some regulate the use of the mobile phone and it seems that a priority is taking place.Conclusion: The two most important conclusions are, firstly, that conscripts experience a small opportunity to influence their lives. By consciously considering the basic psychological needs of the human being, the Armed Forces can probably create better conditions for conscripts during the initial part of conscription. It could possibly reduce their difficult experiences. Secondly, the quality of contact with friends and relatives tends to increase, suggesting a focus on maintaining the social network that matters. A thinning of meaningless mobile use is taking place. Possibly the mobile ban has forced this. Previous research on the fear of missing events or being left out describes in part how this change occurs and the impact it has.

This study examines how tempo of background music affects reading comprehension when consuming written news on a smartphone. It has taken inspiration from a study conducted in 2002 which investigated how tempo in music affects reading comprehension when reading news on a pocket computer in a distracting environment. There is a rapidly growing use of smartphones and with this an increasing use of both news applications and music streaming services. Therefore, especially in a time where the reliability of certain news is being discussed, it is interesting to examine if there is any correlation between the music we listen to and how we comprehend news. Two instrumental music samples, which could be described as of the electronic pop genre, were created with the tempo being the only difference between them. Participants got to read two articles from the business section on a smartphone with either no background music or one of the two samples playing in headphones. After each article, a questionnaire with five true or false questions regarding the contents of the articles was answered. A final questionnaire regarding the participants experience of reading news on smartphones and listening to music and prior knowledge of the contents of the articles was then presented to the subject. The results indicate that a slower tempo improves reading comprehension and efficiency. However, no significant differences between the experimental conditions were found. / Den här studien undersöker hur tempot i bakgrundsmusik påverkar läsförståelse vid konsumtion av skrivna nyheter på en smarttelefon. En studie av hur tempo i musik påverkar läsförståelse vid läsning av nyheter på en handdator i en distraherande miljö och som genomfördes år 2002 är den huvudsakliga inspirationen. Användandet av smarttelefoner blir bara större och detta innebär en ökning av både applikationer för nyhetskonsumtion och streamingtjänster. Därför är det intressant att undersöka om det finns en korrelation mellan musiken vi lyssnar på och hur vi förstår och uppfattar nyheter, speciellt i denna tid då trovärdighet av nyheter ofta diskuteras. Två instrumentala musikstycken, vilka tillhör genren elektronisk pop, skapades med tempot som den enda åtskilda variabeln. Deltagare i studien fick läsa två artiklar från ekonomidelen på en smarttelefon med antingen ingen musik eller ett av de två musikstyckena spelandes i hörlurar. Efter varje artikel fick deltagaren svara på ett frågeformulär med fem frågor av typen "sant eller falskt" som handlade om innehållet i artikeln. Ett formulär angående deltagarens erfarenhet av att läsa nyheter på en smarttelefon samtidigt som musik spelas i bakgrunden samt tidigare kunskap om innehållet i artiklarna besvarades slutligen. Resultaten indikerar att ett långsammare tempo förbättrar både förståelse och effektivitet vid läsning. Inga signifikanta skillnader mellan grupperna kunde dock fastställas.