The presented thesis deals with problems of eating disorders (hereinafter abbreviated to EDs). The theoretical framework is the Social Construction of Reality; a concept saying that the individual perceives reality - as a phenomenon formed and determined socially - in the way it is presented by the "power structures" of the society. The thesis pays special attention to the aetiology of these disorders, laying emphasis on family factors. The aim of the thesis refers to one of the topics resulting from my Bachelor thesis, when it appeared worthwhile to work up in detail the problem of subjectively seen factors substantial for onset of EDs. Thus the aim of the thesis was to map which factors the persons suffering from EDs as well as members of their families consider to be significant for onset of the disease - either their own or their daughter´s /sister´s on one hand and EDs generally on the other hand - and what led them to take their stand, in so doing two ranges of time were mapped. The set of persons under review was represented by the same respondents as in case of research for the Bachelor thesis. In order to ensure mapping of the above-mentioned problem in the most possible complex way, a qualitative research strategy was chosen. The necessary data was obtained by employing the technique of deep semi-structured interviews, then the data was processed using qualitative analysis of the respondents´ statements. Part of the research work was also confrontation of the collected and processed data with specialised resources. On the basis of the results of our research it is evident that the factor causing onset and development of the respondents´ or their daughter´s/sister´s EDs mentioned most often is family background. Unlike the Bachelor thesis, this factor was rather mentioned as one of many; it is not so dominant any longer. This may be explained by the fact that the patients spoke about their situations under the influence of other factors that experts had been emphasising. As for EDs generally, then the respondents mostly mentioned desire to be slim, which, however, has now substantially fallen into the shade. This may be explained by the respondents´ experience with EDs. It may be said that in taking their standpoints, family members were much more influenced by information from specialised resources than the persons suffering from EDs themselves, who mostly took their stand on the basis of their own conviction. Our research shows that for persons suffering from EDs, family background was not a source of information on the problem of these disorders. The research pointed out the importance of engaging the family in solving the problem of EDs as well as the necessity of individual approach to each case of this disease. The presented thesis may be a helpful source of information not only for people interested in the problem of EDs; it may also serve as materials for instruction in the medical social field, and last but not least it can be used to bring more information to the general public.

Les productions alimentaires régionales, dites « de terroir » ou « localisées » se sont remarquablement développées à partir du tournant des années 80, selon des modes de valorisation variés allant du petit producteur à l’industriel labélisé. A l’aune d’une enquête de terrain portant sur la diversité des modalités de valorisation des nombreuses productions du département de la Drôme, nous nous sommes rendus compte que la diversité des modes de valorisation sur ce territoire n’était pas seulement de nature organisationnelle et stratégique. En effet, le terrain nous a conduit à supposer l’existence d’une diversité de significations sociales associées à la production localisée. Cette diversité s’incarnait dans le fait que la référence à la tradition n’était plus le seul vecteur de légitimation pour une production localisée. C’est ainsi que nous avons cherché à analyser la diversité organisationnelle mais aussi symbolique des différents processus de valorisation. Au vu de la fonction sociale d’aliment identifié dans un contexte industrialisé qu’ont les productions localisées, nous avons alors compris, qu’un nouveau sens social associé à la production locale serait signifiant d’un rapport nouveau au besoin d’identification de l’alimentation dans un contexte industrialisé et mondialisé. Pour analyser cette diversité organisationnelle et symbolique, nous avons pensé les processus de valorisation comme des systèmes de domination, au sens où l’entend Max Weber. Ainsi, le système et la stratégie de valorisation ont été mis au jour, de même que la forme de la légitimation sur laquelle repose la signification sociale de la production. Dans ce cadre, nous avons analysé six variations de localisation par référence à la tradition ainsi qu’une manière de localiser émergente. Dans cette dernière, l’ancrage local de la production s’effectue par le fait d’avoir été produite, transformée et vendue localement par le petit fermier local, souvent néo-rural, selon des savoirs et des savoir-faire de production, de transformation et d’organisation de vente construits à travers les réseaux de partage et de vente existants entre ces exploitants. Ces réseaux, formels et informels, sont créés soit par le biais du monde associatif agricole soit en toute autonomie. Dans ce cadre, chaque exploitant a pour objectif de produire et de vendre mais aussi de « faire groupe » tout en gardant son indépendance face à ses pairs et face aux acteurs institutionnels. Ainsi, ces producteurs, dans leur rapport à la production et au groupe, permettent l’émergence de savoirs et de savoir-faire de production localisée ancrés dans un « ici et maintenant » culturel associé à leur figure de petits fermiers locaux. / This research emanates from a field survey we conducted in the Department of Drôme, France, which deals with the analysis of a variety of valorization methods of local food productions we sought to explain. Local food productions are a traditional production rooted in time and space, regardless the organizational and strategic variety of valorization methods. In the Drôme territory, we found a variety of productions and a variety of organizational and strategic valorization methods. But those patterns are not sufficient to explain what we observed in the field. We observed also another form of reference to location of these productions than only the reference to tradition. From there, in addition to the analysis of the organizational diversity of valorization methods of local food production in Drôme, the characterization of a new form of reference to location of production we spotted is the main issue of this research. To analyze the organizational and symbolic diversity, we conceptualize the valorization methods as systems of domination (in the sense of Max Weber). Indeed, the system and the strategy of valorization are pointed out as well as the shape of the legitimacy on which the social significance of the production is expressed. In this framework, we analyzed six variations of localization types by reference to tradition and one emergent way of localizing productions. This last is assessed through the fact that productions are produced, processed and sold locally by small local farmers, often neo-rural, according to production knowledge and expertise, processing and selling organization built through sharing and selling networks constructed among these farmers. These networks, either formal or informal, are either created through agricultural associations, or either were built autonomously. In this framework, each farmer aims to produce and sell, but also to “build a community” while keeping its independence from peers and institutional actors. Therefore, these farmers, through their relationships to the production and to their community, induce the emergence of knowledge and know-how rooted in “here and now” cultural bedrock crystallized in the representation of the small local farmer

Estudos sobre o software, que ocupa um lugar destacado dentre as tecnologias da informação, têm abordado suas atividades a partir do enfoque econômico. Tendo como objetivo alcançar uma compreensão a respeito do modo de construção de práticas estratégicas de produtores/fornecedores de software referentes aos seus produtos e/ou serviços, a nossa visada ao mercado de software é feita a partir de um enfoque econômico e social. Por isto, balizamos o estudo na busca de um entendimento a respeito da construção social deste mercado, significando uma busca de aspectos históricos relevantes sobre o seu desenvolvimento e de elementos característicos da estrutura social deste mercado. Apreendemos esta estrutura a partir da identificação de diferentes tipos de atores deste mercado, de relações de dominação existentes entre eles, de práticas estratégicas que utilizam, mobilizando diferentes espécies de capitais (p. ex.: financeiro, tecnológico, comercial, social, simbólico), e a partir da estruturação das suas ofertas, em termos de modalidades de software e serviços relacionados. Utilizamos como referencial teórico a Sociologia Econômica, a Teoria dos Campos, Estratégia como Prática e Capacidades Dinâmicas. Para as análises da pesquisa utilizamos múltiplas fontes de evidências e diferentes métodos, como observação participante, pesquisa histórica e estudo de caso, combinados num desenho de pesquisa onde cada etapa procura subsídios nos resultados das anteriores. Adotamos como estratégia de pesquisa, análises no nível macro, da construção e da estrutura social do mercado de software, e análises no nível micro, de práticas estratégicas de empresas posicionadas do lado da demanda e do lado da oferta de software, com um estudo de caso no mercado de software para imobiliárias. Dentre os resultados da pesquisa está a identificação de práticas estratégicas de empresas de software, que agrupamos em categorias como “incorporação de inovação”, “desenvolvimento de produto”, “licenciamento de uso”, “prestação de serviços de suporte técnico e manutenção” e “comercialização de software produto”. Foi possível estabelecer vinculações destas práticas com elementos da estrutura social do campo pesquisado, particularmente com as relações de dominação. / Scientific studies on software, which occupy a notorious place in the field of information technology, approach their activities from an economic perspective. Aiming to reach an understanding on how to build strategic practices for producers /suppliers of software, vis-à-vis products and/or services, the target software market is, therefore, seen from an economic and social focus. This work was framed to foster comprehension on the social construction of this market, leading to an investigation of its relevant historical aspects and the main characteristics of its social structure. Such structure is acknowledged from the identification of different types of actors in this market as well as the power relations between them which, through their strategic practices, mobilize different kinds of capital (e.g.: financial, technological, commercial, social, and symbolic). It also focuses on their framework of offers regarding their types of software and related services. The theoretical focal point is on the Economic Sociology, the Theory of Fields, Strategy as Practice and the Dynamic Capabilities. Multiple sources of evidence and different methods were used in the analysis of this survey, such as participant observation, historical research and case study, combined with a research design in which each step of the search results from previous outcomes. The search strategy used included analyses at the macro level, of social construction and social structure of the software market, as well as analyses at the micro level of strategic practices of companies placed on the software demand and supply sides, with a study case in the software market for real estate. Among the results of the research is the identification of strategic practices of software companies, which grouped into categories such as "incorporation of innovation", "product development", "license of use", "provision of technical support and maintenance" and "software product marketing". It was possible to establish connections between these practices and the elements of the social structure of this field researched, particularly with the relations of domination.

Esta dissertação aborda o tema ‘cadeias agroalimentares curtas’. As dificuldades econômicas vividas pelos agricultores familiares nas últimas décadas os têm feito reagir por meio de iniciativas que comportam produção, processamento e comercialização de alimentos diferenciados a partir de agroindústrias artesanais familiares. O estudo analisa o processo de construção social das iniciativas de produção, industrialização e comercialização de produtos alimentares da agricultura familiar no município de Nova Veneza, sul de Santa Catarina, buscando identificar fatores históricos e conjunturais que contribuíram para seu desenvolvimento. A partir das cadeias do queijo, da farinha de milho e do vinho foi analisado o papel das organizações e, em especial, de que forma instituições como a Epagri e a Prefeitura Municipal têm interagido com esse processo no município. Também foi analisada a relação das cadeias alimentares curtas com os mercados e como formas de organização coletiva têm reconectado consumidores e produtores. Finalizou-se o trabalho analisando a motivação dos consumidores ao optarem por produtos da agricultura familiar e as implicações dos mercados de produtos com qualidade diferenciada para o desenvolvimento local. Para compreender o objeto de estudo, buscou-se uma combinação entre as noções teóricas da construção social de mercados e a perspectiva orientada aos atores. Os procedimentos metodológicos utilizados no estudo de caso foram levantamento de dados por meio de pesquisa semiestruturada, observação e análise de dados secundários. As conclusões do trabalho apontam que cadeias agroalimentares curtas se caracterizam por novas formas de desenvolvimento rural, porém, apesar de seu viço, apresentam fragilidades e dependem da ação dos atores, especialmente do poder público, comprometendo-se com a regulação de mercados e processos de mediação qualificados. A expansão e a consolidação das cadeias agroalimentares curtas depende da construção da governança. / This thesis addresses the issue of short food supply chains to rural development. The economic difficulties experienced by farmers in recent decades have reacted through initiatives that include production, processing and marketing of different foods from small family agribusinesses. The study analyzes the social construction of production initiatives, industrialization and marketing of food from family farms in the municipality of Nova Veneza, south of Santa Catarina, Brazil, seeking to identify historical and situational factors that contributed to its development. From the chains of cheese, corn flour and wine, I analyzed the role of organizations and in particular, how institutions like Epagri and municipal government have interacted with this process in the municipality. I also analyzed the relationship between short food supply chains with markets and how various forms of collective organization have reconnected producers and consumers. The study concludes by analyzing the motivation of consumers to choose products from family farms and the implications of product markets with differentiated quality for local development. To understand the object of study proposed a combination of the theoretical notions of social construction of markets and the actor-oriented approach. The methodological procedures used in the case study were secondary data analysis, data collection through semi-structured research and observation. The conclusions of the study indicate that short food supply chains are characterized by new forms of rural development. However, in despite of its vigor, it presents weaknesses and depends on the action of the actors, especially the government itself to the regulation of markets and skilled mediation processes. The expansion and consolidation of short food supply chains depends on the understanding and construction of the notion governance.

O presente trabalho investigou os principais fatores que levaram parte dos pequenos comerciantes do varejo alimentar a construírem redes de cooperação, a influência destas organizações na estruturação dos varejos locais e as repercussões destes processos sobre os produtores e a produção local de hortigranjeiros (FLV). Buscou-se na sociologia econômica, em especial na desenvolvida por Pierre Bourdieu e Neil Fligstein, a teoria e os conceitos básicos para a análise do fenômeno do surgimento destas organizações no contexto da construção social dos mercados locais de alimentos. Através deste arcabouço teórico estudouse como as disposições dos atores do pequeno varejo são condicionadas pelo campo do varejo local, bem como a forma como as suas práticas também influenciam a estruturação destes espaços. A pesquisa empírica é composta por dois estudos de caso no Rio Grande do Sul: o campo do varejo de Santa Maria, na região central do estado, onde foram estudas as redes de cooperação Rede Super e a Unimercados; e o campo do varejo de Santa Rosa, situada na região noroeste do estado, onde foi estudada a rede de cooperação CNS. Além das redes, foram estudados os principais atores com os quais elas se relacionam, no caso os supermercados Carrefour e a empresa supermercadista Rede Vivo, ambas concorrentes das redes de Santa Maria; e as organizações dos agricultores que fornecem FLV para as redes e outras empresas, APRHOROSA (associação de produtores de FLV de Santa Rosa) e a Coopercedro (cooperativa de produtores de FLV de Santa Maria). Entre as conclusões do trabalho está a confirmação da importância da teoria sobre a construção social dos mercados para revelar a transformação das disposições dos atores e as suas causas, bem como a influência das mudanças no comportamento dos mesmos nas relações entre varejo e fornecedores, com destaque para os produtores locais. A invasão dos varejos locais por grandes cadeias supermercadistas condicionou os pequenos varejistas que apresentavam disposição para participar do jogo do varejo a organizarem-se em redes a fim de conseguirem preservar suas posições estruturais. Os que não tinham tal disposição, bem como os que não contavam com recursos (capital) para enfrentar as pressões do campo de poder, tornaram-se marginalizados. Quanto a quem são os construtores das redes, concluiu-se que se tratam de pequenos comerciantes dinâmicos, que não têm habitus de comerciantes tradicionais, mas de comerciantes sintonizados com as transformações do campo. Uma segunda conclusão importante é a de que o pequeno varejo que emerge com as redes é plenamente integrado às regras e à cultura dos varejos locais em que participam, tanto nas práticas de relacionamento com os concorrentes, quanto com os fornecedores. Por outro lado, o pequeno varejo tradicional e as feiras livres se enfraquecem na medida em que tentam sobreviver disputando o mesmo espaço das redes, porém com práticas defasadas. Por fim, quanto à questão central da tese referente à inserção dos agricultores familiares no varejo estruturado moderno, concluiu-se que eles necessitam acima de tudo fortalecer-se nas relações de poder, o que envolve agregação de capitais comercial, tecnológico, cultural, simbólico e principalmente social. Desta forma eles podem ser reinseridos no mercado e a trajetória a partir de então tende a transformar seu habitus, lentamente, como ocorreu com os pequenos comerciantes varejistas na sua trajetória na construção do varejo local com a rede. / The present work investigates the main factors what drove some of small retailer’s merchant of food retail to create cooperation networks. Besides, it investigates also the influence of these organizations as they structure local retails furthermore the repercussions of these processes over the producers and the local fresh fruits and vegetables production (FLV). It was examined in the economical sociology; especially the one developed by Pierre Bourdieu and Neil Fligstein, the theory and the basic concepts for the phenomenon analysis of these organizations appearance in the social construction context of foods their local markets. Through this theoretical outline it was studied how the actors dispositions of small retail are conditioned by the local retail field, as well as the way how their practices also influence these spaces organization. The empiric research is composed by two case studies in Rio Grande do Sul state: first, the Santa Maria's retail field, in the state central area, where it was studied the cooperation networks such as Rede Super and Unimercados; second, the Santa Rosa's retail field, located in the northwest area of the state, where it was studied the CNS cooperation network. Besides the networks, it was studied as well, the main actors what they are connected with, in this case: firstly, Carrefour and Rede Vivo companies, both competitors of Santa Maria's networks; secondly, the farmer's organizations what supply fresh fruits and vegetables to the networks, and also to other companies such as: APRHOROSA (producer's association of fresh fruits and vegetables of Santa Rosa) and Coopercedro (producer's cooperative of fresh fruits and vegetables of Santa Maria). It is among the conclusions of this work the confirmation of the importance about market's social construction theory to reveal the transformation of the actor's (small retailer's merchant and suppliers) dispositions and their causes, as well as the influence of changes in the behavior of these actors in the relationships between retail and suppliers, emphasizing the local producers. The invasion of the local retails by big supermarket chains has conditioned the small retailer's merchant who presented willingness to participate of the retail game; they organized themselves in networks in order to preserve their structural position. Not only the ones who did not have such willingness, but also the ones who did not reckon upon resources (capital) to face the pressures of power field, they became marginalized. As first main conclusion about who the networks builders are, showed as consequence that it is about small dynamic merchants, who do not have traditional merchants habit, but, in fact, they are merchants tuned with the transformations of the field. As second important conclusion, is the one the small retail which emerges together with the networks is fully integrated to local retails rules and culture in which they participate, not only in the relationship practices with the competitors, but also with the suppliers. On the other hand, the small traditional retail and the open air markets weaken as they try to survive disputing the same space with the networks, however with delayed practices. Finally, concerning to the central subject matter of this paper regarding the family farmers' insert in the structured and modern retail, it is concluded they need, above all, to strengthen themselves about power relationships, what involve commercial, technological, cultural, symbolic and mainly social aggregation of capitals. This way they can be reinserted in the market and the path starting from then tends to transform their habit, slowly, similarly it has happened to the small retailer's merchant in their path to the construction of the local retail with the network.

[pt] Este trabalho estuda o uso do metadiscurso em artigos pesquisa em diferentes culturas, áreas disciplinares e seções do artigo, tendo como objetivo investigar como esse recurso retórico varia em contextos lingüísticos e sócio-culturais diversos, contribui para a construção de sentido de textos escritos e reflete a construção de conhecimento em diferentes áreas disciplinares. A pesquisa adota como base teórica a abordagem sociointeracional de linguagem, a teoria da construção social do conhecimento e princípios da retórica contrastiva. O corpus utilizado compõe-se de 24 artigos científicos, divididos em duas línguas (português e inglês), duas áreas disciplinares (Ciências Biomédicas e Lingüística, Letras e Artes) e quatro seções (Introdução, Metodologia, Resultados e Discussão). O estudo da variação entre os textos escritos em inglês e português mostrou que há diferenças quanto ao uso de itens metadiscursivos que enfocam a micro ou a macroorganização do artigo de pesquisa. A variação interdisciplinar mostrou que o texto pode ser escrito de forma subjetiva ou objetiva, e que o conhecimento nas diferentes comunidades disciplinares pode ser construído com base em idéias ou fatos. Quanto às seções dos artigos, verificou-se que o uso do metadiscurso varia para alcançar objetivos retóricos diferenciados de acordo com a seção do artigo. Esta pesquisa reforça a possibilidade e necessidade de enfocar o metadiscurso e a linguagem sob uma ótica sociointeracional, confirmando que a escrita acadêmica é interativa e mostrando que a construção de sentidos de textos e a construção de conhecimento variam em diferentes culturas e comunidades disciplinares. / [en] This research studies the use of metadiscourse in research articles in different cultures, disciplinary areas and article sections, aiming at investigating how this rhetorical device varies in different linguistic and socio- cultural contexts, contributes to the construction of meaning in written texts and reflects the construction of knowledge in different disciplinary areas. This work adopts as theoretical basis a sociointeractional approach to language, the theory of social construction of knowledge and principles of contrastive rhetoric. The research corpus is composed of 24 scientific articles, divided into two languages (Portuguese and English), two disciplinary areas (Biomedical Sciences and Linguistics, Letters and Arts), and four sections (Introduction, Methodology, Results and Discussion). The study of variation between texts written in English and Portuguese shows that there are differences in the use of metadiscourse items which can focus on micro or macroorganization of the scientific article. Interdisciplinary variation shows that scientific texts can be written either in a subjective or objective manner, and that knowledge construction in different disciplinary communities can be based either on ideas or facts. As to research article sections, this study shows that the use of metadiscourse varies according to writers´ intention to reach rhetorical objectives in each section. This research study reinforces both the possibility and necessity to focus on metadiscourse and language under a sociointeractional perspective, confirming that academic writing is interactive, and showing that the construction of meaning in texts and the construction of knowledge vary in different cultures and disciplinary communities.

En France et au Royaume-Uni le terme dyslexie désigne une situation dans laquelle la maîtrise des compétences lectorales est considérée comme problématique: des critères d’inspiration médicale et psychologique sont appliqués à des performances scolaires dans des contextes où la scolarisation est la norme. L’objet de la thèse est de rendre compte de la construction sociale de la dyslexie, de comprendre comment des pratiques et des dispositifs rendent possible l’émergence d’un genre de personne dyslexique. La première partie traite de la construction de la dyslexie comme problème public des premiers cas au XIXe siècle à la reconnaissance de la catégorie au XXIe. Tandis que l’histoire du problème au Royaume-Uni est celle d’une réussite (les revendications sont structurées autour d’une définition précise et des solutions sont proposées) sa définition est longtemps incertaine et peu autonome en France. On montre dans la deuxième partie que la dyslexie est un problème scolaire, touchant aux savoirs enseignés et évalués par l’école, d’autant plus consistant qu’il est institué dans les normes et les pratiques de l’école. Au Royaume-Uni, sa reconnaissance peut être intégrée aux pratiques pédagogiques des enseignants du fait d’une logique psychologique. En France elle demeure un problème largement extrascolaire, les pratiques d’identification sont surtout paramédicales et sa reconnaissance s’inscrit dans les dispositifs relatifs au handicap. La troisième partie est consacrée à l’étude des outils d’objectivation donnant consistance à la dyslexie. Les difficultés en lecture de certains élèves ne sont appréhendées en ces termes que si elles peuvent être montrées et quantifiées. / In France and the United-Kingdom, the word dyslexia refers to a situation in which the mastery of reading skills is considered to be problematic: criteria inspired by medicine and psychology are applied to school performances, in contexts where schooling is the norm. The purpose of the thesis is to account for the social construction of dyslexia, to understand how practices and dispositives make possible the emergence of a kind of dyslexic people. The first part deals with the construction of dyslexia as a social problem, from the first cases at the end of the 19th century to the recognition of the category at the beginning of the 21st century. While the problem’s history in the United-Kingdom in that of success (claims are structured around a specific definition and solutions are offered), its definition remains uncertain and lacks autonomy for a long time in France. In the second part, I show that dyslexia is a school-related problem – concerning skills taught and assessed at school –all the more consistent that it is integrated into school norms and practices. In the United-Kingdom, its recognition can be part of teachers’ educational practices, due to a psychological logic. In France, it remains largely outside the educational institution (identification practices are mainly paramedical and its recognition is part dispositives related to disability). The third part is devoted to the study of objectification tools which give consistency to dyslexia. Some pupils’ reading difficulties can be comprehended as such only if they are demonstrated and quantified.

En adoptant une approche psychosociale, cette thèse vise à rendre compte de la façon dont nous jugeons une personne contaminée par le VIH dans le contexte de la Grèce. Nous étudions la construction sociale de la responsabilité en relation avec le VIH en s’appuyant sur l’approche des représentations sociales. Notre démarche s’inscrit dans une stratégie de triangulation méthodologique qui articule des approches qualitatives et des opérations quasi-expérimentales. Premièrement, nous avons mené une recherche qualitative par entretien auprès de 40 acteurs du monde politique et socio-sanitaire grec (politiques, personnels administratifs, scientifiques et associatifs) sur les politiques de prévention du VIH. Deuxièmement, une analyse de presse a été réalisée (corpus de 172 articles publiés dans 25 quotidiens grecs durant l’année 2004) sur la construction du sida via la communication sociale. Sur la base des principaux résultats issus des analyses de ces données (vision morale et stigmatisante de la maladie, maladie du dehors), deux recherches quasi-expérimentales ont été réalisées chez les futurs enseignants du primaire sur les explications et la responsabilisation d’une personne contaminée par le VIH dans des conditions socialement normées (mode de contraction, endo/exo-groupe). Les résultats montrent que les jugements à l’égard de la personne contaminée sont influencés par les représentations que les sujets ont de la maladie (contagieuse vs transmissible) et par le statut social de la personne cible (déviant, étranger). Les enjeux théoriques (dynamique sociocognitive de la responsabilisation et maladie marquée socialement) et les implications pratiques (responsabilité, VIH et prévention, formation des enseignants) de ces recherches sont discutés. / This thesis’ goal is to explore judgement formation about an HIV+ person in the sociocultural context of Greece, by implementing a psychosocial approach. We examine the social construction of responsibility of HIV through social representations, by utilising a strategy of triangulation methodology using both qualitative and quasi-experimental operations. First, we conducted a qualitative research by interviewing 40 actors involved in decision-making (politicians, state administrators, scientists, activists) chosen on the basis of their roles in the political, social and health sectors in Greece, on the topic of HIV prevention policies. Secondly, we carried out a press analysis, based on a 172 articles corpus, published in the Greek daily press (25 newspapers) over 2004, in order to understand how social communication affects construction of AIDS. Finally, two quasi-experimental researches based on the key findings of data analysis (moral and stigmatizing vision of the disease, disease of outside), were carried out among future primary school teachers on suggested explanations and responsibility’s attribution toward people infected with HIV under standardized social conditions (transmission mode, in/out group). The results show that judgments are influenced by subjects’ representations about the disease (contagious vs infectious) and social status of the target person (deviant, foreigner). The theoretical issues (socio-cognitive dynamics of responsibility attribution, socially significant disease) and practical implications (responsibility, HIV and prevention, teachers’ training) of this research are discussed.

Cette étude a cherché à explorer les significations socio-culturelles de la mort provoquée par le VIH / SIDA parmi les Abagusii du Kenya. Façonnée par l’ontologie sociale constructiviste et l’approche épistémologique, l’étude a spécifiquement cerné les significations socio-culturelles de la mort causé par le VIH / SIDA, les expériences vécues de la mort du VIH / SIDA et comment ces expériences vécues influencent l’action préventive au niveau individuel et collectif au regard du VIH/SIDA. L'étude a utilisé des données recueillies à partir d'entretiens conversationnels approfondis et de l'observation participante de 50 personnes séropositives pour le VIH qui étaient sélectionnées à travers la méthode de saturation et sélectionnées par des techniques d'échantillonnage en boule de neige et d'analyse raisonnée. Des données supplémentaires ont également été obtenues à partir de neuf informateurs clés choisis à dessein en utilisant un guide d'entretiens .Les données provenant d'entretiens approfondis et d'entretiens avec des informateurs-clés ont été enregistrées sur bande, transcrites ad verbatim et analysées thématiquement. Les résultats de l'étude ont montré qu'au niveau individuel, mourir du VIH / SIDA était une perturbation biographique, forçant ainsi les personnes infectées par le VIH à subir une réorientation existentielle en faisant de nouveaux arrangements et des quêtes pour leur nouvelle vie afin d’acquérir une sorte d’appartenance culturelle, sociale et morale à leurs réseaux sociaux culturels. Au niveau communautaire, la mort par le VIH/sida a été érigée en «mauvaise mort» par rapport aux discours traditionnels et chrétiens sur les croyances religieuses régissant la vie, la mort et l’après la vie. En conséquence, une telle mort était perçue comme une menace pour l'identité et la solidarité sociale et collective, ainsi que pour la régénération de la communauté à travers la reproduction sociale. L'étude a également révélé que les actions sociales en faveur de la mort et du décès dues au VIH / SIDA ne reposaient pas sur des connaissances biomédicales, mais plutôt sur les relations sociales en particulier les relations de parenté comme défini collectivement dans les discours moraux et sociaux de la personnalité. En conclusion, l'étude soutient que les croyances culturelles et les valeurs régissant la vie et la mort devraient être prises en compte dans la prévention du risque de VIH / SIDA dans des contextes culturels particuliers. / This study sought to explore the socio-cultural meaning of death from HIV/AIDS among the Abagusii-Kenya. Shaped by the social constructivist ontology and interpretative epistemological approach, the study specifically investigated the socio-cultural meanings of death from HIV/AIDS, the lived experiences of dying from HIV/AIDS and how lived experiences of dying and death from HIV/AIDS influence HIV/AIDS preventive action at individual and community level. The study used data collected from in-depth conversational interviews and participant observation from 50 HIV seropositive people who were arrived at through saturation method and selected through snowball and purposive sampling techniques. Augmentative data was also obtained from purposively selected nine key informants using an interview guide. Data from in-depth conversational and key informant interviews were tape recorded, transcribed ad verbatim and thematically analyzed. Findings from the study showed that at individual level, dying from HIV/AIDS was constructed as a biographical disruption, thus forcing those infected with HIV to undergo existential reorientation by making new arrangements and quests for their new life as a way of achieving a sense of cultural, social and moral belonging to their cultural social networks. At community level, death from HIV/AIDS was constructed as “bad death” in relation to traditional and Christian religious belief discourses governing life, death and after life. As a consequence, such death was perceived as a threat to the corporate social identity and solidarity, and to the regeneration of the community through social reproduction. The study further found that social actions towards dying and death from HIV/AIDS was not based on biomedical knowledge alone but on social relationships especially kinship relations as collectively defined in moral and social discourses of personhood. In conclusion, the study argues that cultural beliefs and values governing life and death should be taken into account in dealing with HIV/AIDS risk prevention in particular cultural contexts.

An increasing number of actions aimed at recovering the countryside as an active and transforming force in the agri-food field, which is known as quality turn within the international fields of study, has gained strength in recent years. In the center of the debate is the need to rethink the patterns of production, consumption and distribution of food of the modern agri-food system, recognized by the weaknesses revealed not only by food scandals, but also by social, economic, environmental, regulation and control problems. Studies emphasize the notion of an alternative food system, centralizing the characteristics of agriculture that the modern system nullifies such as the visibility of food, reconnection with the consumers and relocation. The objective of this study was to analyze and interpret the process of social construction of short circuit commerce in the city of Santiago (RS), using as reference the social practices and regulatory and cultural-cognitive frameworks previously established. This research is a case study of the commerce of fruit and vegetables. It was carried out using qualitative approach, and it was analyzed from the theoretical concepts of sociological institutionalism. Firstly, the study had an exploratory phase in order to understand the structure of the organizational field, meaningful events and organizational components. Secondly, there was an interpretative approach that aimed at understanding the process of social construction of markets by different institutional elements that provide guidance to the organizational field. It was observed that the structure of the field occurred through five simultaneous and interrelated processes: 1) cultural aspects increased interaction among agents. 2) There was a broad involvement of agents of different organizations. 3) The circuits were formed through adjustments between evaluative and cultural-cognitive institutions, which have become competitive advantages in the modern agri-food system. 4) Although the technical knowledge was scarce, it was not limiting for productive activities; and 5) the circuits had little interaction among them. The new institutionality is the historical, cultural, organizational and local policies, and it is the change that arise from professional discourse in the areas of health and nutrition informed by the press. There is an institutional change supported by five institutional factors of coordination of alternative food system: quality, reconnection with the past, territorial development, social relations and monetary value. In addition, the change is strengthened by the conditions on which the agents encounter in the formation of institutions, new institutionality. The strength of this change is supported on signs of weakening of regulative institutions of the modern agri-food system, which are subordinated to normative and cultural-cognitive influences in the alternative system. In order to contribute to the discussion of alternative agri-food systems, short circuits commerce result from social structures built in social interaction processes that were institutionalized in time, subject to change, and understood when analyzing the context of the institutional conditions in relation to other levels of the social system. / Nos últimos anos, tem ganhado força um conjunto de iniciativas que recaptura o espaço rural como uma força ativa e transformadora no campo agroalimentar, dentro do que os estudos internacionais nominam de quality turn. No centro do debate, encontra-se a necessidade de repensar os padrões de produção, consumo e distribuição dos alimentos do sistema agroalimentar moderno, reconhecidos pelas fragilidades reveladas por escândalos alimentares, mas também por problemas sociais, econômicos, ambientais, identitários e de ordem de regulação e controle. Os estudos privilegiam a noção de sistema agroalimentar alternativo, centralizando as características da agricultura que o sistema moderno torna sem efeito, dentre os quais a visibilidade dos alimentos, a reconexão com o consumidor e a relocalização. O objetivo desta tese foi analisar e interpretar o processo de construção social dos mercados de circuito curto no município de Santiago (RS), tendo como referência as práticas sociais e os marcos regulatórios, normativos e cultural-cognitivos estabelecidos. A pesquisa constituiu-se como um estudo de caso da comercialização de frutas e hortaliças, conduzido por meio da abordagem qualitativa e analisado a partir dos conceitos teóricos do neoinstitucionalismo sociológico. A pesquisa teve uma primeira fase exploratória para compreender a estruturação do campo organizacional, os acontecimentos marcantes e os componentes organizacionais. A segunda fase foi interpretativa, quando, a partir dos circuitos do Hortomercado, Orgânicos e Varejistas, buscou-se compreender o processo de construção social dos mercados pelos diferentes elementos institucionais que fornecem orientações no campo organizacional. Com o estudo percebeu-se que a estruturação do campo ocorreu por meio de cinco processos simultâneos e inter-relacionados: aspectos culturais aproximaram e aumentaram a interação entre os agentes; houve um amplo envolvimento de agentes de diferentes organizações; os circuitos se formaram por meio de ajustes entre instituições valorativas e cultural-cognitivas, que se tornaram vantagens competitivas frente ao sistema agroalimentar moderno; o conhecimento técnico, por mais que seja escasso, não foi limitador para as atividades produtivas; e os circuitos pouco interagiram entre si. As novas institucionalidades são as características históricas, culturais, organizacionais e políticas locais, mas também alterações provindas do discurso profissional das áreas da saúde e nutrição, informadas pelos veículos de comunicação. Existe uma mudança institucional apoiada por cinco fatores institucionais de coordenação do sistema agroalimentar alternativo: qualidade, reconexão com o passado, desenvolvimento territorial, relações sociais e valor monetário. Além disso, a mudança é fortalecida pelas condições sobre as quais os agentes se confrontam para a formação das instituições, as novas institucionalidades. A força dessa mudança está apoiada nos sinais de enfraquecimento das instituições regulativas do sistema agroalimentar moderno, as quais, no sistema alternativo, subordinam-se às influências normativas e cultural-cognitivas. De modo a contribuir na discussão dos sistemas agroalimentares alternativos, os mercados de circuito curto decorrem de estruturas sociais construídas em processos de interação social, institucionalizados no tempo, sujeitos a mudanças e entendidos quando analisadas as condições institucionais do contexto em relação a outros níveis do sistema social.