I min kvalitativa studie har jag genom textanalyser, intervjuer och receptionsanalys undersökt hur kvinnor och män framställs i reklam. Genom att göra denna triangulering har jag kunnat belysa forskningsfrågorna från olika håll och därför fått en tydligare helhetsbild. Syftet med uppsatsen är att öka förståelsen för om och hur, kvinnor och män könsstereotypiseras i reklam, samt hur de resonerar kring detta. Jag har även i uppsatsen undersökt om det går att urskilja mönster eller teman i hur kvinnor och män resonerar om den som könsstereotypiserats är av motsatt kön. För att undersöka forskningsfrågorna tar uppsatsen avstamp i, anmälda reklamers bedömningar som gjorts av näringslivets självreglering gällande reklam och marknadskommunikation, Reklamombudsmannen och Reklamombudsmannens opinionsnämnd. Undersökningen visar att såväl kvinnor som män, är bra på att uppfatta könsstereotypisering och görandet av kön i reklam. En av de i uppsatsen utvalda reklamerna blev inte fälld av Reklamombudsmannens opinionsnämnd, men både jag och informanter kunde identifiera könsstereotyper och könsmarkörer i den. Samtliga informanter uttryckte sig uppfatta könsstereotyper gällande både kvinnor och män, i de för uppsatsen utvalda reklamerna. Analysen visar också att individen i sig, verkar ha större betydelse för hur och om informanterna resonerar kring könsstereotypisering, än deras fysiska kön. / In my qualitative study, I examined textual analyses, interviews and reception analysis of how women and men are portrayed in advertising. By doing this triangulation, I have been able to highlight the research questions from different angles and therefore gotten a clearer general picture. The purpose of the essay is to increase understanding of whether and how, women and men are gender stereotyped in advertising and how they reason about this. I have also examined whether it is possible to distinguish patterns or themes, in how women and men reason if the gender-stereotyped is of the opposite sex. In order to analyse the research questions, the essay takes off in the assessments of notified advertisings made by industry's self-regulation regarding advertising and marketing communications, Reklamombudsmannen and Reklamombudsmannens opinionsnämnd. The survey shows that both women and men are good at perceiving gender stereotyping and the making of gender, in advertising. One of the selected advertisements was not convicted by Reklamombudsmannens opinionsnämnd, but both me and informants could identify gender stereotypes and gender markers in it. All informants expressed themselves to perceive gender stereotypes regarding both women and men, in the, for the essay chosen, advertisements. The analysis also shows that the individual itself, seems to be more important for how and if the informants reason about gender stereotyping, than their sex.

Submitted by Oliveira Santos Dilzaná (dilznana@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-07-11T18:39:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese de Gessé de Souza Silva.pdf: 2297152 bytes, checksum: 5787b0b93213b9cf2f9cafe807ad31ba (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Oliveira Santos Dilzaná (dilznana@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-07-25T15:20:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese de Gessé de Souza Silva.pdf: 2297152 bytes, checksum: 5787b0b93213b9cf2f9cafe807ad31ba (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-25T15:20:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese de Gessé de Souza Silva.pdf: 2297152 bytes, checksum: 5787b0b93213b9cf2f9cafe807ad31ba (MD5) / Esta pesquisa visou dois objetivos. O primeiro deles foi descrever compreensivamente a experiência da agressão sexual envolvendo mulheres adultas fora do espaço doméstico. O segundo, decorrente do anterior, foi analisar os processos de paralisação e/ou recomposição existencial que podem se constituir. A consecução destes objetivos exigiu a discussão em maior relevo das seguintes temáticas: a temporalidade, o corpo, a culpabilidade e o trauma. As análises são guiadas pela fenomenologia. Em especial, realizou-se uma revisão do conceito de trauma, veiculado em quatro interpretações: a psicanalítica, a psiquiátrica, a auto-terapêutica, difundida nos livros de auto-ajuda, e a do senso comum. Buscou-se apontar os limites de tais perspectivas na compreensão dos chamados “efeitos” da agressão sexual. A descrição detalhada da experiência de 14 (quatorze) mulheres violentadas na cidade de São Salvador – Bahia – e entrevistadas ao longo de três anos (2004-2006), permitiu questionar as concepções usuais do trauma. Pois estas se caracterizam: 1. pela pouca relevância dada à pesquisa dos contextos de interação social após a violência como elementos essenciais da construção de sentidos para a experiência; 2. por apresentarem uma concepção de causalidade linear, ora focada no poder traumático da violência em si mesma, ora destacando as fragilidades psicológicas dos indivíduos afetados. Ao longo da apresentação dos resultados, é definida a noção de construção social do trauma, para se referir às diversas dinâmicas sociais que dificultam ou obstaculizam a retomada do cotidiano após as agressões. Em tais processos, enfatiza-se o lugar da dimensão macrossocial ligada a questões como: a estigmatização, a radicalização do mundo da interioridade; o discurso social culpabilizante e o conseqüente bloqueio do partilhar narrativo de experiências aflitivas. Através da história de vida de três mulheres, tenta-se descrever a complexa dinâmica da normalização que envolve: o engajamento corporal em novos projetos, a construção de sentidos a partir da situação biográfica e a criatividade nas reformulações do cotidiano. This research aimed two goals: first, comprehensively describe the sexual aggression experience involving adult women out of domestic space, and second, resulting from the former, analyze the existential paralysis and/or recomposing processes that may happen in such cases. The accomplishment of both objectives required a discussion that gave emphasis to the subjects as follows: the temporality, the body, the feelings of guilty, and the trauma. The analyses were guided by the phenomenology. Primarily, a review of the trauma concept, broached in four interpretations, was carried out: the psychoanalytical, the psychiatric, the self-therapeutic (mainstream in self-help books), and the common sense. One tried to indicate the limits of such perspectives in an attempt to understand the so-called “sexual aggression effects”. The detailed description of fourteen cases of raped women living in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, result of interviews carried out for three years (2004-2006), allowed the questioning of the usual concepts of trauma. Such concepts characterize themselves by 1) give little importance to the research of contexts of social interaction after the violence as essential elements to the “making” of senses for the experience and 2) present a linear causality concept sometimes focused on the traumatic power of the violence itself, sometimes emphasizing the psychological weakness of the affected individual. Through the presentation of the results the idea of social construction of the trauma was defined in order to refer to the various social complex dynamics that impair or create obstacles to starting over their routine after the aggression. Under such circumstances, one should think of the macro-social dimension as having a relevant connection with subjects like stigmatization, inner world radicalization, guilty social speech and the consequent blockage of the afflictive experiences narrative sharing. Through three raped women’s stories one tries to describe the complex dynamics of normalization that involves “the bodily” engagement in new existential projects, the “building” of meaningfulness from the biographical situation and the creativity on reformulating the day-by-day.

Submitted by Noeme Timbo (noeme.timbo@metodista.br) on 2016-08-18T18:46:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Gustavo Moreira Zanini.pdf: 1290506 bytes, checksum: 41c7c0924876851a82287822dd335ffe (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-18T18:46:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gustavo Moreira Zanini.pdf: 1290506 bytes, checksum: 41c7c0924876851a82287822dd335ffe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / We realized that the traditional paradigms are now considered singular and dictatorial. On the other hand, sets out a new meaning whose north is the “political correctness”. Understanding the advertising as a socio-cultural product, this research is initially a bibliographic study, aimed the conceptualization and analysis of issues related to your theme. With this properly seized context, a pragmatic discourse analysis was performed on a corpus of advertisements aired between 2009 and 2014, on brazilian television through open format. Our investigation focused on the ways that elements postulated by politically correct thinking are being added to advertiser gender, in constructions of meaning. We could observe a rebuke trend of certain groups to advertising content that touch on very specific themes, with interpretations marked by a high degree of subjectivity; and what is being sought, oftentimes, through an empowerment permitted by our present context, is in fact the suppression of certain themes within the advertising communication. / Ao que se percebe, paradigmas até então vigentes passam a ser considerados singulares e ditatoriais. Em contrapartida, estabelece-se uma nova acepção, cujo norte é o pensar “politicamente correto”. Entendendo a publicidade como um produto sociocultural, essa pesquisa inicialmente é bibliográfica visando à conceituação e análise de questões inerentes ao seu tema. Com este contexto devidamente apreendido, uma análise pragmática do discurso foi realizada em um corpus de anúncios publicitários veiculados entre 2009 e 2014, no meio televisivo brasileiro de formato aberto. Nossa investigação se concentrou nos modos com que os elementos postulados pelo pensamento politicamente correto vêm sendo incorporados ao gênero publicitário em construções de sentido. Pudemos observar uma tendência de repreensão de determinados grupos a conteúdos publicitários que tocam em temáticas muito específicas, com interpretações marcadas por um alto grau de subjetividade; e o que se busca muitas vezes, através de um empoderamento permitido por nosso contexto atual, é mesmo a supressão de determinadas temáticas dentro da comunicação publicitária.

L'éducation sexuelle est d'abord culturelle, chaque culture a une définition de la sexualité qui se construit socialement et se pérennise au sein des familles. Si elle a longtemps été inexistante et silencieuse dans les familles de culture arabo-islamique, les filles de migrantes se sont vues remettre en question certains principes de leur culture d'origine et adopter une éducation sexuelle différente de celle de leur mère, alliant éducation religieuse et vision occidentale. Elles mettent en place des stratégies éducatives basées sur la quête de sens, la logique, la raison et la religion. Pour ce faire, elles transmettent une morale et se réfèrent bien souvent aux textes scripturaires pour convaincre leurs filles des bienfaits d'une sexualité axée sur la préservation. Elles insistent également sur la différence avec les « autres ». Afin d'appréhender au mieux l'éducation à la sexualité telle qu'elle a lieu dans les familles de culture arabo-islamique, notre enquête s'est étendue sur deux terrains de recherche : la France et la Kabylie. Ce choix a notamment permis de mieux saisir les évolutions à l’œuvre dans les familles françaises et de comprendre comment la trajectoire migratoire a transformé le rapport que les femmes entretiennent aux différentes formes de sexualités / Sex education is firstly cultural. Sexuality is a social construction which is being perpetuated inside families. For a long time, it has been inexistent and silent within Arab-Muslim families. Today, mothers are concerned about their culture and some principles. They adopted a new sex education, different from their mother's, combining religion and western vision. They are opting for educational strategies based on the quest of meaning, logic, reason and religion. That is why they transmit a morality and often refer to scriptural texts to convince their daughters about the benefits of a sexuality based on preservation. They insist on the “others” differences.

Cette thèse, basée sur une approche qualitative, étudie les dynamiques de la pauvreté dans la campagne égyptienne à travers le cas du village de Nazlet Salmân (gouvernorat d’Assiout, Haute Égypte). L’objectif était de comprendre la nature de ces dynamiques au niveau du groupe domestique, et d’analyser les dynamiques et les changements à plusieurs échelles (macro et micro). Le cadre théorique choisi est la construction sociale de la pauvreté. L'étude a démontré que l'identification et la définition, par les villageois, de « celui qui est pauvre » et « celui qui ne l’est pas », est constitué principalement en fonction des considérations locales, selon un ensemble de critères liés à l'accès aux ressources, aux revenus, aux dépenses et au statut social. En face, le concept de pauvreté adopté par l'État est défectueux, et malgré sa correspondance avec le concept local sur le revenu, il ne tient pas compte des ressources et se limite uniquement à la « pauvreté extrême ». La principale finalité recherchée par les pauvres est de parvenir à la « sécurité sociale », en s’appuyant sur des stratégies multiples, fondées sur la diversification des sources de revenus et d'emplois dans l'agriculture et hors agriculture, par l’émigration de travail, par l'exploitation des individus et des ressources de la famille. A chaque fois que la possession de terre disparait ou diminue pour une famille, l’instabilité et l’insécurité sociale s’accroissent. L'État a joué un rôle majeur dans l'appauvrissement des paysans à travers des politiques agricoles et des conceptions du développement qui ne correspondent pas aux besoins et aux désirs des pauvres. / This thesis is based on a qualitative approach to study the dynamic of poverty in the egyptian countryside, through the case study of the village of Nazlet Salmân, located in the Asyut governorate, in Upper Egypt. This study was initially aimed at understanding the nature of the dynamic of poverty at the level of the domestic group, and analyzed these dynamics or changes on a variety of scales (micro and macro). For this study, the social construction of poverty has been used as the theoretical framework. The study showed that the concept of poverty among the village poor is mainly based on local considerations that play a key role in the “identification and definition” of the one who is poor and the one who is not, according to a set of criteria based on the evaluation of access to resources, income, expenditure and social status. Also, the concept adopted by the State is defective, and despite the intersection with the local concept of “income”, it does not include resources, but is limited only to “extreme poverty”. The main objective sought by the poor is to achieve social stability and security. In fact it relies on multiple strategies based on the diversification of means of income and employment inside and outside the agricultural sector, the labour migration, the exploitation of both the individuals and the family resources to achieve it. Each time a family’s land disappears or diminishes, this family experiences more social instability and insecurity. The study has shown also the role the state played in the peasant’s impoverishment through its agricultural politics and its vision of development which did not meet the poor’s needs and desires.

Estudos sobre o software, que ocupa um lugar destacado dentre as tecnologias da informação, têm abordado suas atividades a partir do enfoque econômico. Tendo como objetivo alcançar uma compreensão a respeito do modo de construção de práticas estratégicas de produtores/fornecedores de software referentes aos seus produtos e/ou serviços, a nossa visada ao mercado de software é feita a partir de um enfoque econômico e social. Por isto, balizamos o estudo na busca de um entendimento a respeito da construção social deste mercado, significando uma busca de aspectos históricos relevantes sobre o seu desenvolvimento e de elementos característicos da estrutura social deste mercado. Apreendemos esta estrutura a partir da identificação de diferentes tipos de atores deste mercado, de relações de dominação existentes entre eles, de práticas estratégicas que utilizam, mobilizando diferentes espécies de capitais (p. ex.: financeiro, tecnológico, comercial, social, simbólico), e a partir da estruturação das suas ofertas, em termos de modalidades de software e serviços relacionados. Utilizamos como referencial teórico a Sociologia Econômica, a Teoria dos Campos, Estratégia como Prática e Capacidades Dinâmicas. Para as análises da pesquisa utilizamos múltiplas fontes de evidências e diferentes métodos, como observação participante, pesquisa histórica e estudo de caso, combinados num desenho de pesquisa onde cada etapa procura subsídios nos resultados das anteriores. Adotamos como estratégia de pesquisa, análises no nível macro, da construção e da estrutura social do mercado de software, e análises no nível micro, de práticas estratégicas de empresas posicionadas do lado da demanda e do lado da oferta de software, com um estudo de caso no mercado de software para imobiliárias. Dentre os resultados da pesquisa está a identificação de práticas estratégicas de empresas de software, que agrupamos em categorias como “incorporação de inovação”, “desenvolvimento de produto”, “licenciamento de uso”, “prestação de serviços de suporte técnico e manutenção” e “comercialização de software produto”. Foi possível estabelecer vinculações destas práticas com elementos da estrutura social do campo pesquisado, particularmente com as relações de dominação. / Scientific studies on software, which occupy a notorious place in the field of information technology, approach their activities from an economic perspective. Aiming to reach an understanding on how to build strategic practices for producers /suppliers of software, vis-à-vis products and/or services, the target software market is, therefore, seen from an economic and social focus. This work was framed to foster comprehension on the social construction of this market, leading to an investigation of its relevant historical aspects and the main characteristics of its social structure. Such structure is acknowledged from the identification of different types of actors in this market as well as the power relations between them which, through their strategic practices, mobilize different kinds of capital (e.g.: financial, technological, commercial, social, and symbolic). It also focuses on their framework of offers regarding their types of software and related services. The theoretical focal point is on the Economic Sociology, the Theory of Fields, Strategy as Practice and the Dynamic Capabilities. Multiple sources of evidence and different methods were used in the analysis of this survey, such as participant observation, historical research and case study, combined with a research design in which each step of the search results from previous outcomes. The search strategy used included analyses at the macro level, of social construction and social structure of the software market, as well as analyses at the micro level of strategic practices of companies placed on the software demand and supply sides, with a study case in the software market for real estate. Among the results of the research is the identification of strategic practices of software companies, which grouped into categories such as "incorporation of innovation", "product development", "license of use", "provision of technical support and maintenance" and "software product marketing". It was possible to establish connections between these practices and the elements of the social structure of this field researched, particularly with the relations of domination.

Esta dissertação aborda o tema ‘cadeias agroalimentares curtas’. As dificuldades econômicas vividas pelos agricultores familiares nas últimas décadas os têm feito reagir por meio de iniciativas que comportam produção, processamento e comercialização de alimentos diferenciados a partir de agroindústrias artesanais familiares. O estudo analisa o processo de construção social das iniciativas de produção, industrialização e comercialização de produtos alimentares da agricultura familiar no município de Nova Veneza, sul de Santa Catarina, buscando identificar fatores históricos e conjunturais que contribuíram para seu desenvolvimento. A partir das cadeias do queijo, da farinha de milho e do vinho foi analisado o papel das organizações e, em especial, de que forma instituições como a Epagri e a Prefeitura Municipal têm interagido com esse processo no município. Também foi analisada a relação das cadeias alimentares curtas com os mercados e como formas de organização coletiva têm reconectado consumidores e produtores. Finalizou-se o trabalho analisando a motivação dos consumidores ao optarem por produtos da agricultura familiar e as implicações dos mercados de produtos com qualidade diferenciada para o desenvolvimento local. Para compreender o objeto de estudo, buscou-se uma combinação entre as noções teóricas da construção social de mercados e a perspectiva orientada aos atores. Os procedimentos metodológicos utilizados no estudo de caso foram levantamento de dados por meio de pesquisa semiestruturada, observação e análise de dados secundários. As conclusões do trabalho apontam que cadeias agroalimentares curtas se caracterizam por novas formas de desenvolvimento rural, porém, apesar de seu viço, apresentam fragilidades e dependem da ação dos atores, especialmente do poder público, comprometendo-se com a regulação de mercados e processos de mediação qualificados. A expansão e a consolidação das cadeias agroalimentares curtas depende da construção da governança. / This thesis addresses the issue of short food supply chains to rural development. The economic difficulties experienced by farmers in recent decades have reacted through initiatives that include production, processing and marketing of different foods from small family agribusinesses. The study analyzes the social construction of production initiatives, industrialization and marketing of food from family farms in the municipality of Nova Veneza, south of Santa Catarina, Brazil, seeking to identify historical and situational factors that contributed to its development. From the chains of cheese, corn flour and wine, I analyzed the role of organizations and in particular, how institutions like Epagri and municipal government have interacted with this process in the municipality. I also analyzed the relationship between short food supply chains with markets and how various forms of collective organization have reconnected producers and consumers. The study concludes by analyzing the motivation of consumers to choose products from family farms and the implications of product markets with differentiated quality for local development. To understand the object of study proposed a combination of the theoretical notions of social construction of markets and the actor-oriented approach. The methodological procedures used in the case study were secondary data analysis, data collection through semi-structured research and observation. The conclusions of the study indicate that short food supply chains are characterized by new forms of rural development. However, in despite of its vigor, it presents weaknesses and depends on the action of the actors, especially the government itself to the regulation of markets and skilled mediation processes. The expansion and consolidation of short food supply chains depends on the understanding and construction of the notion governance.

O presente trabalho investigou os principais fatores que levaram parte dos pequenos comerciantes do varejo alimentar a construírem redes de cooperação, a influência destas organizações na estruturação dos varejos locais e as repercussões destes processos sobre os produtores e a produção local de hortigranjeiros (FLV). Buscou-se na sociologia econômica, em especial na desenvolvida por Pierre Bourdieu e Neil Fligstein, a teoria e os conceitos básicos para a análise do fenômeno do surgimento destas organizações no contexto da construção social dos mercados locais de alimentos. Através deste arcabouço teórico estudouse como as disposições dos atores do pequeno varejo são condicionadas pelo campo do varejo local, bem como a forma como as suas práticas também influenciam a estruturação destes espaços. A pesquisa empírica é composta por dois estudos de caso no Rio Grande do Sul: o campo do varejo de Santa Maria, na região central do estado, onde foram estudas as redes de cooperação Rede Super e a Unimercados; e o campo do varejo de Santa Rosa, situada na região noroeste do estado, onde foi estudada a rede de cooperação CNS. Além das redes, foram estudados os principais atores com os quais elas se relacionam, no caso os supermercados Carrefour e a empresa supermercadista Rede Vivo, ambas concorrentes das redes de Santa Maria; e as organizações dos agricultores que fornecem FLV para as redes e outras empresas, APRHOROSA (associação de produtores de FLV de Santa Rosa) e a Coopercedro (cooperativa de produtores de FLV de Santa Maria). Entre as conclusões do trabalho está a confirmação da importância da teoria sobre a construção social dos mercados para revelar a transformação das disposições dos atores e as suas causas, bem como a influência das mudanças no comportamento dos mesmos nas relações entre varejo e fornecedores, com destaque para os produtores locais. A invasão dos varejos locais por grandes cadeias supermercadistas condicionou os pequenos varejistas que apresentavam disposição para participar do jogo do varejo a organizarem-se em redes a fim de conseguirem preservar suas posições estruturais. Os que não tinham tal disposição, bem como os que não contavam com recursos (capital) para enfrentar as pressões do campo de poder, tornaram-se marginalizados. Quanto a quem são os construtores das redes, concluiu-se que se tratam de pequenos comerciantes dinâmicos, que não têm habitus de comerciantes tradicionais, mas de comerciantes sintonizados com as transformações do campo. Uma segunda conclusão importante é a de que o pequeno varejo que emerge com as redes é plenamente integrado às regras e à cultura dos varejos locais em que participam, tanto nas práticas de relacionamento com os concorrentes, quanto com os fornecedores. Por outro lado, o pequeno varejo tradicional e as feiras livres se enfraquecem na medida em que tentam sobreviver disputando o mesmo espaço das redes, porém com práticas defasadas. Por fim, quanto à questão central da tese referente à inserção dos agricultores familiares no varejo estruturado moderno, concluiu-se que eles necessitam acima de tudo fortalecer-se nas relações de poder, o que envolve agregação de capitais comercial, tecnológico, cultural, simbólico e principalmente social. Desta forma eles podem ser reinseridos no mercado e a trajetória a partir de então tende a transformar seu habitus, lentamente, como ocorreu com os pequenos comerciantes varejistas na sua trajetória na construção do varejo local com a rede. / The present work investigates the main factors what drove some of small retailer’s merchant of food retail to create cooperation networks. Besides, it investigates also the influence of these organizations as they structure local retails furthermore the repercussions of these processes over the producers and the local fresh fruits and vegetables production (FLV). It was examined in the economical sociology; especially the one developed by Pierre Bourdieu and Neil Fligstein, the theory and the basic concepts for the phenomenon analysis of these organizations appearance in the social construction context of foods their local markets. Through this theoretical outline it was studied how the actors dispositions of small retail are conditioned by the local retail field, as well as the way how their practices also influence these spaces organization. The empiric research is composed by two case studies in Rio Grande do Sul state: first, the Santa Maria's retail field, in the state central area, where it was studied the cooperation networks such as Rede Super and Unimercados; second, the Santa Rosa's retail field, located in the northwest area of the state, where it was studied the CNS cooperation network. Besides the networks, it was studied as well, the main actors what they are connected with, in this case: firstly, Carrefour and Rede Vivo companies, both competitors of Santa Maria's networks; secondly, the farmer's organizations what supply fresh fruits and vegetables to the networks, and also to other companies such as: APRHOROSA (producer's association of fresh fruits and vegetables of Santa Rosa) and Coopercedro (producer's cooperative of fresh fruits and vegetables of Santa Maria). It is among the conclusions of this work the confirmation of the importance about market's social construction theory to reveal the transformation of the actor's (small retailer's merchant and suppliers) dispositions and their causes, as well as the influence of changes in the behavior of these actors in the relationships between retail and suppliers, emphasizing the local producers. The invasion of the local retails by big supermarket chains has conditioned the small retailer's merchant who presented willingness to participate of the retail game; they organized themselves in networks in order to preserve their structural position. Not only the ones who did not have such willingness, but also the ones who did not reckon upon resources (capital) to face the pressures of power field, they became marginalized. As first main conclusion about who the networks builders are, showed as consequence that it is about small dynamic merchants, who do not have traditional merchants habit, but, in fact, they are merchants tuned with the transformations of the field. As second important conclusion, is the one the small retail which emerges together with the networks is fully integrated to local retails rules and culture in which they participate, not only in the relationship practices with the competitors, but also with the suppliers. On the other hand, the small traditional retail and the open air markets weaken as they try to survive disputing the same space with the networks, however with delayed practices. Finally, concerning to the central subject matter of this paper regarding the family farmers' insert in the structured and modern retail, it is concluded they need, above all, to strengthen themselves about power relationships, what involve commercial, technological, cultural, symbolic and mainly social aggregation of capitals. This way they can be reinserted in the market and the path starting from then tends to transform their habit, slowly, similarly it has happened to the small retailer's merchant in their path to the construction of the local retail with the network.

Industrial and Organisational Psychology / (D.Litt. et Phil. (Industrial Psychology))

xi, 246 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / This dissertation focuses on Latin American survivors of political violence and the staff members involved with one of the few torture treatment centers in the US. Relying primarily on life histories and semi-structured interviews, my research focuses on the social construction of suffering (Kleinman et al. 1997) created by the staff and participants over the course of three different eras of the center. While the clients of this center lead lives that are tremendously impacted by the violent histories of their home countries, they do so while living in a country where this history is almost completely invisible. As exiles, they are removed from the arena of collective memory reflected in debates in postwar transitional Latin American societies about the meaning of the past, the reasons for their suffering, and the need for historical truth. Consequently, I examine the torture treatment center as one arena where this history and the suffering of survivors is acknowledged. As such, I argue that the staff serves as a critical social network--indeed, perhaps the only one--that influences the individual interpretations, narratives, and actions of survivors about the meaning of trauma, the importance of the past, and how one best heals from violence. First, I illustrate how the biographies of staff shape their involvement with the center and the meaning the center has for them, which, in turn, leads to both the promise and predicaments of their work for social change. Second, this research illustrates the diverse forms that trauma can take and argues for a connection among structural, transitional, and political violence. Third, I explore how the meaning attributed to trauma and the past shapes notions held by the center's staff and participants regarding how one best heals from trauma. Throughout the exploration of these themes, my work identifies the presence of certain discourses and the absence of others--the frictions and fragments occurring in engagements between social service networks and those they serve (Tsing 2005)--that reflect the possibilities for and limitations of individual healing and collective change and that make this center a "fragile community." / Advisers: Dr. Lynn Stephen, Co-Chair; Dr. Philip Young, Co-Chair