<p>The purpose of this essay has been to compare different constitutions, and their outlook on citizenship, rights, obligations and natural duty. This has been done in the light of the political philosophy, in order to give the answer to four questions. These questions are: Which rights and obligations can be seen in the constitutions, and how can it be interpreted. Can there be signs of any political philosophy in the constitutions?  Are there any differences between the constitutions regarding citizenship, rights, obligations and natural duty? If so, what are the differences? Can the rights be seen in a further extent than the obligations in the constitutions?</p><p>I have conducted a qualitative comparision study and analyzed the political philosophers and made a classification scheme of their views. Further I made a comparison between the constitutions of the countries, and their view on citizenship, rights, obligations and natural duty. This was later inflicted in to the classification scheme, to see if the countries could fit in to the political philosophers views, and also to find out if there would be any differences in values between the countries constitutions.</p><p>To bind together the outlook on citizenship, rights, obligations and natural duty between the citizen and the state, I have used a social contract theory, to get better understanding regarding the relationship between the legal system and the citizen.</p><p>My conclusions of this essay is that the political philosophers views of citizenship, rights, obligations and natural duty was sometimes similar, but the differences were clear in the light of the classification scheme. The countries constitutions were also similar, but I found that the constitutions could fit in different places in the classification scheme, giving the result that citizenship and rights, were important in all of the constitutions, but obligations and natural duty was not.</p>

Abstract The purpose of our thesis was to comprehend how organizations approach the Corporate Social Contract that exists between them and society. The empirical data was gathered to reflect a comprehension of the Corporate Social Contract as a whole and as the product of its components, i.e.: Corporate Social Responsibility and Reciprocity. Other concepts interconnected with our main topic were also used in order to better comprehend the concept of Corporate Social Contract as well as our interpretations of the collected empirical data. These interconnected concepts were Corporate Sustainability, Corporate Citizenship, Shared Value, and Willingness to Pay.   The research work was approached from the qualitative standpoint. Considering that the perspective of our thesis was an organizational one, we approached 5 organizations within which to conduct interviews on the stated topic. Our aim was merely to understand the organizational perspective and approach to the concept of Corporate Social Contract, not to compare these perspectives and approaches.   Each of the chosen organizations met certain basic criteria mentioned in our work that permitted us to include them in our sample. The thesis’ conclusion reflected various organizational approaches towards Corporate Social Contract from the angle of Corporate Social Responsibility as well as varying perspectives on, and expectations of, society’s reciprocity. The study has shown that our view of the equal importance of the concepts of CSR and Reciprocity, within the framework of CSC fulfillment, is an under investigated area in both academics and in the practical business world. This has also been supported by our interviewees’ view on expectations, placed on society, as an implicit area in their organizations’ policies. Through our study we have uncovered practical reasons as to why CSC cannot be fulfilled all the time, how expectations between both organizations and society differ from project to project, and the importance of societal reciprocity in the aim of CSC fulfillment. And thus, through our study, we endeavor to comprehend how organizations fulfill the CSC and how they view society’s attempts to fulfill its end of the contract.   As a result of our work, future students and researchers stand to gain insights into the mentalities of organizations that hail from different industries and are based in different parts of the world. Future students and researchers could also derive their own interpretations of our respondents words based on the culture prevalent in the country in which the respondents are based. Apart from this, one can note that the respondents were also from a range of departments and their professionally skewed perspective on our topic makes for an interesting contribution to those seeking insights into our topic and those interlinked.   Key Words: Corporate Social Contract, Corporate Social Responsibility, Reciprocity, Corporate Sustainability, Corporate Citizenship, Shared Value, and Willingness to Pay.

With the extant work on civil war duration as a starting point, this project uses the Ugandan case to identify and address theoretical aporias in our existing understanding of the determinants of duration. The vast majority of existing work begins with the assumption that the rebel force is the determining factor in the duration of conflict. Challenging this assumption, I argue that civil war duration should be understood as a function of the calculations made by both the rebel units and the established state, a dynamic that has implications for the way in which we think of the preferences of the state. Finally, that incentive structures exist, given the nature of post-colonial states that lower the utility of peace for elected leadership and reduce their willingness to provide peace as a collective good to the broader population as civil war can be used as one of Jeffrey Herbst’s buffer mechanisms.

This study mainly investigates the reason of living in civil society, the motives of people to live under the government and necessity of commonwealth by design to live in peace based on modern social contract theories of Hobbes and Locke. Hobbes has a decisive role for developing a western political thought and Locke goes a step further to put superiority of the community and latitude of thought in his theory. In order to examine these topics, similarities of both philosophers in terms of their effort on setting free political thoughts from medieval world view, and their differentiations regarding considerations on human nature, desires and rights of men, formation of the society and the role of government are focused on.

The aim of this study is to make a comparison between Rousseau&rsquo / s and Kant&rsquo / s theory of justice. This thesis defends the arguments of Rousseau&rsquo / s democratic political theory against the claims raised by Kant. Rousseau and Kant formulate how to relieve the tension between individual and society. This tension is the one between individual and political freedom. Rousseau calls it the tension between moral and political freedom and Kant terms it as internal and external freedom. However, Rousseau ensures continuity between two concepts of freedom, whereas Kant seems inconsistent. The main argument of this thesis is that the critical potential of Rousseau&rsquo / s notion of the social contract is jeopardized by Kant&rsquo / s Idea of original contract in which the sovereign authority is taken away from people since Rousseau&rsquo / s notion of the social contract turns into Idea of original contract in Kant&rsquo / s theory of justice. In this regard, this thesis particularly seeks to answer the question of what constitutes the legitimacy of the contract in their theory of justice.

I use a brand of social contract theory derived from David Gauthier to delimit precisely what might be permissible in the methods of conception and gestation of a child. More specifically, Gauthier posits a rule that is supposed to govern behavior among individuals prior to but in anticipation of the rise of social interaction. I argue that this rule can be appropriately applied to the interactions between a parent and her unborn child. I review other social contract models in an effort to show that Gauthier's is preferable to these. I also address other accounts concerned with parental obligations to the unborn, to see how these fare against Gauthier's. I conclude that, because of its breadth of applicability, as well as its plausibility, Gauthier's model is a powerful force for guiding us through these issues.

This thesis will try to combine shareholder ownership of a company with the notion of viewing thecompany as a social contract.Even if viewing the company as a social contract is usually considered to be part of the stakeholdertheory this view is not incompatible with the shareholder centred approaches.Through motivating the social contract view of businesses and discussion the advantages ofadopting a shareholder centred approach to company ownership this thesis will form the basis of asocial contract that would be agreed by the shareholders of the company. A part of this paper will also be dedicated to discussing how the shareholders could change the current companies to reflectmore closely on the contract they would initially have agreed on.

This thesis mainly concerns the concept of social contract with the selected authors. First, I deal with various authors and their concepts, then focuses on their comparison. This thesis has a politico-ethical character. The selected authors are Thomas Hobbes and his "Leviathan, or substance, form and power of the state ecclesiastical and political," and John Locke "Second Treatise on Government", Baruch Spinoza and his "Political debate" and "Theological-political treatise," and finally, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and his work "The social contract."

The present dissertation takes as object of its central study the liberty theme based on the work of the philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau. The dissertation tackles it from the descriptions the author undertakes from the natural liberty, that is to say, the man considered toward himself and his fellows , the man toward social ties, and considered under the perspective of an ideal society of free citizens, just as it is presented in the social contract. The dissertation demonstrates the undertaken research in three moments: the first clarifies the thesis of Rousseau according to what it says the men is born free end the liberty is distinctive from the human being, and of that the man can ever dispose, the second demonstrates the descriptions of Rousseau about the conflicts between the natural liberty and the relation into the societies that were constituted in the line of the sociability, finally, it demonstrates the reflections of Rousseau about the conventional liberty , that is to say, the way that the author solves , at least from a normative point of view, the conflict between nature and society through an contract that preserves the individual as well as the public liberty. The matter is to know the author justify the institutionalization of this liberty and the presumption is that it is ensured by law. Even though the liberty theme is in the Rousseau work as a whole, the examined main texts in this search were: Speech about the origin and the fundaments of inequality among men, Emilio and From The Social contract. / A presente dissertação toma como objeto de estudo central o tema da liberdade na obra do pensador Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Aborda-o a partir das descrições que o autor empreende da liberdade natural, ou seja, o homem considerado em relação a si mesmo e aos seus semelhantes ; o homem em relação aos vínculos sociais, e considerado sob a perspectiva de uma sociedade ideal de cidadãos livres, tal qual é apresentada no Contrato social. A dissertação expõe a pesquisa empreendida em três momentos: o primeiro esclarece a tese de Rousseau segundo a qual o homem nasce livre e a liberdade é distintiva do humano e dela ele jamais pode abrir mão; o segundo expõe as descrições de Rousseau dos conflitos entre a liberdade natural e as relações presentes nas sociedades que se constituíram nos percursos da sociabilidade; por fim, apresenta as considerações de Rousseau acerca da liberdade convencional , ou seja, o modo com que o autor resolve , pelo menos de um ponto de vista normativo, o conflito entre natureza e sociedade através de um pacto que preserve tanto a liberdade individual quanto pública. A questão está em saber como o autor justifica a institucionalização desta liberdade e a suposição é que ela é assegurada pela lei. Embora o tema da liberdade esteja presente no conjunto da obra de Rousseau, os textos principais examinados nessa investigação foram: Discurso sobre a origem e os fundamentos da desigualdade entre os homens, Emílio e Do Contrato social.

O objetivo deste trabalho é conduzir um estudo sobre o tema da legitimidade do Estado civil no Contrato Social de Jean-Jacques Rousseau, por meio da análise da construção e do desenvolvimento de sua teoria política, bem como dos principais conceitos a ela inerentes. / The objective of this work is to focus the theme of legitimacy of the civil State on Jean-Jacques Rousseau´s Social Contract, analyzing the construction and development of his political theory, as well as his most important concepts related with it.