Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2018-02-14T15:41:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 André do Nascimento Corrêa_.pdf: 2745831 bytes, checksum: a75bf29c47c0a672368431a08a1a09d3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-14T15:41:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 André do Nascimento Corrêa_.pdf: 2745831 bytes, checksum: a75bf29c47c0a672368431a08a1a09d3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-11 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho tem por finalidade analisar as configurações sociais da localidade de Caçapava, região situada no sul do Brasil. Neste sentido, o foco dessa análise está nos domicílios e nas questões que permeiam a escravidão em Caçapava. Para isso, contamos com alguns documentos centrais para esta pesquisa, tais como: uma lista de fogos do ano de 1830 e todos os inventários entre 1821 a 1850. Para termos outras esferas desta análise social, agregamos os inventários do cartório de Órfãos e Ausentes, catalogados pelo APERS, entre 1851 a 1871, como também todas as cartas de liberdade cartoriais entre 1835 a 1871. Desta maneira, a pesquisa se estende de 1821 a 1871. Neste sentido, buscamos caracterizar os habitantes da localidade, assim como o processo entre a escravidão e liberdade que estavam inseridos neste contexto, apresentando quais eram as formas que os escravizados tinham para alcançar a liberdade. Fizemos uma análise econômica para entender como os agentes sociais presentes nas documentações analisadas se inseriam nesse processo. Com isso, é possível visualizar o tamanho das unidades de produção e caracterizá-las segundo seu tamanho. De tal forma, os dados presentes em alguns dos documentos citados nos possibilitam compreender como esta localidade se organizava. Para isso, utilizamos como metodologia os princípios da história serial, quantitativa e qualitativa. / This work aims at analyzing some social configurations of the locality of Caçapava, a region located in the south of Brazil. In this sense, the focus of this analysis is on the domiciles and issues that pervade slavery in Caçapava. For this purpose, we can rely on some fundamental documents for this research, such as: a list of fires of the year 1830 and all inventories between 1821 and 1850. To include other aspects of this social analysis, we added the inventories of the registry of Orphans and Absentees, cataloged by the APERS, between 1851 and 1871, as well as all the letters of freedom of registry between 1835 and 1871. In this way, the research extends from 1821 to 1871. In this sense, we seek to characterize the inhabitants of the locality, as well as the process between the slavery and freedom that were inserted in this context, showing the ways in which the enslaved had to achieve their freedom. We did an economic analysis, to understand how the social agents present in the analyzed documents were inserted in this process, to enable us to visualize the size of the units of production and characterize them according to their size. Thus, the data presented in some of the cited documents, allow us to understand how this locality was organized. We have, therefore, applied as methodology the principles of serial, quantitative and qualitative history.

Efetuamos uma aproximação (nem tanto exaustiva, mas buscando certos fundamentos e dissensões em cada caso) entre a enorme produção da sociologia francesa sobre o tema juventude e o aumento mais recente dos debates e publicações nesse domínio de pesquisa no Brasil. Muitas questões adensaram-se diante de nós, o que contribuiu para delinearmos o passo seguinte da investigação: o fortalecimento de um paradigma individualista em segmentos da sociologia, significativamente atrelado às manifestações juvenis contemporâneas. A partir de dois estudos de caso realizados no estado de Goiás, com vinte jovens de classes populares, destacamos, contudo, que, em se tratanto de sociedades mais hierarquizadas, como a brasilera, cujos processos históricos mais específicos forjaram, nos meandros da lei, das instituições e das percepções sociais, uma modalidade específica de indivíduo, o indivíduo restrito, pautada em um conceito igualmente estreito de cidadania, é necessário ponderar os problemas e as dificuldades de se limitar a análise sociológica aos artefatos subjetivos, sob o risco de se perder de vista a interdependência imanente entre o todo e as partes. Para isso, concentramos a reflexão nas vicissitudes do mercado de trabalho, seus antigos e novos percalços, sua configuração mais recente em cada contexto. Essa dimensão, central quando se trata das novas gerações, expõe mais diretamente os conflitos sociais prementes, forçando outras considerações sobre as trajetórias biográficas, opiniões, experiências e percepções individuais. Por essa via, pensamos ser possível, então, expor os nexos entre os inúmeros indivíduos, com vistas a compreender e a problematizar a intricada paisagem encoberta pela reclusão analítica nas unidades sociais. / We approach (not so exhaustively, but looking for some fundations and divisions in each case) the massive production of French sociology on \"youth\" and the latest increase of debates and publications in this field of research in Brazil. Many questions thickened in front of us, which helped to shape the next step of the research: the strengthening of an \"individualistic\" paradigm in segments of sociology significantly linked to juvenile contemporary manifestations. From two case studies conducted in the state of Goiás, with twenty young people from lower social classes, we emphasize, however, that it is necessary to consider the problems and the difficulties in limiting the sociological analysis to the subjective artifacts, at the risk of losing sight of the inherent interdependence between \"whole\" and \"parts\". And this especially for the case of more hierarchical societies, such as Brazil, which forged in its specific historical processes (demonstrated by the intricacies of the law, institutions and social perceptions) a kind of \"individual\", the individual restricted, according to an equally strict concept of \"citizenship\". For this, we focus the discussion on the vicissitudes of the labor market, its ancient and new obstacles and its latest configuration in each context. This dimension (central in dealing with new generations) reveals more directly the main social conflicts, forcing further considerations on the biographical trajectories, opinions, experiences and individual perceptions. In this way, we can then expose the nexus among individuals, in order to understand and discuss the intricate landscape shrouded by imprisonment in the analysis of social units.

Hierarchical or asymmetrical power relationships among states have long been a focus of scholarly attention (e.g., asymmetrical alliances, trade dependencies). While the "power to hurt" is one expression of power, an alternative approach is to gain and exercise authority, or "rightful rule." One of the major impediments to the study of social concepts such as authority or legitimacy, however, is in their informal or intangible nature. This dissertation uses game theoretic and latent variable approaches to capture informal, social authority relationships, or social hierarchies, among international states and explores the effects of these hierarchies on security and economic behavior. I posit that states adopt one of two social roles--that of a dominant or a subordinate. Each subordinate chooses a degree of autonomy that it is willing to cede to the dominant in exchange for a corresponding degree of protection. Ranging from complete autonomy to complete control, these dyadic bargains make up a social international hierarchy. This hierarchy affects the relationships between each subordinate and the dominant, as well as the relationships among subordinates. In the security realm, the probability of conflict initiation is inversely related to the degree of subordination. When conflict does occur, dominants are more likely to intervene when the target is located at a higher position in the dominant's social hierarchy than the aggressor state. Economically, the probability that a state enacts illiberal policies is inversely related to its degree of subordination. Moreover, more subordinated states face a lower risk of economic sanction than states located lower in the hierarchy, even for similar illiberal actions. Empirical analysis of states within the US hierarchy (1950-2000) and UK hierarchy (1870-1913) using strategic probit models supports these theoretical predictions.

Title from title page of PDF (University of Missouri--St. Louis, viewed March 8, 2010). Includes bibliographical references.

One of the major costs of group living is increased competition due to social information. Social information allows foragers to gain information about the location and the quality of food patches from observing other group members. Ultimately, this allows social foragers to use resources more efficiently. However, the distribution and quality of food varies both spatially and temporally and social information may result in aggregations of foragers around favourable food patches when they are available. This results in individuals of various dominance ranks aggregating around food resources and competing for food. In order to understand how dominance and patch quality interact to determine foraging behaviour, various foraging models have been created. In particular, producer-scrounger social foraging models are used to understand foraging behaviour and patch choice under competitive conditions. In producer scrounger games, individuals can either find their own food patches (produce) or join other individuals at food patches (scrounge). This study focused on how the combination of patch holder dominance status and patch quality interacts to influence patch joining decisions by scroungers. According to producer-scrounger models scroungers only join patches held by subordinate individuals. However, I found that a scrounger will join any patch as long as the patch holder is not within the top five most ranked individuals in the herd. However, as patch quality increased, fewer of the top ranked patch holders were avoided at each patch quality. This suggests that foraging is a trade-off between the costs of an aggressive interaction and the benefits gained from each patch. Behavioural titrations found that the initial density of food at a patch needs to be 2.3 times greater for a scrounger to feed from the next dominant patch holder. At high patch qualities there was a threshold point where patch quality became the driving force behind patch joining decisions and no patch holders were avoided, no matter their dominance status. Scroungers that fed from the top ranked patch holders had the same intake rate when compared with feeding with subordinate patch holders. This could be due to an increased level of vigilance by the scrounger in order to avoid an aggressive interaction with the dominant patch holder. However, scrounger’s intake rate increased when they fed from dominant patch holders that were not the top ranked herd members. This suggests that only the top ranked herd members are aggressive enough to prevent scrounging attempts. A novel discovery of this study was that although the goats formed a linear dominance hierarchy, they did not forage in accordance with it, with lower ranking individuals avoiding dominant patch holders. This suggest that in social herbivores dominance hierarchies are not maintained to determine who has priority access to food. This study shows that even large differences in dominance are not sufficient enough to prevent scrounging decisions and only the top ranked patch holders have the ability to prevent joining attempts. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2011.

abstract: This paper is seeking to use exploratory factor analysis to construct a numeric representation of Hill Collin's matrix of domination. According to Hill Collins, the Current American matrix of domination, or the interlocking systems of oppression, includes race, gender, class, sexual orientation, religion, immigration status, disability, and age. The study uses exploratory factor analysis to construct a matrix of domination scale. The study launched an on-line survey (n=448) that was circulated through the social network Facebook to collect data. Factor analysis revealed that the constructed matrix of domination represents an accurate description of the current social hierarchy in the United States. Also, the constructed matrix of domination was an accurate predictor of the probability of experiencing domestic abuse according to the current available statistics. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.A. Social Justice and Human Rights 2011

Le cerveau humain n'est pas seul face au monde. Il nait, grandit et vieillit, entouré par d'autres cerveaux qui poursuivent des buts similaires aux siens : survivre et s'accomplir. Dans cette quête, le cerveau humain apprend tôt l'immense valeur de la coopération et de la mise en commun des compétences, dont le total excède presque toujours la somme des parties. S'élever au-dessus de la nature, la comprendre et la maitriser ; ensemble. Mais la nature du cerveau est d'être égoïste, car ses subtiles machineries n'ont pas été sélectionnées par l'évolution pour permettre la perpétuation d'autres gènes que ceux qu'il porte en lui. Si l'émergence de la conscience constitue peut-être une promesse d'affranchissement vis-à-vis de cette contrainte en lui permettant de se conformer à des valeurs morales ou spirituelles, une multitude de mécanismes inconscients ou préconscients veillent à empêcher qu'autrui n'entrave l'accomplissement de sa finalité biologique. Lorsque deux individus visent une ressource indivisible, telles que les faveurs sexuelles d'un tiers, et plus généralement quand la possibilité du partage est supprimée par une urgence homéostatique qui réveille l'égoïsme tapi au fond de leurs natures, la coopération laisse place à la compétition sociale. C'est alors une affaire de compétence, de motivation et peut-être, de chance. Qu'il prenne la forme d'une lutte à mort, d'une guerre de mots, ou d'un simple combat de regards, ce conflit se résout dans un double évènement – la victoire de l'un et la défaite de l'autre – qui constitue la brique élémentaire de toute hiérarchie sociale biologique. L'issue d'un conflit social est avant tout une information, qui en dit long au perdant sur sa capacité à poursuivre ses buts en présence de l'autre. Son cerveau apprend qu'au milieu de cette nature qu'il peut espérer maitriser, il existe un autre cerveau qui peut le maitriser, lui. Ainsi, les hiérarchies sociales biologiques sont avant tout des hiérarchies de contrôle. Contrôle de certains individus par d'autres individus, auquel s'associent la préséance de certains buts sur d'autres et probablement une vulnérabilité variable face à certaines maladies mentales et somatiques. Les neurosciences sociales commencent seulement à se pencher sur la manière dont les informations relative aux hiérarchies sociales et aux conflits interindividuels est perçue, traitée et intégrée par le cerveau humain. A ce jour, seules quelques publications pionnières – poursuivant souvent des objectifs différents du notre – ont jeté les premières lumières sur les mécanismes neurobiologiques qui permettent à un être humain d'évaluer le niveau de contrôle ou le rang hiérarchique dont disposent ou pourraient disposer les autres individus de son groupe social. Dans cette thèse, nous exposons un certain nombre de résultats expérimentaux qui apportent chacun un éclairage nouveau sur les bases cérébrales des processus de hiérarchisation et de compétition sociales. Tout d'abord, l'utilisation de l'imagerie par résonance magnétique fonctionnelle (IRMf) nous a permis de localiser les processus impliqués dans l'apprentissage des aptitudes compétitives qui accompagne l'expérience des victoires et des défaites sociales. Cette première étude ayant entre autres mis en exergue l'importance du cortex préfrontal dorsomédian pour cet apprentissage « par renforcement » des relations de dominance sociale, nous avons ensuite utilisé la stimulation électrique transcranienne directe pour révéler le rôle causal joué par cette structure dans la régulation des comportements de compétition sociale... [etc] / The humain brain is not facing the world alone. It grows and ages, surrounded by other brains which pursue goals similar to his owns: survive and achieve. In this quest, the human brain soon learns the great value of cooperating and uniting competences, whose whole is almost always greater than the sum of the parts. Standing above nature, understanding it and mastering it ; together. But the nature of the brain is to be selfish, because its subtle machinery was not selected by evolution to allow others’ genes to spread, but only the ones it carries itself. While the emergence of consciousness may well constitute a promise of freeing from this heritage by allowing the compliance with moral and spiritual values, a myriad of unconscious or preconscious mechanisms make sure that others do not hinder the achievement of its biological ends. When two individuals desire an indivisible resource – such as the sexual favors from a third party – and more generally when the possibility of sharing is made impossible by a homeostatic urgency, latent egoisms wake up and social competition appears at the expense of cooperation. Then, it becomes a matter of competence, motivation and chance maybe. Be it a struggle to death, a war of words or a gaze fight, this conflict ends up with a double-event – one’s victory and other’s defeat – which constitute the core building block of any biological social hierarchy. The outcome of a social conflict is first information, which speaks volumes about the ability of the loser to pursue his own goals when the other is present. His brain learns that within this nature which may be mastered, another brain exists which may master him. Thus, biological social hierarchies are control hierarchies. Control of some individuals over others, which corresponds to the priority of some goals over others and, possibly, to the variable vulnerability in front of a subset of mental and somatic disorders. Social neurosciences only begin to investigate how information relative to social hierarchies and conflicts is perceived, processed and integrated by the human brain. Only a few studies have shed light on the neurobiological mechanisms which enable humans to evaluate the degree of control or the hierarchical status of other members in his social group. In this dissertation, we report several experimental results which may advance our understanding of how the brain process social competition and social hierarchy. First, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) allowed us to localize the processes involved in learning the competitive skills of other individuals from the experience of social defeats and victories. Having highlighted the importance of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex for the “reinforcement-learning” of social dominance relationships, we have then used transcranial direct current stimulation to demonstrate the causal role played by this structure in the regulation of competitive social behaviors. In a third study – also using fMRI, we showed that the neural sensitivity to asymmetries of competitive skills underlie political preferences of individuals regarding social hierarchy, the higher this sensitivity the more prone subjects were to legitimate socioeconomics inequalities and the domination of some social groups over others. In a fourth study, we explored the reaction of the amygdala to the perception of facial dominance and we found that this evolutionary ancient structure was able to distinguish dominant from subordinate individuals very rapidly. Finally, in our last behavioral study, we revealed that men and women differ in how they compare their own intellectual competence to those of other people and that these gender differences may derive from a sex-dependent mental representation of social hierarchies

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間・環境学) / 甲第23270号 / 人博第985号 / 新制||人||233(附属図書館) / 2020||人博||985(吉田南総合図書館) / 京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科共生人間学専攻 / (主査)教授 内田 由紀子, 教授 齋木 潤, 教授 月浦 崇 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human and Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DGAM

No description available.

Network data, particularly social network data, is widely collected in the context of interactions between users of online platforms, but it can also be observed directly, such as in the context of behaviours of animals in a group living environment. Such network data can reveal important insights into the latent structure present among the nodes of a network, such as the presence of a social hierarchy or of communities. This is generally done through the use of a latent variable model. Existing network models which are commonly used for such data often aggregate the dynamic events which occur, reducing complex dynamic events (such as the times of messages on a social network website) to a binary variable. Methods which can incorporate the continuous time component of these interactions therefore offer the potential to better describe the latent structure present. Using observed interactions between mice, we take advantage of the observed interactions’ timestamps, proposing a series of network point process models with latent ranks. We carefully design these models to incorporate important theories on animal behaviour that account for dynamic patterns observed in the interaction data, including the winner effect, bursting and pair-flip phenomena. Through iteratively constructing and evaluating these models we arrive at the final cohort Markov-Modulated Hawkes process (C-MMHP), which best characterizes all aforementioned patterns observed in interaction data. The generative nature of our model provides evidence for hypothesised phenomena and allows for additional insights compared to existing aggregate methods, while the probabilistic nature allows us to estimate the uncertainty in our ranking. In particular, our model is able to provide insights into the distribution of power within the hierarchy which forms and the strength of the established hierarchy. We compare all models using simulated and real data. Using statistically developed diagnostic perspectives, we demonstrate that the C-MMHP model outperforms other methods, capturing relevant latent ranking structures that lead to meaningful predictions for real data. While such network models can lead to important insights, there are inherent computational challenges for fitting network models, particularly as the number of nodes in the network grows. This is exacerbated when considering events between each pair of nodes. As such, new computational tools are required to fit network point process models to the large social networks commonly observed. We consider online variational inference for one such model. We derive a natural online variational inference procedure for this event data on networks. Using simulations, we show that this online learning procedure can accurately recover the true network structure. We demonstrate using real data that we can accurately predict future interactions by learning the network structure in this online fashion, obtaining comparable performance to more expensive batch methods.