For an engine running at a constant speed, both exhaust and intake processes are periodic in nature. This inspires the muffler designer to go for the much easier and faster frequency domain modeling. But analogous to electrical filter, as per Thevenin’s theorem, the acoustic filter or muffler requires prior knowledge of the load-independent source characteristics (acoustic pressure and internal impedance), corresponding to the open circuit voltage and internal impedance of an electrical source. Studies have shown that it is not feasible to evaluate these source characteristics making use of either the direct measurement method or the indirect evaluation method. Hence, prediction of the radiated exhaust or intake noise has been subject to trial and error. Making use of the fact that pressure perturbation in a duct is a superposition of the forward moving wave and the reflected wave, a simple hybrid approach has been proposed making use of an interrelationship between progressive wave variables of the linear acoustic theory and Riemann variables of the method of characteristics. Neglecting the effect of nonlinearities, reflection of the forward moving wave has been duly incorporated at the exhaust valve. The reflection co-efficient of the system downstream of the exhaust valve has been calculated by means of the transfer matrix method at each of the several harmonics of the engine firing frequency. This simplified approach can predict exhaust noise with or without muffler for a naturally aspirated, single cylinder engine. However, this proves to be inadequate in predicting the exhaust noise of multi-cylinder engines. Thus, estimation of radiated noise has met only limited success in this approach. Strictly speaking, unique source characteristics do not exist for an IC engine because of the associated non-linearity of the time-varying source. Yet, a designer would like to know the un-muffled noise level in order to assess the required insertion loss of a suitable muffler. As far as the analysis and design of a muffler is concerned, the linear frequency-domain analysis by means of the transfer matrix approach is most convenient and time saving. Therefore, from a practical point of view, it is very desirable to be able to evaluate source characteristics, even if grossly approximate. If somehow it were possible to parameterize the source characteristics of an engine in terms of basic engine parameters, then it would be possible to evaluate the un-muffled noise before a design is taken up as a first approximation. This aspect has been investigated in detail in this work. A finite-volume CFD (one dimensional) model has been used in conjunction with the two-load or multi-load method to evaluate the source characteristics at a point just downstream of the exhaust manifold for the exhaust system, and upstream of the air filter (dirty side) in the case of the intake system. These source characteristics have been extracted from the pressure time history calculated at that point using the electro-acoustic analogy. Systematic parametric studies have yielded approximate empirical expressions for the source characteristics of an engine in terms of the basic engine parameters like engine RPM, capacity (swept volume or displacement), air-fuel ratio, and the number of cylinders. The effect of other parameters has been found to be relatively insignificant. Unlike exhaust noise, the intake system noise of an automobile cannot be measured because of the proximity of the engine at the point of measurement. Besides, the intake side is associated with turbocharger (booster), intercooler, cooling fan, etc., which will make the measurement of the intake noise erroneous. From the noise radiation point of view, intake noise used to be considered to be a minor source of noise as compared to the exhaust noise. Therefore, very little has been done or reported on prediction of the intake noise as compared to the exhaust noise. But nowadays, with efficient exhaust mufflers, the un-muffled intake noise has become a contributing factor to the passenger compartment noise level as a luxury decisive factor. Therefore, in this investigation both the intake and the exhaust side source characteristics have been found out for the compression ignition as well as the spark ignition engines. Besides, in the case of compression ignition engines, typical turbocharged as well as naturally aspirated engines have been considered. One of the inputs to the time-domain simulation is the intake valve and exhaust valve lift histories as functions of crank angle. It is very cumbersome and time-consuming to measure and feed these data into the program. Sometimes, this data is not available or cannot be determined easily. So, a generalized formula for the valve lift has been developed by observing the valve lift curves of various engines. The maximum exhaust valve lift has been expressed as a function of the swept volume of the cylinder. This formulation is not intended for designing a cam profile; it is for the purpose of determining approximate thermodynamic quantities to help a muffler designer for an initial estimation. It has also been observed during the investigation that from the acoustic point of view, sometimes it is better to open the exhaust valve a little earlier, but very slowly and smoothly, and keep it open for a longer time. Although the exact source characteristics for an automobile engine cannot be determined precisely, yet the values of source characteristics calculated using this methodology have been shown to be reasonably good for approximate prediction of the un-muffled noise as well as insertion loss of a given muffler. The resultant empirical expressions for the source characteristics enable the potential user to make use of the frequency-domain cum-transfer matrix approach throughout; the time consuming time-domain simulation of the engine exhaust source is no longer necessary. Predictions of the un-muffled sound pressure level of automotive engines have been corroborated against measured values as the well as the full scale time-domain predictions making use of a finite-volume software.

Aujourd’hui, les constructeurs automobiles continuent de chercher les technologies renouvelables face à la pénurie d’énergie et les problèmes d’émission de polluants. Un moyen important pour optimiser l’économie de carburant et réduire les émissions polluantes des moteurs à allumage commandés est le concept ‘downsizing’. Cependant, ce concept est limité par le phénomène de cliquetis dû aux conditions de haute température et haut pression. Dans cette étude, le contrôle de la concentration d’oxygène dans l’air est proposé. Car d’une part, la combustion enrichie en oxygène permet d’améliorer la densité de puissance de moteur avec le même niveau de pression d’admission. Cela permet soit de ‘booster’ la combustion pour augmenter la puissance du moteur ou de l’activer lorsque le moteur fonctionne à faible charge ou dans des conditions de démarrage à froid. D’autre part, une faible concentration en oxygène dans l’air (ou dilution de N2) par un système membranaire peut être considérée comme une alternative à la recirculation des gaz d’échappement. Les expériences ont été effectuées dans un moteur monocylindre ‘downsizing’ avec différents taux d’oxygène et richesse. L’étude de l’impact du contrôle de la concentration d’oxygène sur les caractéristiques de combustion et d’émissions a été effectuée pour plusieurs charges en fonctionnement optimum pour limiter la consommation spécifique de carburant. L’effet de la concentration en oxygène sur les caractéristiques de combustion du moteur a été simulé en utilisant le logiciel commercial AMESim avec le modèle de combustion développé par IFP-EN. En mettant en oeuvre des corrélations de la vitesse de combustion laminaire, déterminées au préalable durant ce travail, et délai d’auto-inflammation, les pressions dans les cylindres sont parfaitement calibrés avec une erreur maximale inférieure à 2% et l’intensité du cliquetis a pu être prédite. / Nowadays, car manufacturers continue to lead researches on new technologies facing to the energy shortage and pollutant emission problems. A major way to optimise fuel economy and reduce pollutant emissions for Spark-Ignition (SI) engines is the downsizing concept. However, this concept is unfortunately limited by ‘knock’ phenomena (abnormal combustion) due to high temperature and high pressure in-cylinder conditions. In the present study, control the oxygen concentration in air is proposed. Indeed, on the one hand, oxygen-enriched combustion can improve engine power density with the same intake pressure level. Thus, oxygen-enriched combustion can be used either as a booster to increase engine output or as a combustion enhancer when the engine operates at low loads or in cold start conditions. On the other hand, low oxygen concentration in air (or N2 dilution) can be considered as an alternative to exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). The experiments were carried out in a downsized single-cylinder SI engine with different rates of oxygen and equivalence ratios. The study of the impact of controlling oxygen concentration on the combustion characteristics and emissions was performed at several loads by optimizing the spark advance and the intake pressure to maintain the load and obtain a minimum value of indicated Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC). The effect of oxygen concentration on the engine combustion characteristics was simulated by using the commercial software AMESim, with the combustion model developed by IFP-EN. By implementing correlations for the laminar burning velocity, determined previously during this study, and auto-ignition delay data base, the in-cylinder pressures were perfectly calibrated with a maximum pressure relative error less than 2%, and the knock intensity was predicted.

The present work studies the use of a two-zone computer model to simulate the operation of an internal combustion engine with spark ignition fueled with alcohol fuels and gasohol. To fit the model to the experimental data, a parameter estimation technique was used and the heat transfer correlation that could better fit the tested fuels and engine was determined. The tested fuels were: hydrous ethanol, wet ethanol (from 10% to 40% of water, by volume), n-butanol, n-butanol/ethanol blend and gasohol. In addition to the experimental tests with the engine, tests with a packed distillation column under batch process were made in order to determine the energy efficiency involved between production and use as a fuel for hydrous ethanol and wet ethanol fuels. The results showed that the two-zone model was able to predict satisfactorily the behavior of all tested fuels, accurately obtaining the engine performance parameters. In terms of energy efficiency, wet ethanol fuels have advantage over hydrous ethanol fuel, especially in the case of 30% of water by volume, where energy efficiency reaches its maximum value, considering the distillation and engine combustion processes. The n-butanol fuel was capable of act as a surrogate for both hydrous ethanol and gasohol with efficiency, leading the engine to have good performance in the tested operational conditions and appearing, due to this, as an interesting alternative of renewable fuel to be inserted in the Brazilian energy matrix. / O presente trabalho investiga o uso de um modelo computacional de duas zonas para simular o funcionamento de um motor de combustão interna com ignição por centelha abastecido com álcoois combustíveis e gasolina. Para o ajuste do modelo fez-se uso de técnica de estimação de parâmetros e determinação da correlação de transferência de calor capaz de melhor se ajustar aos combustíveis e ao motor testados. Os combustíveis utilizados foram: etanol hidratado, etanol super-hidratado (de 10% a 40% de água, em volume), n-butanol, misturas de n-butanol e etanol e gasolina e etanol. Além dos testes experimentais com motor, testes de bancada com uma coluna de destilação recheada em regime descontínuo foram realizados a fim de determinar a eficiência energética do processo de produção e queima de etanol hidratado e super-hidratado. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o modelo de duas zonas é capaz de prever de maneira satisfatória o comportamento de todos os combustíveis testados, com determinação precisa de parâmetros de desempenho do motor. Em termos de eficiência energética, o etanol super-hidratado tem vantagem em relação ao etanol hidratado combustível, em especial quando com 30% de água em volume, onde a eficiência energética é máxima, considerados os processos de destilação e queima no motor. O n-butanol combustível usado mostrou-se capaz de substituir eficientemente tanto o etanol hidratado como a gasolina brasileira, levando o motor a ter boa performance nas condições operacionais testadas e aparecendo, dessa forma, como interessante alternativa de combustível renovável a ser inserida na matriz energética brasileira.

Depuis quelques années, les modèles 0D trouvent un regain d'intérêt auprès des motoristes. En effet, ces modèles, fournissant aisément un comportement thermodynamique du moteur, peuvent être couplés avec des outils de contrôle moteur. Néanmoins, leur précision doit être augmentée, pour répondre aux enjeux technologiques actuels. Dans les moteurs à allumage commandé, la flamme turbulente prémélangée est modélisée comme un ensemble de flammelettes cohérentes entre elles. Cette approche généraliste nécessite un traitement particulier en proche paroi, motivé par une modification de la structure de flamme due aux couches limites thermique et cinématique. Ce présent travail propose des approches de modélisations 0D de la combustion, en proche paroi et dans la zone réactionnelle de la flamme. Pour modéliser la combustion en proche paroi, la flamme est scindée en une contribution en propagation libre, et une contribution en interaction avec les parois. Chaque contribution est divisée en une zone de transport, dans laquelle l'entraînement des gaz frais est décrit, et une zone de réaction, dans laquelle la réaction de combustion est modélisée. L'ajout d'une zone de réaction en interaction avec les parois permet de modéliser un gradient de température et une réaction de combustion ralentie en proche paroi. Pour modéliser la zone réactionnelle, une discrétisation de la flamme en N zones de réaction indépendantes est proposée. Une plage de fonctionnement moteur a été simulée avec nos approches de modélisation, afin de quantifier la variabilité des paramètres de calibration. Pour ce faire, les modèles sont calibrés sur chaque point de fonctionnement, par une méthode de minimisation de l'erreur quadratique moyenne sur la loi de dégagement d'énergie. Des corrélations aisées de paramètres de calibration peuvent être établies, en fonction de paramètres moteurs. Les résultats de simulations, obtenus à partir de ces corrélations, sont satisfaisants. / Recently, the interest for zero-dimensional models has increased. Indeed, these models provide easily the engines thermodynamic behavior and can be coupled with control tools. However, their accuracy must be improved to meet the current technological challenges. In the spark ignition engines, the premixed turbulent flame is modeled as a set of coherent flamelets. This approach requires special treatment near the walls, motivated by the modifications of the flame structure due to boundary layers. The present work proposes 0D modeling of combustion near the walls and in the reaction zone of the flame. To combustion model near the walls, the flame is divided into a free propagation contribution, and an interacting contribution with the walls. Each contribution is divided into a convective zone, wherein the entrainment of fresh gas is described, and a reaction zone, wherein the combustion reaction is modeled. Adding a reaction zone near the walls allows modeling a thermal gradient and a slower combustion reaction near the walls. To model the reaction zone, a flame discretization is made into several reaction zones. An engine operating range is simulated with our models, for quantifying the calibration parameters variability. To do this, models are calibrated on each operating point, by a method of minimization of the quadratic error on the heat released rate. Linear correlations can be found, depending on engines parameters. A good agreement between experimental data and simulation results is obtained with these parameters correlations.

L'augmentation continue des charges de fonctionnement des moteurs à allumage commandé a conduit à l'apparition d'une nouvelle forme de combustion anormale à bas régime sous la forme d'un pré allumage. Dans des conditions de pression et de température extrêmes, une auto-inflammation incontrôlée du mélange carburé peut en effet se produire avant l'allumage normal à la bougie et conduire à une seconde auto-inflammation de type cliquetis donnant naissance à des oscillations de pression inacceptables même pour les moteurs les plus robustes. Cette anomalie constitue donc une véritable limite au downsizing des moteurs et à l'augmentation de leurs performances spécifiques. Cette dernière forme de combustion anormale est bien plus critique que le cliquetis car son apparition est aléatoire, le plus souvent sporadique et généralement très violente. Ces caractéristiques fondamentales expliquent que de nouveaux outils et de nouvelles méthodologies d'analyse aient dû être développés pour mieux caractériser le processus d'auto-inflammation dans ces conditions extrêmes. Des méthodes statistiques avancées ont notamment été mises au point pour quantifier de manière fiable la fréquence d'apparition du pré allumage malgré son caractère aléatoire. En parallèle, un travail expérimental important a été réalisé pour mettre au point une méthodologie de réalisation de visualisations endoscopiques permettant de mieux analyser le processus de combustion, et d'identifier de manière plus précise les zones préférentielles d'apparition du pré allumage dans la chambre de combustion. Les impacts des paramètres fondamentaux régissant l'auto-inflammation (aérodynamique interne, thermique et chimie du mélange) ont d'abord été analysés sur un monocylindre de recherche. Le processus de combustion a ainsi été détaillé et l'hypothèse d'une auto-inflammation spontanée en phase gazeuse a également pu être abordée en parallèle de l'analyse expérimentale par une approche numérique RANS. Une étude plus approfondie a ensuite montré qu'il était possible qu'un pré allumage conduise à une auto-inflammation de type détonation, ce qui explique qu'un nombre réduit d'occurrences suffise à détériorer irrémédiablement le moteur. La versatilité du monocylindre a également permis de mettre en évidence la diversité des phénomènes qui pouvaient conduire au pré allumage et d'autres hypothèses que celle d'une auto-inflammation spontanée en phase gazeuse ont ainsi pu être formulées. Celles-ci ont finalement été testées sur un multicylindre en appliquant des méthodologies d'essais et d'analyse éprouvées sur monocylindre. Les investigations tournées vers l'impact des réglages moteur ont alors notamment confirmé que les impacts du carburant sur les parois de la chambre de combustion conduisaient à la formation de films liquides dont les caractéristiques locales pouvaient être favorables à une auto-inflammation. / The continuous increase of engine loads on SI engines has provoked the apparition of a new form of abnormal combustion at low engine speed in the guise of a pre-ignition. Under extreme conditions of pressure and temperature, an uncontrolled auto-ignition of the fresh mixture can happen well before the normal ignition at the spark and lead to a knocking-like second auto-ignition and to unacceptable pressure oscillations even for modern and robust engines. This anomaly constitutes thus a strong limit to the downsizing of gasoline engines and to the increase of their specific performance. This latter abnormal combustion is far more critical than knocking combustion since its apparition is random, most often sporadic and usually very violent. These fundamental characteristics explain that new tools and methodologies had to be developed to achieve a better characterization of the auto-ignition process under such extreme conditions. Advanced statistical methods have notably been defined to obtain a reliable quantification of the pre-ignition frequency despite its randomness. A significant work has simultaneously been realized to develop an experimental methodology dedicated to endoscopic visualizations allowing a better analysis of the combustion process and a more precise identification of the preferential areas of auto-ignition inside the combustion chamber. The impacts of fundamental parameters governing auto-ignition (the mixture's charge motion, thermal and chemical evolutions) have first been analyzed thanks to a research single cylinder engine. That way, the combustion process has been detailed and the hypothesis of a spontaneous auto-ignition of the gaseous mixture has also been tackled at the same time with the help of a numerical RANS approach. Then, a deeper analysis has showed that pre-ignition could lead to a developing detonation mode during the second auto-ignition, explaining so that a reduced number of events could cause irremediable damages. Thanks to the flexibility of the single cylinder engine, it has also been shown that a wide variety of phenomena could lead to pre-ignition and it has made possible the formulation of other hypotheses than a spontaneous auto-ignition of the gaseous mixture. These ones have finally been tested on a serial multi-cylinder engine with test and analysis methodologies validated on the single cylinder engine. The investigations focused on the impacts of settings have then confirmed that the fuel impacts on the liner and on the piston lead to the formation of liquid films whose local characteristics could be favorable to auto-ignition.

In order to meet future emission norms for small carbureted SI engines, such as those used on motorcycles in India, there is a need to study mixture preparation, specifically the two-phase flow exiting the carburetor and entering the inlet manifold. A fully functional, modular experimental rig is designed and erected for performing both qualitative and quantitative flow visualization. The vibrations of the engine are minimized to reduce their effect on the flow. A special, optically accessible tube of square cross-section is added between the carburetor and the inlet manifold, to enable the visualization of flow at the exit of the carburetor. An electronic circuit to obtain a signal for the engine crank angle and convert it to a standard TTL pulse, for use on standard imaging systems to capture cycle resolved-images is also designed. The flow in the optical section is qualitatively visualized using high and low speed cameras. The resulting images and movies show two modes of fuel transport within the inlet manifold, one of which is in the form of a dense cloud of fine fuel droplets during some part of the intake stroke. The second mode is in the form of a film at all times in the cycle, along the lower surface of the inlet manifold during idling and along vertical walls under loaded conditions. Recirculation is seen on the vertical walls of the manifold during idling and under load. Finally, the thickness of the fuel film in the optical section at the exit of the carburetor is measured, using PLIF. This part of the study also reveals that there is a film on upper surface of the optical section, at all loads and speeds. This film is lesser than the resolution of measurement for low loads, and increases to 0.5 mm in the case of highest load and speed attained at full throttle. In contrast to the loaded conditions, during idling, the film occurs on the lower surface of the manifold and its thickness is highest (1 mm.). The film is also present throughout the cycle during idling and all load-speed conditions, suggesting that the mixture that goes into the engine has a significant part of fuel in liquid form.

[pt] As projeções para as próximas décadas indicam que os combustíveis tradicionais, derivados do petróleo, associados à utilização de biocombustíveis nos motores de combustão interna continuarão sendo a principal fonte de propulsão dos veículos. Isto justifica as intensas pesquisas por todo o Mundo, para atender aos desafios de aumento de eficiência e redução de emissões de poluentes. As modelagens dos combustíveis comerciais, que possuem centenas de componentes, e dos processos de combustão em motor são, hoje, desafios reais. Também carecem estudos sistemáticos para compreender melhor como os diferentes componentes de combustíveis interagem em mistura e influenciam os parâmetros de combustão e desempenho nos motores. No presente trabalho, realizaram-se seleção de componentes e ensaios experimentais em motor comercial para identificar formulações reduzidas representativas de gasolinas comerciais brasileiras. Concluiu-se que formulações compostas de n-heptano, iso-octano, tolueno e etanol podem ser utilizadas para modelagem de gasolinas oxigenadas. Implementaram-se metodologias para avaliar a influência dos componentes nas propriedades dos combustíveis e parâmetros de combustão e desempenho do motor, identificando os potencias de cada componente e seus grupos químicos. Com dados experimentais de pressão no cilindro desenvolveu-se modelagem para se calcular a velocidade de propagação de chama no motor, bem como foram obtidas relações para calculá-la a partir da velocidade de chama laminar do combustível na condição padrão. Estas relações possuem como parâmetros de entrada o Reynolds de admissão, pressão e temperatura dos gases não queimados na câmara de combustão. Os resultados reúnem informações e metodologias que poderão ser usadas em várias etapas do processo de desenvolvimento de combustíveis para diferentes aplicações. / [en] For the next decades it is expected that the fossil fuels and bio-fuels usage in internal combustion engines remains to be the main source for vehicular propulsion. This justifies the intense worldwide research and development to comply with the challenges of increasing efficiency and emissions reduction. The modeling of commercial fuels and engine combustion processes presents great challenges. There is also the need to better understand how different fuel components interact and influence engine combustion and performance parameters. In the present work, components selection and engine dynamometer tests were done to identify representative surrogate fuels for commercial Brazilian gasoline. It was concluded that formulations of n-heptane, iso-octane, toluene and ethanol can be used to model oxygenated gasolines. Methodologies were implemented to evaluate the influence of the fuel components on fuel properties and several engine combustion and performance parameters. The potentials of each component and corresponding chemical group were identified. Using in cylinder pressure measurements it was developed a methodology to calculate flame propagation velocity in a commercial engine. Further, mathematical modeling was developed to calculate this combustion parameter, based on fuel laminar flame velocity at standard condition. The relations were designed considering the intake Reynolds number, temperature and pressure of the unburned gases inside the cylinder. The results put together informations and methodologies that can be used in several steps of the fuel development process for different applications.

[ES] Esta tesis doctoral se encuadra en el contexto de una creciente concienciación y preocupación en la sociedad por la contaminación y su efecto sobre la salud de las personas, así como la influencia de los gases de efecto invernadero en el cambio climático. En este sentido, el sector transporte no ha sido una excepción, y se ha legislado para regular tanto las emisiones contaminantes como las de efecto invernadero de manera cada vez más estricta, retando continuamente a las empresas del sector y fabricantes de motores a aumentar la eficiencia y limpieza de sus sistemas propulsivos. Este trabajo tiene por objetivo estudiar el impacto que tienen distintos sistemas de recirculación de gases de escape (exhaust gas recirculation o EGR) en un motor de encendido provocado, de inyección directa, sobrealimentado, con distribución variable y dentro de la tendencia del downsizing. Cabe resaltar que el motor bajo estudio es un modelo sin EGR empleado actualmente en aplicaciones de transporte por carretera de turismos utilitarios, por lo que el proyecto ha estado en todo momento ligado a la actualidad del sector, y los avances y descubrimientos de los estudios aquí presentados pueden resultar de una enorme utilidad y ser empleados en aplicaciones reales. Estos sistemas de recirculación de gases de escape pretenden aumentar la eficiencia de los motores de encendido provocado con el objetivo de reducir la desventaja que estos presentan con respecto a los motores de encendido por compresión, mientras que se mantienen los niveles de emisiones. Dicha desventaja en eficiencia radica principalmente en una menor relación de compresión del motor de encendido provocado para evitar la autoignición y en el uso del dosado estequiométrico para el correcto funcionamiento del postratamiento. / [CA] Aquesta tesi doctoral s'enquadra en el context d'una creixent conscienciació i preocupació en la societat per la contaminació i el seu efecte sobre la salut de les persones, així com la inuència dels gasos d'efecte d'hivernacle en el canvi climàtic. En aquest sentit, el transport no ha sigut una excepció, i s'ha legislat per a regular tant les emissions contaminants com les d'efecte d'hivernacle de manera cada vegada més estricta, reptant contínuament a les empreses del sector i fabricants de motors a augmentar l'eficiència dels seus sistemes propulsius. Aquest treball té per objectiu estudiar l'impacte que tenen diferents sistemes de recirculació de gasos d'escapament (exhaust gas *recirculation o EGR) en un motor d'encesa provocada, d'injecció directa, sobrealimentat, amb distribució variable i dins de la tendència del downsizing. Cal ressaltar que el motor sota estudi és un model sense EGR empleat actualment en aplicacions de transport per carretera de turismes utilitaris, per la qual cosa el projecte ha estat en tot moment lligat a l'actualitat del sector, i els avanços i descobriments dels estudis presentats poden resultar d'una enorme utilitat i ser emprats en aplicacions reals. Aquests sistemes de recirculació de gasos d'escapament pretenen augmentar l'eficiència dels motors d'encesa provocada amb l'objectiu de reduir el desavantatge que aquests presenten respecte als motors d'encesa per compressió, mantenint els nivells d'emissions. Aquest desavantatge en eficiència radica principalment en una menor relació de compressió del motor d'encesa provocada per a evitar l'autoignició i en l'ús del dosatge estequiomètric per al correcte funcionament del postractament / [EN] This PhD-Thesis is framed in the context of a growing awareness and concern in society about pollution and its effect on people's health, as well as the influence of greenhouse gases on climate change. In this sense, transportation has not been an exception, and legislation has been reated to regulate both polluting emissions and greenhouse gases in an increasingly strict manner, continually challenging companies in the sector and engine manufacturers to increase efficiency and cleanliness of their propulsive systems. The objective of this work is to study the impact that different exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) systems have on a spark ignition, direct injection, turbocharged engine, with a variable timing and within the downsizing trend. It should be noted that the engine under study is mass-produced without EGR and is currently used in passenger utility cars, so the project has been always linked to current events in the sector, and the advances and discoveries of the studies presented here can be useful in real applications. These exhaust gas recirculation systems aim to increase the efficiency of spark ignition engines, reducing the disadvantage they present with respect to compression ignition engines, while maintaining emission levels. Said disadvantage in efficiency lies mainly in a lower compression ratio in order to avoid autoignition and in the use of stoichiometric operation for the optimal operation of the aftertreatment system. / Pitarch Berná, R. (2023). Study of different Exhaust Gas Recirculation Configurations and their Impact on Turbocharged Spark Ignition Engines [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/198094

[ES] El aumento global de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero desde el inicio de la Revolución Industrial se ha convertido en un grave peligro para la vida humana. Además de la generación de energía y la industria, el transporte, con el aumento del número total de vehículos en las últimas décadas, es uno de los principales responsables de este incremento exponencial de los gases causantes del calentamiento global. De hecho, ciudades como Barcelona o Madrid, entre muchas otras, están imponiendo restricciones al tráfico para mitigar esta situación. Sin embargo, la humanidad aún está a tiempo de invertir esta tendencia negativa y solucionar el problema medioambiental para las generaciones futuras. El objetivo principal de la presente Tesis se centra en el estudio, implementación y análisis del concepto de encendido por precámara pasiva para su aplicación en la próxima generación de vehículos automóviles. Más específicamente, esta investigación aborda los fenómenos físicos que intervienen en el proceso de combustión cuando se utiliza el sistema de encendido por precámara en un motor de encendido provocado. A continuación, se aplican algunas estrategias para mejorar el rendimiento térmico que se obtiene operando con este concepto. Finalmente, a partir del conocimiento generado, se presentan unas directrices básicas para el prediseño de este tipo de precámaras. La primera aproximación al concepto consiste en su implementación directa en el motor, obteniendo resultados experimentales en tres condiciones de funcionamiento diferentes en términos de carga y régimen de giro del motor. Además, también se evalúan diferentes geometrías de precámara. Aunque su implementación directa es relativamente sencilla mediante la sustitución de la bujía, la comprensión de ciertos fenómenos relevantes relacionados con la combustión, como el intercambio de gases o la penetración de los chorros, es extremadamente difícil sin el apoyo de herramientas computacionales. Esta es la principal razón que justifica el uso de herramientas numéricas 1D en la presente Tesis, ya que con un modelado adecuado basado en datos experimentales, se puede obtener información relevante en aquellas situaciones en las que no es factible generarla experimentalmente. Estas herramientas 1D tienen las ventajas de su bajo coste computacional y su capacidad de proporcionar resultados en poco tiempo. En cuanto al rendimiento térmico, se adoptan dos estrategias diferentes, como el aumento de lambda o el aumento de la tasa de recirculación de los gases de escape, para incrementar aún más las ventajas del sistema de encendido por precámara pasiva. Sin embargo, se alcanzan los límites físicos de aplicación de ambas estrategias y se proponen una serie de posibilidades para ampliar estos límites y aumentar el rendimiento térmico. Finalmente, a partir de los resultados experimentales y numéricos, se sugieren algunas pautas para diseñar una precámara que aproveche las ventajas observadas, aumentando el rendimiento térmico en comparación con los conceptos de encendido por bujía convencional y por precámara pasiva actuales. / [CA] L'augment global de les emissions de gasos d'efecte d'hivernacle des de l'inici de la Revolució Industrial s'ha convertit en un greu perill per a la vida humana. A més de la generació d'energia i la indústria, el transport, amb l'augment del nombre total de vehicles en les últimes dècades, és un dels principals responsables d'aquest increment exponencial dels gasos causants de l'escalfament global. De fet, ciutats com Barcelona o Madrid, entre moltes altres, estan imposant restriccions al trànsit per a mitigar aquesta situació. No obstant això, la humanitat encara és a temps d'invertir aquesta tendència negativa i solucionar el problema mediambiental per a les generacions futures. L'objectiu principal de la present Tesi se centra en l'estudi, implementació i anàlisi del concepte d'encesa per precàmera passiva per a la seua aplicació en la pròxima generació de vehicles automòbils. Més específicament, aquesta investigació aborda els fenòmens físics que intervenen en el procés de combustió quan s'utilitza el sistema d'encesa per precàmera en un motor d'encesa provocada. A continuació, s'apliquen algunes estratègies per a millorar el rendiment tèrmic que s'obté operant amb aquest concepte. Finalment, a partir del coneixement generat, es presenten unes directrius bàsiques per al predisseny d'aquesta mena de precàmeres. La primera aproximació al concepte consisteix en la seua implementació directa en el motor, obtenint resultats experimentals en tres condicions de funcionament diferents en termes de càrrega i règim de gir del motor. A més, també s'avaluen diferents geometries de precàmera. Encara que la seua implementació directa és relativament senzilla mitjançant la substitució de la bugia, la comprensió d'uns certs fenòmens rellevants relacionats amb la combustió, com l'intercanvi de gasos o la penetració dels dolls, és extremadament difícil sense el suport d'eines computacionals. Aquesta és la principal raó que justifica l'ús d'eines numèriques 1D en la present Tesi, ja que amb un modelatge adequat basat en dades experimentals es pot obtindre informació rellevant en aquelles situacions en les quals no és factible generar-la experimentalment. Aquestes eines 1D tenen com a principal avantatge el seu baix cost computacional i la seua capacitat de proporcionar resultats en poc temps. Quant al rendiment tèrmic, s'adopten dues estratègies diferents, com l'augment de lambda o l'augment de la taxa de recirculació dels gasos d'escapament, per a incrementar encara més els avantatges del sistema d'encesa per precàmera passiva. No obstant això, s'aconsegueixen els límits físics d'aplicació de totes dues estratègies i es proposen una sèrie de possibilitats per a ampliar aquests límits i augmentar el rendiment tèrmic. Finalment, a partir dels resultats experimentals i numèrics, se suggereixen algunes pautes per a dissenyar una precàmera que aprofite els avantatges observats, augmentant el rendiment tèrmic en comparació amb els conceptes d'encesa per bugia convencional i per precàmera passiva actuals. / [EN] The global greenhouse gas emissions increase since the start of the Industrial Revolution has become a serious hazard to human life. In addition to power generation and industry, transportation, with the rise in the total vehicle number in the last decades, is one of the main contributors to this exponential increase of global warming-causing gases. In fact, cities such as Barcelona or Madrid, among many others, are imposing traffic restrictions to mitigate this situation. However, mankind is still on time to reverse this negative tendency and fix the environmental issue for the upcoming generations. The main goal of the present Thesis focuses on the study, implementation and analysis of the passive pre-chamber ignition concept in a near-future light-duty passenger car application. To be more specific, the investigation addresses the physical phenomena involving the combustion process when pre-chamber ignition system is used in a spark-ignition engine. Then, some strategies to improve thermal efficiency while employing this concept are applied. Finally, with all the knowledge gathered, basic guidelines for a pre-chamber pre-design are presented. The first approach to the concept consists of its direct implementation in the engine, obtaining experimental results in three different operating conditions in terms of engine load and speed. Furthermore, different prechamber geometries are also evaluated. Although its direct implementation is relatively straightforward by exchanging the spark plug, understanding some of the relevant phenomena related to the combustion process, such as gas exchange or jet-tip penetration, is extremely difficult without the support of computational tools. This is the main reason supporting the use of 1D numerical tools in the present Thesis, since with proper modeling based on experimental data, further knowledge can be obtained in those situations where experimental evaluations are not feasible. These 1D tools have the benefits of their low computational cost and their ability to provide reasonably good results in a short period of time. In terms of thermal efficiency, two different strategies, such as the increase of lambda or the increase of the exhaust gas re-circulation rate, are adopted to extend further the benefits of the passive pre-chamber ignition system. However, the physical application limits of both strategies are reached, and a series of possibilities are proposed to expand these limits and increase thermal efficiency. Finally, with all the experimental and numerical results, some guidelines are suggested to design a pre-chamber that takes advantage of the benefits, increasing thermal efficiency compared with the conventional spark ignition and the current passive pre-chamber concepts. / The respondent wishes to acknowledge the financial support received through contract FPI-S2-19-21993 of the Programa de Apoyo para la Investigación y Desarrollo (PAID) of Universitat Politècnica de València. Parts of the work presented in this thesis have been supported by different collaborations with the research partner Sandia National Laboratories LLC, 7011 East Ave, Livermore, California, US. / Martínez Hernándiz, PJ. (2023). Implementation and Analysis of the Pre-Chamber Ignition Concept in a SI Engine for Passenger Car Applications [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/202063

[pt] Os modelos computacionais comerciais atualmente disponíveis, em geral, não são satisfatoriamente sensíveis a variações na composição e nas propriedades dos combustíveis, não sendo capazes de predizer os seus efeitos no desempenho dos motores e veículos com precisão. Dessa forma, o desenvolvimento de combustíveis é fortemente dependente de experimentos em motores e veículos, demandando significativos custos e prazos de execução. A motivação do presente desenvolvimento reside em fornecer contribuições inéditas para a modelagem computacional de motores e veículos. O foco do trabalho está nos efeitos da composição e das propriedades dos combustíveis sobre os parâmetros de combustão, eficiência e desempenho, buscando a otimização do processo de desenvolvimento de combustíveis. Foi estabelecida metodologia para a modelagem computacional das curvas de pressão no interior do cilindro de um motor do ciclo Otto. Os valores de torque, pressão máxima e ângulo de pressão máxima, obtidos a partir das curvas de pressão simuladas apresentaram, em geral, variações percentuais de até 3 por cento, 5 por cento e 2 graus, respectivamente, em relação aos experimentos. Foi desenvolvida metodologia para a modelagem computacional da autonomia urbana em veículos leves do ciclo Otto, com resultados simulados situados dentro da faixa de incerteza do experimento, de 1,5 por cento. Foram estabelecidas metodologias para modelagem computacional dos tempos de retomada de velocidade e de parâmetros de desempenho de veículos em condições de velocidade constante. A maioria dos resultados simulados se enquadrou na faixa de 3 por cento de diferença em relação aos experimentos. / [en] In general, engine s and vehicle s simulation softwares currently available in the market, are not satisfactorily sensitive to composition and fuel properties variations, being unable to accurately predict effects on overall performance. Thus, fuel development process is strongly dependent on engines and vehicles experiments, requiring high costs and long times. This work aims to provide inedited contributions to engines and vehicles computational modeling, focusing on fuel composition and properties on its combustion parameters, efficiency and performance, as well as, to optimize fuel development process. It was established a methodology for an Otto cycle engine in cylinder pressure curves simulation. Torque, maximum pressure and maximum pressure crank angle obtained from the simulated pressure curves presented, in general, percentage changes up to 3 percent, 5percent and 2 degrees, respectively, compared to experiments. It was developed a methodology for Otto cycle light-duty vehicles urban autonomy, with simulated results within the experimental uncertainty range, of 1.5 percent. Methods for speed recovery times and vehicle performance parameters at constant speed simulations were developed. Most simulated results were within the range of 3 percent difference compared to experiments.