O presente trabalho tem como objetivo a padronização de 68Ga, um emissor de pósitrons de meia-vida curta, usado em PET (Tomografia por Emissão de Pósitrons). A padronização do 68Ga foi realizada em um sistema de coincidência 4πβ-γ, que consiste de um detector proporcional em geometria 4π a gás fluente acoplado a um detector de cristal semicondutor HPGe, para a detecção de raios gama. A aquisição de dados foi realizada por meio de um Sistema de Coincidência por Software (SCS), desenvolvido no Laboratório de Metrologia Nuclear (Laboratório de Metrologia Nuclear - LMN) no IPEN-CNEN / SP. Os resultados finais foram obtidos a partir de um ajuste de curva multiparamétrica aplicando-se uma metodologia que leva em consideração a matriz de covariância combinando os resultados experimentais com aqueles determinados pela simulação Monte Carlo. / The present work aims the standardization of 68Ga, a positron emitter of short half-life used in PET (Positron Emission Tomography). The 68Ga standardization was performed in a 4πβ-γ coincidence system that consists of a gas-flow proportional counter (PC) in 4π geometry coupled to a HPGe crystal, for gamma-ray detection. The data acquisition was carried out by means of a Software Coincidence System (SCS) developed at the Nuclear Metrology Laboratory (Laboratório de Metrologia Nuclear LMN) at the IPEN-CNEN/SP. The final results were obtained from a multiple curve fitting applying a covariance matrix methodology combining experimental results with those determined by the Monte Carlo simulation.

Submitted by FELIPE MANFROI FORTUNATO null (felipe.manfroi@hotmail.com) on 2017-03-12T18:59:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Felipe M Fortunato.pdf: 6655475 bytes, checksum: 3c80582e1359616323d24334fc381808 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-03-17T14:14:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 fortunato_fm_dr_araiq.pdf: 6655475 bytes, checksum: 3c80582e1359616323d24334fc381808 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-17T14:14:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 fortunato_fm_dr_araiq.pdf: 6655475 bytes, checksum: 3c80582e1359616323d24334fc381808 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-22 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O objetivo desta Tese de Doutorado foi avaliar o método de adição de padrão interno empregando técnicas espectroscópicas. Inicialmente o método de adição de padrão interno foi aplicado no modo convencional na determinação de Ca e Mg em amostras biodiesel e urina por espectrometria de absorção atômica em chama de alta resolução e fonte contínua e na determinação de ureia em urina por espectroscopia Raman. Para fins comparativos, todas as amostras e materiais certificados foram também analisados pelos métodos de calibração externa, adição de padrão e padronização interna. Nitrato, Sr e Mn foram selecionados como padrões internos para ureia, Ca e Mg, respectivamente. Para avaliar a exatidão do método na determinação de Ca e Mg foram analisados nove materiais de referência certificados (CRM) e os resultados obtidos foram concordantes a 95% de confiança com os valores certificados (teste t). Para ureia a exatidão foi avaliada por meio de comparação dos resultados obtidos pelo método de adição de padrão interno e por um método de referência. Todos os resultados obtidos foram concordantes entre si (teste t pareado) ao nível de 95% de confiança. A exatidão do método também foi checada por meio de testes de adição e recuperação: Ca (93 – 119%), Mg (100 – 116%) e ureia (99 – 105%). A desvantagem do método de adição de padrão interno convencional foi o volume total de amostra utilizado, a quantidade de soluções analíticas empregadas e a baixa frequência analítica. No entanto, este problemas foram solucionados com o desenvolvimento de sistemas em fluxo e pelo uso de um gradiente de concentração. O método de adição de padrão interno por gradiente de concentração em fluxo foi avaliado na determinação de Na e K em amostras de biodiesel e urina por espectrometria de emissão atômica em chama e na determinação de etanol em gasolina por espectroscopia Raman. Lítio foi empregado como padrão interno para Na e K, e acetona foi utilizada como padrão interno para etanol. A exatidão do método na determinação de Na e K foi avaliada por meio da análise de cinco CRMs, e os resultados obtidos para Na foram concordantes a 95% de confiança com os valores certificados (teste t), para K os resultados apresentaram valores subestimados ao longo do trabalho (em torno de 80% de recuperação). Para determinação de etanol em gasolina a exatidão foi avaliada por meio da comparação dos resultados obtidos pelo método proposto e pelo método de referência, e todos os resultados obtidos foram concordantes entre si (teste t pareado) ao nível de 95% de confiança. A exatidão do método de adição de padrão interno por gradiente de concentração em fluxo também foi avaliada por meio de testes de adição e recuperação: Na (94 – 110%), K (73 – 86%) e etanol (99 – 104%). Os resultados obtidos utilizando o método de adição de padrão interno (convencional e em fluxo) em todas as aplicações apresentaram precisão e exatidão melhores ou comparáveis aos métodos de adição de padrão, padronização interna e calibração externa, mostrando ser uma estratégia de calibração eficiente para técnicas espectroscópicas. / The aim of this Doctoral Thesis was to evaluation of the internal standard addition method employing spectroscopic techniques. Initially, traditional standard addition method was applied for Ca and Mg determination in biodiesel and urine samples by high-resolution continuum source flame atomic absorption spectrometry and for urea determination in urine samples by Raman spectroscopy. For comparison purposes, all samples and certified materials were also analyzed by external calibration, standard addition and internal standardization methods. Nitrate, Sr and Mn were selected as internal standards for urea, Ca and Mg, respectively. In order to verify the accuracy for Ca and Mg determination were analyzed nine certified reference materials (CRM), the results were in agreement with certified values at the 95% confidence level (t-test). For urea, the accuracy was evaluated by comparison of the results obtained by internal standard addition and a reference method. All results were in agreement at 95% confidence level (paired t-test) with each other. The accuracy was also checked by addition and recovery tests: Ca (93 - 119%), Mg (100 - 116%) and urea (99 - 105%). The drawbacks of traditional internal standard addition were the total volume of sample used, the amount of analytical solutions employed and the lower sample throughput. However, these problems were solved with the development of flow systems and the use of a concentration gradient. The internal standard addition by flow gradient concentration was evaluated for Na and K determination in biodiesel and urine samples by flame emission atomic spectrometry and for ethanol determination in gasoline by Raman spectroscopy. Lithium was selected as internal standard for Na and K, and acetone was selected as internal standard for ethanol. The accuracy of the method for Na and K determination was evaluated by five CRMs analysis, and the results obtained for Na were in agreement with certified values at the 95% confidence level (t-test), for K the results presented underestimated values throughout the study (around 80% recovery). The accuracy for ethanol determination in gasoline was evaluated comparing the results obtained by the proposed method with the reference method. All results were in agreement at 95% confidence level (paired t-test) with each other. The accuracy of internal standard addition by flow gradient concertation method was also evaluated by addition and recovery tests: Na (94 - 110%), K (73 - 86%) e ethanol (99 - 104%). The results obtained by internal standard addition (traditional and flow modes) for all applications showed accuracy and precision better or comparable with traditional calibration methods (standard addition, internal standardization and external calibration), revealing to be an efficient calibration strategy for spectroscopic techniques. / FAPESP: 2012/23323-7

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo a padronização de 68Ga, um emissor de pósitrons de meia-vida curta, usado em PET (Tomografia por Emissão de Pósitrons). A padronização do 68Ga foi realizada em um sistema de coincidência 4πβ-γ, que consiste de um detector proporcional em geometria 4π a gás fluente acoplado a um detector de cristal semicondutor HPGe, para a detecção de raios gama. A aquisição de dados foi realizada por meio de um Sistema de Coincidência por Software (SCS), desenvolvido no Laboratório de Metrologia Nuclear (Laboratório de Metrologia Nuclear - LMN) no IPEN-CNEN / SP. Os resultados finais foram obtidos a partir de um ajuste de curva multiparamétrica aplicando-se uma metodologia que leva em consideração a matriz de covariância combinando os resultados experimentais com aqueles determinados pela simulação Monte Carlo. / The present work aims the standardization of 68Ga, a positron emitter of short half-life used in PET (Positron Emission Tomography). The 68Ga standardization was performed in a 4πβ-γ coincidence system that consists of a gas-flow proportional counter (PC) in 4π geometry coupled to a HPGe crystal, for gamma-ray detection. The data acquisition was carried out by means of a Software Coincidence System (SCS) developed at the Nuclear Metrology Laboratory (Laboratório de Metrologia Nuclear LMN) at the IPEN-CNEN/SP. The final results were obtained from a multiple curve fitting applying a covariance matrix methodology combining experimental results with those determined by the Monte Carlo simulation.

Este trabalho propõe um Sistema de Controle de Qualidade (CQP) dos processos fotogramétricos digitais para a produção de dados espaciais baseados nos conceitos de gestão de qualidade ISO 9000 e nas diretrizes normativas suíças e norte-americanas. Procurou-se obter parâmetros de qualidade em cada um dos processos fotogramétricos digitais, de forma a garantir a qualidade final dos produtos e satisfazer às necessidades de precisão e exatidão dos dados espaciais e as suas aplicações. As principais fontes de erros são identificadas e comentadas e algumas das soluções propostas foram testadas com sucesso. / This work is aimed to the development of a Quality Control Process to be applied in the digital photogrametric processes that are part of the spatial data production. It is based on quality managements standards of ISO 9000 and in the Swiss and North American standards guidelines. Each step of the process was investigated to obtain individual parameters of quality that, collectively, were able to assure the quality of the end product, mostly in those aspects regarding the requirements for precision and accuracy. The main sources of errors are identified and discussed and some of the proposed solutions were tested successfully.

本論文試圖檢驗中國在技術標準化中推動自主標準的政治思維，並以全球治理概念中多元主體的研究途徑作為論文的基本分析架構。本論文試圖探尋以下三個問題的解答：其一，檢驗全球治理理論在分析技術標準議題的適用性；其二，描繪出中國的政府角色在全球治理中為重要的「看不見的手」；其三，歸納出中國推行自主技術標準的舉動為闡述中國在「和諧世界」政策下中國式全球治理思維的經典案例。 　　本論文首先回顧了不同派別的全球治理理論。和既存理論最大的差異為，作者認為全球治理是一種動態的調整過程。中國藉由政府主導的模式，協助尚未成熟的第二、第三部門(企業及公民社會)參與全球治理，這種強調政府角色在全球治理中重要性的傾向，使得中國被歸類於「國家中心維持現狀派」。中國的學者將此種現象稱為「中國特色的全球治理」或是「中國模式」，然而本論文歸納出所謂中國模式的特色是以西方的價值為政策架構，本質上以政府的力量增進傳統國際關係理論中的核心國家利益項目。換言之，中國特色的全球治理為尚未成熟的全球治理。本論文的案例－中國的技術標準制定政策，闡述了中國參與全球治理的學習歷程，因此，將此稱為「過渡中的全球治理」，以彰顯中國參與全球技術標準化競爭的特殊狀態。 於知識的權力結構體系中，擁有技術標準制定的權力日趨重要，中國的技術標準戰略因而規劃於 2020 年前成為領導創新的國家之一。然而在中國 WAPI (WLAN authentication and privacy infrastructure) 技術標準制定的經驗中，隱約可見中國在全球治理中自我調整的動態過程，這種觀察為現有主流的全球治理理論無法充分解釋的。 / The thesis tries to examine Chinese initiative in indigenization of technical standardization for the global market. The basic analytical framework is based on the theoretical concept of Global Governance with a multi-actor approach. The following chapters try to touch upon three inquiries. First, it examines the applicability of global governance on standards setting issues. Second, it depicts the ”invisible hand” of Chinese government in global governance. Finally, it concludes that Chinese initiative in indigenizing technical standardization can be a good case in point to demonstrate a Chinese version of global governance under the guidance of “harmonious world.” This thesis reviews different schools of global governance. Unlike any of the existing literature, the author considers global governance itself a dynamic adjusting process. China partakes in global governance by emphasizing guidance from the government to boost the second and third sectors which are relatively underdeveloped. Namely, China inclines to be characterized into “state-centric status quo” school, which affirms that government is the most determining actor of global governance, thus not willing to give up “controls of the government.”Chinese scholars dub this phenomenon “Chinese version of global governance” or “China model.” This paper concludes that the so called “China Model” of global governance was conducted in western culture’s framework with a realist’s state-led approach in essence. In other words, Chinese version of global governance can not be regarded as a full-fledged one. The case study standard setting policy of China has illustrated a better picture of China’s learning process of global governance. Accordingly, “global governance in process” was coined into the title of this thesis to identify the current status of China’s involvement in global competition of technical standardization. Given the growing stake of “technical standards setting” in a knowledge-based power structure, Chinese initiative of technical standardization strategy has paved the way for pursuing leading innovative state in 2020. The lesson China learned from WAPI (WLAN authentication and privacy infrastructure) standard setting has provided us a clues about the self-adjusting role of the state in global governance as a dynamic process which could not be fully explained by conventional version of global governance prevailing nowadays.

<p>Atlas Copco Tools & Assembly Systems (ACTA) is world leader in industrial tools and assembly systems for safety-critical joints. One of the products the company sells is fixtured nutrunners, mainly to the motor vehicle industry. The margins on these highly customized products have been decreasing – much depending on changes in the purchasing behavior of the automotive industry.</p><p>Traditionally, the marketing of the fixtured nutrunners has been concentrated to the parts of the product instead of the final product. Today, there is a belief within the organization that many of the sold customized products could be replaced by more standardized applications. There is also a wish to turn the focus of the market offer from the parts towards the final application. These beliefs and wishes resulted in this thesis, with the purpose to propose a new market offer to increase profitability and give more customer benefits.</p><p>To reach this purpose we started out with theoretical studies of several different areas. Among those was mass customization, a strategy that combines the benefits of mass production with those of customization. We also performed a prestudy at the headquarters of ACTA in Sickla and visited major customers in Sweden. Using our collected knowledge from the theoretical studies and the prestudy, we conducted an in-depth case study by interviewing customers and people working at ACTA, both in Sweden and in the USA, in order to analyze today’s situation. In the analysis, we found several problems with today’s offer. For instance, we found that similar products are solved with unique solutions, which has lead to poor cost control and has made it difficult for ACTA to assure the quality of the ordered products. A further problem is the poor sales support and the lack of traceability of sold systems, which reduces sales and leads to unnecessary special solutions. A problem linked to that is the difficulties in getting accurate and sufficient information from the customer, which leads to extra errors and a lot of extra work.</p><p>To solve these problems, we recommend ACTA to implement a mass customization strategy. Of course, not all of ACTA’s products can be mass customized, but to a large extent it should be possible. To implement a mass customization strategy, we argue that ACTA should take three measures, namely design standard products, modularize the products, and implement a computerized configuration tool. We also suggest that the implementation of the new market offer should be done stepwise. With the proposed new market offer, we believe that ACTA can increase profitability in the area of fixtured nutrunners without losing the flexibility of the products.</p>

<p>Den här rapporten undersöker möjligheterna att standardisera och modulariseralågspänningsställverken i ABB:s HVDC-stationer. Anläggningarna har idag heltkundanpassade lösningar, vilket tar för lång tid att projektera för att kunna svara mot denökade efterfrågan på HVDC-lösningar.Arbetet baseras på tretton stationer i åtta pågående och avslutade projekt. Dessa skiljer sigtill storlek, lokalisering, ålder, dokumentation och stationstyp.För att kunna erhålla en korrekt men samtidigt överskådlig bild överlågspäninngsställverkets laster, granskades varje stations dokumentation. Informationensammanställdes i en databas, som visade de belastningar som var ständigt återkommande.Arbetet visar att det är möjligt att standardisera valda delar av lågspänningsställverken, docktas ingen hänsyn till vare sig storleks- eller kostnadsökning. Arbetet behandlar de mestfrekvent förekommande brytarstorlekarna för de typiska lasterna.Det standardförslag som tagits fram har anpassats för att täcka de brytarstorlekar somförekommit för de typiska lasterna i stationerna. För strömriktartransformatorerna erbjudstvå varianter av skåp, medan det för övriga laster endast förekommer ett alternativ.En alternativ lösning på problemet skulle kunna vara att ta fram en standard för varjestationstyp. Detta förutsätter dock ett större antal projekt av varje typ än de som tagits medi detta arbete.</p> / <p>This thesis investigates the possibilities to standardize and modularize the low-voltageswitchgear in ABB’s HVDC-stations. The reason for this is that the customized solutionthey use today take too much engineering and production time to meet the expectedincrease of projects.The report is based on thirteen stations in eight different closed or ongoing projects. Theselection was based on the station size, geographical location, commissioning year andstation type.In order to obtain a correct representation of the loads in the low-voltage switchgear, therelevant station documentation was reviewed and compiled in a database. The data wasthen analyzed to determine the most frequently occurring loads and their characteristics.The thesis shows that it’s possible to standardize some components in the low-voltageswitchgear. However, this report doesn’t take into consideration any possible increase oftotal size and cost. It also shows the most frequent sizes of the circuit breakers for each ofthe common loads.The standard proposition for the common loads was developed to cover all the occurringsizes of the circuit breakers in the stations. For the converter transformers coolingequipment there’s two different cubicles to choose from, while the remaining loads islimited to a single alternative.An alternative solution could be to develop a standard for each occurring station type.However, this would require that the data from a larger number of projects, for all stationtypes, are reviewed and compiled.</p>

The objective of this thesis is to develop a conceptual model for classification of real property rights and public regulations. The model is called the Legal Cadastral Domain Model. The model is intended to be a terminological framework for cross-border exchange of cadastral information. Parties exchanging cadastral information via the model do not require detailed knowledge of the legal system in which the right or regulation is created. The model is based on the principle that real property rights and public regulations influence real property ownership by being either beneficial or encumbering for the real property owner. The theoretical departure of the research presented in this thesis is in comparative legal theory and terminology. Real property rights and public regulations are important parts of real property legislation as they describe and secure the use and other exploitation of land, water and air. The research is conducted through studies in real property legislation and associated literature. The model has been developed through case studies on real property rights in Portugal, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands and Sweden and public regulations in Portugal and Sweden. The generated results show that it seems possible to describe real property rights and public regulations regardless of their legal origin, at least in Western legal systems. The thesis also includes a discussion of terminological aspects concerning definitions of three-dimensional (3D) real property. The thesis consists of a summary and 6 papers. / <p>QC 20120629</p>

In the light of an ageing society with shrinking economic resources, deinstitutionalization of elderly care is a general trend. As a result, homecare is increasing, and increasingly shared between different health and social care organizations. To provide a holistic overview about the patient care process, i.e. to be patient-centred, shared homecare needs to be integrated. This requires improved support for information sharing and cooperation between different actors, such as care professionals, patients and their relatives. The research objectives of this thesis are therefore to study information and communication needs for patient-centered shared homecare, to explore how integrated information and communication technology (ICT) can support information sharing, and to analyze how current standards for continuity of care and semantic interoperability meet requirements of patient-centered shared homecare. An action research approach, characterized by an iterative cycle, an emphasis on change and close collaboration with practitioners, patients and their relatives, was used. Studying one specific homecare setting closely, intersection points between involved actors and specific needs for information sharing were identified and described as shared information objects. An integration architecture making shared information objects available through integration of existing systems was designed and implemented. Mobile virtual health record (VHR) applications thereby enable a seamless flow of information between involved actors. These applications were tested and validated in the OLD@HOME-project. Moreover, the underlying information model for a shared care plan was mapped against current standards. Some important discrepancies were identified between these results and current standards for continuity of care, stressing the importance of evaluating standardized models against requirements of evolving healthcare contexts. In conclusion, this thesis gives important insights into the needs and requirements of shared homecare, enabling a shift towards patient-centered homecare through mobile access to aggregated information from current feeder systems and documentation at the point of need.

Das System der Geometrischen Produktspezifikation und -verifikation ist eine umfangreiche Zusammenstellung von Normen, die die geometrische Produktspezifikation und den Nachweis der Bauteileigenschaften regelt. Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt die im Jahr 2012 gültigen Normen und deren Inhalte dar. Den Schwerpunkt bildet die funktionsgerechte Spezifikation. Ausgehend von den in den Normen festgelegten Möglichkeiten und bisherigen Ansätzen werden ein funktionsgerechtes Spezifikationsmodell abgeleitet und die Grenzen des Systems aufgezeigt.