Changes in land use and water use can greatly impact the cycling of water and water-borne substances. Increased redistribution of river water to irrigated fields can cause enhanced evapotranspiration and decreased river discharge. Additionally, the water quality can be affected by the external input of fertilisers and pesticides, and by changed pollutant transport pathways in expansive irrigation canal systems. This thesis examines basin-scale changes in water use, river discharge, water quality and nitrogen (N) loading under conditions of intensified irrigated agriculture, using the Aral Sea drainage basin (ASDB) with its two large rivers Syr Darya and Amu Darya in Central Asia as study area. Results show that more efficient irrigation techniques could reduce outtake of river water to the cotton fields in the ASDB by about 10 km3/year, while the corresponding river water saving at the outlet would be 60% lower. The result illustrates the importance of accounting for return flows of irrigation water in basin-scale water saving assessments. Moreover, a decrease in riverine N concentrations at the outlet of the Amu Darya River Basin (ADRB) was observed during a 40-year period of increasing N fertiliser input. The decrease was identified to be primarily caused by increased recirculation of river water in the irrigation system, leading to increased flow-path lengths and enhanced N attenuation. Decreasing N loads were shown to be primarily related to reduced discharge. N export from the basin may further decrease due to projected discharge reductions related to climate change. Furthermore, nutrients and metals were occasionally found at concentrations above drinking water guideline values in surface waters in the ADRB. However, metal concentrations in groundwater in the lower ADRB were subject to orders of magnitude higher health hazards. Projected decrease in downstream surface water availability would thus imply decreased access to water suitable for drinking. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Submitted. Paper 5: Manuscript.</p>

From the Proceedings of the 1972 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - May 5-6, 1972, Prescott, Arizona / The need for increased control of seepage from both natural and artificial small ponds and lakes has become more apparent with the increased frequency of their construction and use on the farm, ranch, and in recreational urban use. Seepage control methods are also becoming more numerous. Unfortunately, comparisons as to effectiveness, longevity and costs are not readily available. This paper investigates some control techniques being used in this region and evaluated them according to the above criteria. Emphasis was on the use of available physiochemical methods other than rubber membranes and concrete liners. Examples of the types of controls in use include plastic, soil compaction aids, hydrophobic chemicals and monovalent cation applications, such as sodium chloride. Some examples of the use of these methods in Arizona are shown and the results of some field comparison tests conducted using 8 x 8 square foot double -ringed infiltrometers presented. Recommendations are made of additional research that should be undertaken to improve the technology of the control of seepage losses.

Water is a crucial natural resource, indispensable to food production, life, the environment, power generation, industry, sanitation and hygiene. The presence of Organochlorine Pesticides (OCPs) in the environment is not wanted due to their negative effects on human beings and animals. As a result, there is a need to continuously monitor their presence in the environment. In this study, surface water samples were collected once a month during the dry season and during wet season from the selected five points along the Olifants River and stored at a temperature of < 50C before analysis. The OCPs were extracted with dichloromethane (DCM) using the Liquid-Liquid Extraction (LLE) method. After undertaking the sample through the clean- up process, the crude extracts obtained were put into the column chromatography and eluted with hexane, about 1.5 μL of the purified extracts were analysed by the Gas Chromatographic- Mass Spectrophotometer (GC/MS). The percentage recoveries, varied from 32- 116 % for p, p’-DDT and 4,4'-DDD respectively in triply spiked water samples. The standard deviation for most of the compounds is less than±0.04, with the exclusion of Heptachlor (±0.14). The seasonal variability of OCPs in water samples along Olifants River results show that in dry season, the Olifants River is mostly polluted at the Oxford site with (BHC-beta, Aldrin, Heptachlor-epoxide, Endosulfan-alpha and Endrin), at the Ga- Selati site with (Heptachlor-epoxide and Endrin) and at the Wolvekrans site with (Endosulfan-alpha), with Aldrin up to 834.20 ng/ L indicating the highest hazard toward the aquatic environment while in summer the Olifants River is mostly polluted at the Ga- selati site with BHC-beta and at the Waterval site with (Heptachlor and BHC-gamma) with BHC- gamma up to 560 ng/ L indicating the highest hazard toward the aquatic environment. The levels reached from the Olifants River catchment were meaningfully above the drinking water quality guidelines for organic chemical recommended by WHO, 2006 i.e. (BHC-gamma,DDT-44, Aldrin, dieldrin and Endrin are (2.0,1.0,0.03,0.03 and 0.6) respectively for the protection of the domestic use, aquatic ecology and agricultural use (irrigation and livestock watering) for compounds with local guideline values; while, the international water quality guidelines to protect the aquatic ecosystems are 0.00083 ng/mℓ (4,4’DDD), 0.00059 ng/mL (4,4’DDE), (4,4’DDT), 0.00021 ng/mL (heptachlor), 0.0092 ng/mℓ (α-HCH), 0.0186 ng/mL (γ- HCH), and chronic values are 0.056 ng/mL (ENDO I and II) and 0.0023 ng/mL endrin) (USEPA, 2002). Levels detected were significantly higher than some research studies conducted up to now in South African aquatic environments. These results confirm the contamination of the Olifants River catchment by the OCPs. / Water and Sanitation / M. Sc. (Environmental Science)

EU:s ramdirektiv för vatten kom år 2000 och har som uppgift att förbättra vattenkvaliteten inom unionen. Direktivet är rättsligt bindande för medlemsstaterna och har målet att samtliga vattenförekomster i EU ska nå minst god status. I arbetet med vattenförvaltningen används begreppen statusklassificering, som är ett mått på rådande vattenkvalitet i vattenförekomsten, och miljökvalitetsnormer, som den vattenkvaliteten vattenförekomsten ska ha vid en viss tidpunkt. Statusklassificeringen består av ekologisk och kemisk status. Ekologisk status bedöms utifrån kvalitetsfaktorer (exempelvis växtplankton, näringsämnen), som bedöms av parametrar (exempelvis biovolym, total fosfor), och kemisk status utifrån EU bestämda gränsvärden för prioriterade ämnen. 2015 kom Weserdomen, som är ett förhandsavgörande från EU-domstolen om tolkning av ramdirektivet för vatten, rörande medlemsstaternas skyldighet att inte lämna tillstånd till projekt som orsakar en försämring av status eller äventyrar miljökvalitetsnormen samt innebörden att en försämring av status föreligger då en kvalitetsfaktor ändras en statusklass. Weserdomen har förändrat rättsläget för miljökvalitetsnormerna och har i Sverige skapat stora osäkerheter vid tillstånd och miljökonsekvensbeskrivning (MKB), med behov av att på sikt förändra lagstiftningen. Syftet med examensarbete är att studera hur Mark- och miljööverdomstolen hanterat Weserdomen vid prövning samt hur miljökvalitetsnormerna för ytvatten bör hanteras i MKB för projekt. För att undersöka detta genomfördes en litteraturstudie, en rättsfallsstudie av Mark- och miljööverdomstolens domar samt en studie av detaljnivån på redovisningen av miljökvalitetsnormerna i MKB för projekt. Litteraturstudien visar att Weserdomen innebär ett skärpt rättsläge för miljökvalitetsnormerna, att ekologisk status har fått samma rättsverkan som kemisk status samt att svensk lagstiftning behöver anpassas till det nya rättsläget. Rättsfallsstudien visade att miljökvalitetsnormerna fått en viktig roll i tillståndsprövning och att bedömning av påverkan ska göras utifrån kvalitetsfaktorer och har stor betydelse vid prövning. Utifrån studien över detaljnivån i MKB ställs större krav på redovisning av påverkan på kvalitetsfaktornivå. Dock finns utrymme att förbättra motiveringen av relevanta och icke-relevanta kvalitetsfaktorer. / The EU Water Framework Directive came in the year 2000 and its aim is to improve the water quality within the union. The directive is legally binding for all member states and sets out to achieve good status for Europe’s all water bodies. In the work of water management are the following two terms commonly used, the concept of status classification, a measure of the water quality in a water body, and Environmental Quality Standards (EQS), the time when a certain water quality should be reached. The status classification consists of ecological quality and chemical quality. Ecological quality is assessed based on quality factors (e.g. phytoplankton, nutrients), which are assessed based on parameters (e.g. biovolume, total phosphorus), and chemical quality is assessed from an EU-defined limit value. In 2015 came the Weser ruling, a preliminary ruling by the European Court of Justice regarding interpretations in the Water Framework Directive. The Court found that the member states are required to not give permission to a project that could cause a deterioration of status or jeopardize current environmental quality standard in a water body. Regarding the interpretation of when a “deterioration of status” occurs, the Court found that it occurs when a quality factor is lowered by one statues class. The Weser ruling has changed the legal situation around the environmental quality standards, which in Sweden has led to major uncertainties among authorizations and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). In Sweden, an adjustment of the law is considered needed. This master thesis main purpose is to study how the Land and Environment Court of Appeal has dealt with the Weser ruling in trial and how Environmental Quality Standards for surface water should be managed in EIA for projects. The thesis consists of a literature study, a study of cases in the Land and Environment Court of Appeal and a study of the presentation of Environmental Quality Standards in EIA in projects. The study shows that the Weser ruling leads to a stronger interpretation of the Environmental Quality Standards, gives the ecological statuses the same legal value as chemical statues and lead to a need for adaption of the Swedish legalization to the new legal position. The case study shows that Environmental Quality Standards plays an important role during trial and that the impact assessment should be done on at the level of quality factors and is of great importance for the trial. The study of presentation in EIA shows higher demands on impact assessment at the level of quality factors, but still has room for improved motivation of relevant and non-relevant quality factors.

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a qualidade da água superficial e sedimento do Rio Pardo, considerando a sazonalidade e as relações entre diferentes parâmetros, e estimar o risco à saúde humana derivado da exposição aos metais. A leitura dos parâmetros limnológicos foi realizada no momento da coleta (in situ). Os metais em água superficial e sedimento foram analisados por Espectroscopia de Emissão Óptica com Plasma Induzido. A análise parasitológica foi realizada pelo método de sedimentação espontânea, e para Cryptosporidium spp. e Giardia spp. foi utilizado o Método Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Water by Filtration/IMS/FA (USEPA 1623). Já a quantificação bacteriana foi realizada por meio da técnica dos Tubos Múltiplos com Substrato Cromogênico. Para a avaliação de risco à saúde humana pela exposição aos metais presentes na água superficial foi considerado um cenário domiciliar, de acordo com o United States Department of Energy (USDOE) e a United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). As técnicas foram realizadas no Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia e Parasitologia Ambiental (LEPA) da Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto / USP, e no Laboratório de Salud Medio Ambiental y Toxicología da Universidad Rovira i Virgili, Espanha. Alguns parâmetros limnológicos (pH e Oxigênio Dissolvido) apresentaram valores acima dos estabelecidos pela Resolução CONAMA No 357/2005, assim como a avaliação bacteriológica. A análise parasitológica mostrou a presença de Entamoeba coli, Hymenolepis diminuta, Strongyloides stercoralis, Giardia spp. e Cryptosporidium spp. Em comparação aos padrões de qualidade estabelecidos pelo CONAMA No 357/2005, as concentrações dos metais analisados na água superficial estão em conformidade com a legislação brasileira. Os resultados das análises dos sedimentos mostraram que todos os metais apresentaram as médias das concentrações de acordo com os padrões estabelecidos pela Resolução CONAMA Nº 344/2004, embora Cu e Cr tenham apresentado, em alguns pontos de coleta, concentrações superiores às estabelecidas para o nível 1. A avaliação de risco para a saúde humana derivada da exposição aos metais indicou que a água do Rio Pardo pode apresentar risco para elementos não carcinogênicos (As, Cd, Cr IV, Cu, Mn, Ni, Tl, Sn, V and Zn), enquanto que os valores para os elementos carcinogênicos (As) estão de acordo com os riscos aceitáveis. PCA e HCA foram aplicadas permitindo identificar variações espaciais e sazonais causadas por fatores naturais e antropogênicos, além das associações entre as variáveis. Os resultados sugerem que a qualidade das águas e sedimento do Rio Pardo é afetada por fatores naturais e antropogênicos, incluindo a estrutura geológica, mineralogia, precipitação e escoamento superficial, assim como crescimento dos espaços urbanos com consequente aumento da população e incremento de processos de industrialização regional. Há uma clara tendência de crescimento da população nas proximidades do Rio Pardo, bem como das atividades econômicas, com consequentes impactos sobre os recursos hídricos. Frente a essa realidade, que estabelece um aumento na demanda de fontes de água para consumo da população, tem-se como possibilidade estratégica para o futuro o uso desse corpo d\'água para o abastecimento público de Ribeirão Preto e de outros municípios banhados pelo Rio Pardo, o que evidencia a importância deste estudo / The aim of the study was assess the quality of surface water and sediment of Pardo River, taking into account the seasonality and the relation among different parameters, and estimate the risk assessment to human health derived from exposure to metals. All measurements of limnological parameters were performed at the sampling time (in situ). Metals in surface water and sediment were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma spectrometry. The parasitological analysis was performed by the sedimentation method, and Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. by Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Water by Filtration/IMS/FA (USEPA 1623). Bacterial quantifications were carried out using the multiple tube technique with a defined substrate. The risk assessment to human health from exposure to metals was assessed under a residential scenario according to the United States Department of Energy (USDOE) and United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The techniques were performed at the Laboratory of Ecotoxicology and Environmental Parasitology (LEPA) at the Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing in the University of São Paulo (USP), and the metals analysis at the Laboratorio de Salud Medio Ambiental y Toxicología of the Universidad Rovira i Virgili, Spain. Dissolved oxygen and pH showed higher values than those set by CONAMA Resolution No 357/2005, as well as bacteriological evaluation. The parasitological analysis showed the presence of Entamoeba coli, Strongyloides stercoralis, Hymenolepis diminuta, Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. The levels of analyzed metals in surface water are in accordance to the Brazilian legislation (CONAMA No 357/2005). The results of sediments showed that all the metals had mean concentrations in accordance to brazilian legislation, but Cu and Cr presented in some points higher levels than those set by CONAMA No 344/2004 for level 1. The risk assessment to human health derived from exposure to metals indicated that the Pardo River can be a pathway of concern for human exposures to metals for non-carcinogens elements (As, Cd, Cr IV, Cu, Mn, Ni, Tl, Sn, V and Zn), while the values for carcinogenic (As) elements were in accordance to acceptable lifetime risks. PCA and HCA were applied in order to identify spatial and seasonal variations caused by natural and anthropogenic factors, in addition to associations among variables. The results suggest the quality of water and sediment from the Pardo River is affected by natural and anthropogenic factors, including the geology, mineralogy, rainfall and runoff, as well as growth of urban areas with a consequent population increases and industrialization processes. There is a clear trend of population and economic activities growth in the Pardo River area that makes the water of the Pardo River a strategic alternative for the future supply, which highlights the importance of this study

The thesis deals with the legal regulation of territorial protection of water in terms of quantity, which is contained in the Water Act. I am only focusing on the Protected Areas of Natural Water Accumulation and Surface Water Accumulation Protected Areas as they have significant potential to reduce the effects of drought. Both areas are viewed through common problem, which is the point of view of the amount of water. The legal regulation of the territorial protection of waters in terms of quantity is discussed in connection with other laws. The aim of this work is to answer the question whether the legal regulation of territorial protection of waters in terms of quantity in the Water Act is sufficient to enable the Czech Republic to adapt adequately to the ongoing climate change, that ultimately causes the loss of water. The first part of the thesis deals with sources of legal regulation of territorial protection of water in terms of quantity, further includes the systematics of the Water Act and the Strategy on Adaptation to Climate Change in the Czech Republic (Adaptation Strategy of the Czech Republic). The second part analyses the Protected Areas of Natural Water Accumulation, prohibitions therein contained prohibitions, exemption from prohibitions and damage compensation. The third part deals...

Le nord du Chili est soumis à un contexte climatique aride à semi-aride présentant une variabilité saisonnière et inter-annuelle forte. Dans cette région les zones de haute altitude soutiennent les parties plus basses des bassins versants, mais la ressource en eau reste malgré tout limitée. Afin d'améliorer les méthodes de gestion de l'eau dans ces bassins versants, il est important de préciser le rôle des zones de haute altitude dans le soutien des parties basses, mais aussi de caractériser les modalités de transfert et d'interaction entre les compartiments constitutifs de l'hydrosystème. Ce travail porte sur la caractérisation du fonctionnement hydrologique du bassin versant de l'Elqui depuis la tête de bassin, située au cœur de la cordillère des Andes, jusqu'aux vallées de la zone inférieure situées entre 500 et 2000 mètres d'altitude. En tête de bassin, les processus d'interaction entre les compartiments cryosphériques, hydrologiques et hydrogéologiques, et leurs impacts sur le transfert des masses d'eau vers l'aval de la zone d'étude sont caractérisés. Le comportement hydrologique des sous bassins versant partiellement ou non‑englacés est également étudié. Dans la zone inférieure du bassin, l'étude porte principalement sur les processus d'interactions surface-souterrain en contexte semi‑aride et sur les impacts des forçages climatiques et anthropiques sur ces derniers. Cette étude s'appuie sur plus de 40 ans de données hydro-météorologiques disponibles sur la zone inférieure du bassin, complétés par des mesures hydrologiques sur la zone supérieure (> 2000 mètres d'altitude) et des prélèvements chimiques (majeurs et traces) et isotopiques (²D, 18O) sur la totalité de la zone d'étude, réalisés entre 2011 et 2013.Ces travaux ont montré que le modèle conceptuel de fonctionnement du bassin versant de l'Elqui généralement accepté était incomplet. Dans la zone supérieure, l'étude d'un bassin versant englacé a permis de montrer que le rôle de la cryosphère dépasse la fonction de production d'eau, avec certains compartiments stockant temporairement de l'eau en période humide et la libérant en période sèche. Ce processus permet d'amortir la variabilité temporelle des précipitations et du taux de fonte en altitude. Les analyses physico-chimiques réalisées dans le bassin versant ont également permis d'identifier des compartiments aquifères ignorés jusqu'à maintenant, comme les compartiments volcanique et plutonique. En améliorant les connaissances sur les processus d'interactions entre compartiments cryosphériques, hydrologiques et hydrogéologiques, les résultats de ce travail ont apporté des précisions sur le fonctionnement hydrologique de la zone de haute altitude. Cela a permis l'estimation des impacts potentiels de la variabilité climatique sur ces processus d'interactions et leurs conséquences sur la disponibilité et la qualité de la ressource. Dans la zone inférieure, la caractérisation des interactions surface-souterrain a montré qu'il existe un fort potentiel d'interaction entre le compartiment hydrologique et le compartiment alluvial, mais également entre le compartiment alluvial et le socle plutonique. L'étude des données hydrologiques et physico-chimiques a permis de caractériser le type d'échanges se déroulant entre les compartiments. Dans certains secteurs le processus dominant est la recharge du compartiment alluvial par le compartiment hydrologique, tandis que pour d'autres il existe une alternance entre période de drainage du compartiment alluvial par le compartiment hydrologique et période de recharge du compartiment alluvial. La réponse de ces processus face aux impacts des forçages climatiques et anthropiques contraindra la disponibilité et la qualité de la ressource dans les années à venir. Ainsi, les résultats apportés par ce travail permettront certainement de mieux anticiper les modifications futures du fonctionnement hydrologique des bassins versant montagneux en contexte semi-arides. / The north Chile is affected by an arid to semi-arid climate, associated with a strong seasonal to inter-annual variability. In this region, while mountainous areas are supporting low areas, the availability of water resources remains limited. In order to improve the water management in these basins, it is necessary to precise how the high areas support the low areas, and to characterize water transfers and interaction processes between the constitutive compartments of the hydrosystem. This work concern the characterization of the hydrodynamic behavior of the Elqui watershed from the headwaters, in the Andes, to the valleys, ranging between 500 and 2000 m.a.s.l.In the headwaters, the interactions processes between cryospheric and hydrologic compartments and their impact on water transfers to the low areas are characterized. The behavior of unglacierized or partially glacierized watershed is also studied. In the low area of the watershed, the study mainly considers groundwater-surface water interactions under semi-arid context and the impact of the climatic variability on these processes. This study is based on more than 40 years of hydro-meteorological data available in the lower zone of the basin, completed by hydrological measurements in the upper zone (> 2000 m.a.s.l.) and chemical (majors and traces elements) and isotopic samples (²D, 18O) over the whole study area realized between 2011 and 2013.This work demonstrated that the conceptual model of the Elqui basin hydrological behavior, generally accepted, was incomplete. In the high area (> 2000 m.a.s.l.), the study of a glacierized watershed show that the function of the cryosphere overpass the water production with some compartments storing water during humid periods and draining their water content during dry periods. This process buffers the temporal variability of precipitations and melting rates in the high area. Physico-chemical analysis, allows to identify some ignored aquifer compartments, as the volcanic and plutonic compartments. The results of this study improve the knowledge about interactions processes between cryospheric, hydrologic and hydrogeologic compartments, which precise the hydrological functioning of the high area. The interpretation of the hydrological behavior of the high altitude area allows to better understand the way that it support the low area, and the way that climate variability may affects it.In the low area, results show that the groundwater-surface water interaction potential is good between alluvial and hydrological compartments, but also between the plutonic and the alluvial compartments. The study of hydro-meteorological and physico-chemical data allowed to characterize the type of exchanges that take place between groundwater and surface water. In some sectors the main process is the recharge of the alluvial compartment by the hydrological compartment, while in other sectors the processes show a seasonal variability with periods of alluvial compartment recharge and periods of hydrological compartment support. The answer of these processes face to climatic and anthropic forcing will constrain the evolution of the availability and quality of the water resources in the Elqui basin. Finally, the results of this study will certainly allow to better anticipate the future modifications of the semi-arid mountainous watershed hydrological functioning.

An automated on-line SPE-LC-MS/MS method was developed for the quantitation of multiple classes of antibiotics in environmental waters. High sensitivity in the low ng/L range was accomplished by using large volume injections with 10-mL of sample. Positive confirmation of analytes was achieved using two selected reaction monitoring (SRM) transitions per antibiotic and quantitation was performed using an internal standard approach. Samples were extracted using online solid phase extraction, then using column switching technique; extracted samples were immediately passed through liquid chromatography and analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry. The total run time per each sample was 20 min. The statistically calculated method detection limits for various environmental samples were between 1.2 and 63 ng/L. Furthermore, the method was validated in terms of precision, accuracy and linearity. The developed analytical methodology was used to measure the occurrence of antibiotics in reclaimed waters (n=56), surface waters (n=53), ground waters (n=8) and drinking waters (n=54) collected from different parts of South Florida. In reclaimed waters, the most frequently detected antibiotics were nalidixic acid, erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole and ofloxacin (19.3-604.9 ng/L). Detection of antibiotics in reclaimed waters indicates that they can’t be completely removed by conventional wastewater treatment process. Furthermore, the average mass loads of antibiotics released into the local environment through reclaimed water were estimated as 0.248 Kg/day. Among the surface waters samples, Miami River (reaching up to 580 ng/L) and Black Creek canal (up to 124 ng/L) showed highest concentrations of antibiotics. No traces of antibiotics were found in ground waters. On the other hand, erythromycin (monitored as anhydro erythromycin) was detected in 82% of the drinking water samples (n.d-66 ng/L). The developed approach is suitable for both research and monitoring applications. Major metabolites of antibiotics in reclaimed wates were identified and quantified using high resolution benchtop Q-Exactive orbitrap mass spectrometer. A phase I metabolite of erythromycin was tentatively identified in full scan based on accurate mass measurement. Using extracted ion chromatogram (XIC), high resolution data-dependent MS/MS spectra and metabolic profiling software the metabolite was identified as desmethyl anhydro erythromycin with molecular formula C36H63NO12 and m/z 702.4423. The molar concentration of the metabolite to erythromycin was in the order of 13 %. To my knowledge, this is the first known report on this metabolite in reclaimed water. Another compound acetyl-sulfamethoxazole, a phase II metabolite of sulfamethoxazole was also identified in reclaimed water and mole fraction of the metabolite represent 36 %, of the cumulative sulfamethoxazole concentration. The results were illustrating the importance to include metabolites also in the routine analysis to obtain a mass balance for better understanding of the occurrence, fate and distribution of antibiotics in the environment. Finally, all the antibiotics detected in reclaimed and surface waters were investigated to assess the potential risk to the aquatic organisms. The surface water antibiotic concentrations that represented the real time exposure conditions revealed that the macrolide antibiotics, erythromycin, clarithromycin and tylosin along with quinolone antibiotic, ciprofloxacin were suspected to induce high toxicity to aquatic biota. Preliminary results showing that, among the antibiotic groups tested, macrolides posed the highest ecological threat, and therefore, they may need to be further evaluated with, long-term exposure studies considering bioaccumulation factors and more number of species selected. Overall, the occurrence of antibiotics in aquatic environment is posing an ecological health concern.

<p>U doktorskoj disertaciji evaluirani su interkorelacioni rezultati odnosa ključnih fizičko-hemijskih parametara i katjona metala u površinskoj vodi Dunava, Tise (na po tri selektovana reprezentativna lokaliteta) i kanala Dunav-Tisa-Dunav (na dva lokaliteta). U<br />Kanalu Dunav-Tisa-Dunav praćene su i rezidualne katjonske koncentracije metala u sedimentu. Na osnovu podataka prisutnosti katjona metala u heterogenom sistemu tečno/čvrsto izračunate su po prvi put konstante podeonih procesa za ispitivane katjone metala. Primenom multivarijantnih statističkih metoda analizirani su korelacioni odnosi između ključnih fizičko-hemijskih parametara i koncentracionih nivoa rezidula katjona teških, lakih i semimetala. Faktorskom analizom (PCA) i klaster analizom sa dendogramima tumačeni, analizirani i diskutovani su dobijeni rezultati. Za optimalnog uočavanja korelacionih odnosa primenjeno je unapređeno rangiranje određenih skupova podataka (interkorelacije ključnih fizičko-hemijskih parametara i rezidua katjona metala) i grafički prikazanih Haseovih dijagrama primenom DART softvera (Decision Analysis by Ranking Techniques) za definisani model procene uticaja raspodele katjona toksičnih metala u heterogenom sistemu tečno/čvrsto na kvalitet površinskih voda.</p> / <p>In the doctoral thesis are evaluated inter correlational results of key physicochemical parameters and metal cations in surface water of Danube, Tisa (on three selected representative sampling points) and canal Danube-Tisa-Danube (on two sampling sites). In the canal Danube-Tisa-Danube are also followed residual metal cations concentrations in sediment. Based on metal cations presence data in heterogeneous system liquid/solid for the first time partitioning processes constants are calculated for<br />selected metal cations. Appling multivariate statistical methods correlations between key physicochemical parameters and concentration levels of residual heavy, light and semimetals cations are analysed. Using factorial analyse (PCA) and cluster analyse with dendograms obtained results were interpreted, analysed and discussed. For optimal comprehension of correlations, advanced method ranking of finite order sets is applied (inter correlations key physicochemical parameters and residual metal cations) and graphically shown Hasse diagrams obtained by DART software (Decision Analysis by Ranking Techniques) for defined impact assessment model of toxic metal cations partitioning in heterogeneous system liquid/solid for surface water quality.</p>

Les contaminants d’intérêt émergent (CIEs) ont fait l’objet d’un nombre croissant d’études ces dernières années, notamment dans les milieux aquatiques. Il existe cependant certains manques de connaissances concernant leur occurrence et leur distribution dans les systèmes hydrologiques complexes, notamment la distribution verticale à travers différentes masses d’eau. Les variations saisonnières entre conditions estivales et hivernales restent difficiles à établir en raison des conditions météorologiques hivernales rigoureuses au Canada, limitant l’accessibilité des échantillons. Ainsi, ce projet de maîtrise a porté sur l’étude de 90 CIEs, comprenant des pesticides, des produits pharmaceutiques et marqueurs anthropiques, des hormones et des substances perfluorées dans un environnement océanographique, soit l’Estuaire et le Golfe du Saint-Laurent (EGSL). Deux expéditions ont été menées en conditions hivernales (hivers 2019 et 2020) et une en conditions estivales (été 2019). Ces missions ont permis d’évaluer, dans un premier temps, la distribution spatiale des CIEs dans l’eau de surface le long de l’EGSL, puis, dans un second temps, la variation des concentrations de surface associées aux différentes températures, salinités, couvertures de glace, processus de dégradation ou débit du fleuve des saisons. Par ailleurs, un échantillonnage à plusieurs profondeurs durant l’hiver 2020 a permis de dresser un profil vertical des concentrations le long de l’Estuaire et du Golfe du Saint-Laurent. Finalement, la filtration de larges volumes d’eau de surface durant l’hiver 2020 a permis d’évaluer la concentration des CIEs adsorbés sur la matière en suspension (phase particulaire) et conséquemment, le partitionnement entre la phase dissoute et particulaire, influencé par la variation de la salinité et de la quantité de matière en suspension. Les analyses ont été effectuées grâce au développement et à la validation d’une nouvelle méthode multi-résidus impliquant la chromatographie liquide à ultra-haute performance (UHPLC) couplée à la spectrométrie de masse à haute résolution (HRMS). À notre connaissance, il s’agit de la première étude à caractériser divers contaminants émergents dans les eaux de l’Estuaire et du Golfe du Saint-Laurent, particulièrement pendant la période hivernale et à travers la colonne d’eau. / Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) have been increasingly studied since recent years, for instance in aquatic ecosystems. However, there exist significant knowledge gaps regarding their occurrence and distribution in complex hydrological systems, including their vertical distribution in different water bodies. Seasonal variations between summer and winter conditions are also difficult to establish because of the rigorous winter weather conditions in Canada, restricting the accessibility of samples. Thus, this project focused on the study of 90 CECs, including pesticides, pharmaceuticals and anthropogenic markers, hormones, and perfluorinated substances in an oceanographic environment, namely the St. Lawrence Estuary and Gulf (SLEG). Two expeditions were conducted under winter conditions (winters 2019 and 2020) and one under summer conditions (summer 2019). These expeditions first assessed the spatial distribution of CECs along the SLEG and, secondly, the seasonal and annual variations of the concentrations associated with the different temperatures, salinities, ice cover, degradation processes or seasonal river flow. In addition, sampling at multiple depths during the winter of 2020 allowed for documenting the vertical profiles of CECs throughout the SLEG. Finally, the filtration of large volumes of surface water during the winter of 2020 allowed for the evaluation of the CECs adsorbed onto suspended particle matter (SPM) and consequently, the partitioning between dissolved and particulate phases, influenced by salinity and SPM variations. Analyses were performed following the development and validation of a new multi-residue method involving ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report the occurrence of emerging contaminants in the SLEG, especially during the winter season and across the water column.