Advances in mathematical modelling and the availability of high speed computers with considerable memory size is making it possible to study the hydraulics of border irrigation in a greater depth than every before. A zero inertia mathematical model was found to be reliable and inexpensive among the models available in border irrigation hydraulics and was used for this study to simulate free outflow flowing border irrigation. Special emphasis was given to the runoff produced from such a system. This study dealt particularly with, the identification of pertinent open channel variables affecting runoff in border irrigation, presentation of predictive graphical and mathematical solution to quantify runoff, and with utilization of these solutions in developing reuse system design criteria. Inflow rate, surface resistance, border slope, soil infiltration characteristics, application time (time of cutoff and length of run of the border) were among other variables studied. As one might expect, runoff was found to increase with slope, flow rate, application time and decrease with increase in infiltration rate, length of run and bed and vegetation drag. Considering the number of variables affecting runoff characteristics from a given irrigation, it was obvious to see a thorough examination of each variable in dimensional terms was practically impossible. Also, presentation of the results would have required too many graphs. Dimensional anslysis was used to solve this problem and in developing dimensionless runoff curves. The ability to quantify runoff made it possible to develop reuse system design formula for proper sizing of reuse systems under several operational requirements. Shape function for the ultimate infiltrated depth profile was used to get times of runoff and also calculate various efficiencies which are useful for evaluating the system. The study shows, through the use of reuse system, the potential application efficiency can be changed from present values of 60 percent to 90 percent in Arizona. It also can be used to demonstrate the saving in energy that can be realized through such system. Step by step procedures for the design of reuse system using graphical and mathematical solutions are presented with a sample problem worked out. It is expected that the result of this study can be used by designers as well as operators of border irrigation systems without any difficulty with the aid of a simple pocket calculator. Other uses of the study include getting optimal design for the system itself by evaluating various possible designs and classroom instruction on the application of dimensional analysis to open channel hydraulics problems and design of reuse systems.

This thesis documents the design and fabrication of an experimental facility that was built to produce a turbulent plane wall jet. The target flow was two-dimensional with a uniform profile of the mean streamwise velocity and a low turbulence level at the slot exit. The design requirements for a flow conditioning apparatus that could produce this flow were determined. The apparatus was then designed and constructed, and measurements of the fluid flow were obtained using particle image velocimetry (PIV). The first series of measurements was along the slot width, the second series was along the slot centerline and the third was at 46 slot heights off the centerline. The Reynolds number, based on the slot height and jet exit velocity, of the wall jet varied from 7594 to 8121. Data for the streamwise and transverse components of velocity and the three associated Reynolds stress components were analyzed and used to determine the characteristics of the wall jet.<p> This experimental facility was able to produce a profile of the mean streamwise velocity near the slot exit that was uniform over 71% of the slot height with a streamwise turbulence that was equal to 1.45% of the mean velocity. This initial velocity was maintained to 6 slot heights. The fully developed region for the centerline and the off-centerline measurements was determined to extend from 50 to 100 slot heights and 40 to 100 slot heights, respectively. This was based on self-similarity of the mean streamwise velocity profiles when scaled using the maximum streamwise velocity and the jet half-width. The off-centerline Reynolds stress profiles achieved a greater degree of collapse than did the centerline profiles.<p> The rate of spread of the wall jet along the centerline was 0.080 in the self-similar region from 50 to 100 slot heights, and the off-centerline growth rate was 0.077 in the self-similar region from 40 to 100 slot heights. The decay rate of the maximum streamwise velocity was -0.624 within the centerline self-similar region, and -0.562 within the off-centerline self-similar region. These results for the spread and decay of the wall jet compared well with recent similar studies.<p> The two-dimensionality was initially assessed by measuring the mean streamwise velocity at 1 slot height along the entire slot width. The two-dimensionality of this wall jet was further analyzed by comparing the centerline and off-centerline profiles of the mean streamwise velocity at 2/3, 4, 50, 80, and 100 slot heights, and by comparing the growth rates and decay rates. Although this facility was able to produce a wall jet that was initially two-dimensional, the two-dimensionality was compromised downstream of the slot, most likely due to the presence of return flow and spanwise spreading. Without further measurements, it is not yet clear exactly how the lack of complete two-dimensionality affects the flow characteristics noted above.

This thesis documents the design and fabrication of an experimental facility that was built to produce a turbulent plane wall jet. The target flow was two-dimensional with a uniform profile of the mean streamwise velocity and a low turbulence level at the slot exit. The design requirements for a flow conditioning apparatus that could produce this flow were determined. The apparatus was then designed and constructed, and measurements of the fluid flow were obtained using particle image velocimetry (PIV). The first series of measurements was along the slot width, the second series was along the slot centerline and the third was at 46 slot heights off the centerline. The Reynolds number, based on the slot height and jet exit velocity, of the wall jet varied from 7594 to 8121. Data for the streamwise and transverse components of velocity and the three associated Reynolds stress components were analyzed and used to determine the characteristics of the wall jet.<p> This experimental facility was able to produce a profile of the mean streamwise velocity near the slot exit that was uniform over 71% of the slot height with a streamwise turbulence that was equal to 1.45% of the mean velocity. This initial velocity was maintained to 6 slot heights. The fully developed region for the centerline and the off-centerline measurements was determined to extend from 50 to 100 slot heights and 40 to 100 slot heights, respectively. This was based on self-similarity of the mean streamwise velocity profiles when scaled using the maximum streamwise velocity and the jet half-width. The off-centerline Reynolds stress profiles achieved a greater degree of collapse than did the centerline profiles.<p> The rate of spread of the wall jet along the centerline was 0.080 in the self-similar region from 50 to 100 slot heights, and the off-centerline growth rate was 0.077 in the self-similar region from 40 to 100 slot heights. The decay rate of the maximum streamwise velocity was -0.624 within the centerline self-similar region, and -0.562 within the off-centerline self-similar region. These results for the spread and decay of the wall jet compared well with recent similar studies.<p> The two-dimensionality was initially assessed by measuring the mean streamwise velocity at 1 slot height along the entire slot width. The two-dimensionality of this wall jet was further analyzed by comparing the centerline and off-centerline profiles of the mean streamwise velocity at 2/3, 4, 50, 80, and 100 slot heights, and by comparing the growth rates and decay rates. Although this facility was able to produce a wall jet that was initially two-dimensional, the two-dimensionality was compromised downstream of the slot, most likely due to the presence of return flow and spanwise spreading. Without further measurements, it is not yet clear exactly how the lack of complete two-dimensionality affects the flow characteristics noted above.

The storm surge from Hurricane Ike inundated Bolivar Peninsula as well as pooled up (~4 meters above sea level) in the Galveston Bay System behind Bolivar. After the hurricane passed, this water flowed back over the peninsula for about 19 hours, causing a great deal of coastal destruction. Analysis of post-Hurricane Ike aerial photography and Lidar data revealed the development of dramatically different scour and backflow features in the beach and dune environments along Bolivar Peninsula, Texas. Using Ward's cluster analysis, the 454 identified features were grouped according to shape and size characteristics generated by an object-oriented shape analysis program. Five distinct groups of features emerged from the cluster analysis. Group 1 features were small and compact, distributed mostly in the west; Group 2 features were large and dendritic in nature, distributed where the peninsula was narrow. Group 3 features had a longshore orientation with many of them resembling piano keys, distributed in the east. Group 4 features were oriented longshore and ornate in shape. Many of them were similar in shape to Group 2 or 3 features though statistically different enough to be grouped alone; they were distributed mostly in the eastern half of the study area. Group 5 features tended to be elongated, oriented cross-shore, nonbranching, and distributed mostly in the east. At least four flow environments caused characteristic forms. The first flow environment is typified by seaward flowing water encountering a road parallel with the coastline. The water flowing over the road scours deeply on the leeward side (seaward side), denuding beach sediments down to the resistant mud layer (Groups 3 and 4). The second flow environment was caused by a geotube, which breached during the storm and channelized flow through the breaches (Groups 2 and 5). The third flow environment had a comparatively high elevation, high development, and shore-perpendicular roads (Group 2). The fourth flow environment was typified by wide beaches backed by dunes (lost in the storm) as well as flat vegetated areas. Water flowing seaward over the vegetation scoured deeply into troughs after it came off the vegetation (Groups 1, 3, and 4).

The study site, Ta-pon Bay, is located in southwestern Taiwan that has the total volume of 9.92 x 106 m3, surface area of 4.46 x 106 m2, and an average depth of 2.19 m. The Ta-pon Bay is a shallow and semi-enclosed lagoon. The tidal regime at the Ta-pon Bay inlet is mixed, with diurnal dominance. There is noticeable amount of land-derived freshwater inflow in Ta-pon Bay and the mixing between the sea water and freshwater is largely determined by the tide. In order to understand the tidal exchange process between Ta-pon Bay and the coastal sea, the observation focused on the physiographic and hydrographic characteristics of this lagoon. The bathymetry of the study area was also surveyed. From the spatial sediment grain-size distribution pattern, the high energy region is at the inlet and the low energy region is in the interior of the lagoon. Our observation results indicate that freshwater outflow from the Kao-ping River was not transported into Ta-pon Bay. Tides are also the dominant cause for the water level fluctuations in the lagoon. In our winter observation, the local wind effects and atmospheric forcing dominated the subtidal sea surface fluctuations. In summer observation, the subtidal variability was strongly influenced by freshwater inflow. In Ta-pon Bay, the spatial salinity distribution was controlled by the flood and ebb tides, and the spatial temperature distribution was controlled by the different seasons. The tidal prism model can help us understand the tidal exchange between a shallow coastal lagoon and the open sea, and estimate the volume of freshwater inflow, return flow factor, and the turn-over time. Furthermore, we used a one-dimensional model to simulate the hydrodynamics of tidal inlet. The model results show good agreement with observations. We found that the superelevation of the lagoon was 20 cm. This mean sea level difference was caused by freshwater inflow and accumulation of lagoonward tidal transport of water.

American Water Resources Association Symposium Proceedings / Reprinted from Establishment of Water Quality Monitoring Programs / Edited By: Lorne G. Everett and Kenneth D. Schmidt / June 12-14, 1978 / San Francisco, California / Traditional techniques for monitoring the mass flux of pollutants in the vadose zone involve obtaining point samples of solute, either by core sampling of solids, followed by laboratory extraction, or by installation of suction probes. An alternative sampling technique, discussed in this paper, is to sample perched ground water within the vadose zone. Large amounts of water may be pumped for sampling purposes from wells drilled into productive, perched ground -water bodies. Alternatively, cascading water from perched regions may be sampled in wells with perforations above the water table. Analytical results of samples from such wells are more representative of regional conditions than small point samples. Case studies are presented on sampling from perched ground water underlying a point source (an oxidation pond), a line source (an ephemeral stream), and a diffuse source (irrigation return flow).

This thesis focuses on two different topics in seismology: imaging the global structures of the mantle transition zone discontinuities and studying the site response effects in the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain. Global structures of the mantle transition zone discontinuities provide important constraints on thermal structures and dynamic processes in the mid mantle. In this thesis, global topographic structures of the 410- and 660-km discontinuities are obtained from finite-frequency tomography of SS precursors. The finite-frequency sensitivities of SS waves and precursors are calculated based on a single-scattering (Born) approximation and can be used for data selection. The new global models show a number of smaller-scale features that were absent in back-projection models. Good correlation between the mantle transition zone thickness and wave speed variations suggests dominantly thermal origins for the lateral variations in the transition zone. The high-resolution global models of the 410- and 660-km discontinuities in this thesis show strong positive correlation beneath western North America and eastern Asia subduction zones with both discontinuities occurring at greater depths. Wavespeed and anisotropy models support vertical variations in thermal structure in the mid mantle, suggesting return flows from the lower mantle occur predominantly in the vicinity of stagnant slabs and the region overlying the stagnant slabs. In oceanic regions, the two discontinuities show a weak anti-correlation, indicating the existence of a secondary global far-field return flow. The Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain is covered by extensive Cretaceous and Cenozoic marine sediments. In this thesis, the site response effects of sediments in the Coastal Plain region relative to the reference condition outside that region are investigated using Lg and coda spectral ratios. The high-frequency attenuation factors (kappa) in the Coastal Plain are strongly correlated with the sediment thickness. At frequencies between 0.1-2.86 Hz, the Lg spectral ratio amplitudes are modeled as functions of frequency and thickness of the sediments in the Coastal Plain. Analysis of the residuals from the stochastic ground motion prediction method suggests that incorporating the site response effects as functions of sediment thickness may improve ground motion prediction models for the Coastal Plain region. / Doctor of Philosophy / The mantle transition zone is the region in the Earth’s interior between depths of ∼410 km and ∼660 km. The structure of the mantle transition zone plays an important role in understanding temperature variations and mass exchanges in the interior of the Earth. This dissertation aims at resolving depth variations of the top and bottom boundaries of the mantle transition zone at a global scale using underside reflected seismic waves. The advanced method used here resolved stronger small-scale depth variations of the boundaries than a conventional method using the same dataset. The two mantle transition zone boundaries both occur at depths greater than the global average beneath eastern Asia and western North America where cold oceanic lithosphere subducted under the continents. This positively correlated behaviors of the two boundaries agree with a scenario where cold subducted slabs have been horizontally deflected and stagnant above the bottom boundary of the mantle transition zone while hot materials beneath the mantle transition zone flow upwards due to the stagnant slabs penetrating the bottom boundary of the mantle transition zone. This dissertation also provides an examination of the differences between response of earthquake ground shaking in the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain and that outside the Coastal Plain using seismic-wave spectral ratios. Ground shaking in the Coastal Plain is found to be amplified at low frequencies and de-amplified at high frequencies relative to that outside the Coastal Plain due to the extensive marine sediments in the Coastal Plain region. The amplification and attenuation factors can be estimated from spectral ratios and are found to be strongly correlated with the sediment thickness in the Coastal Plain. The spectral ratio functions derived in this dissertation may be adopted by studies on analyzing the seismic hazard in the Central and Eastern United States.

Norrbotten är ett län med stora ytor och en liten befolkning. Regionen är dock långt ifrån att vara självförsörjande på livsmedel. Detta beror till stor del på det karga klimatet som inte tillåter god skörd av många stapelvaror. Detta förvärras av att det finns ett ointresse att producera livsmedel hos befolkningen i övrigt. För att ändå kunna föda befolkningen måste hundratusentals ton livsmedel importeras varje år, inte bara från övriga Sverige utan också resten av Europa och världen. Samtidigt finns det många stora industrier i länet och nästan varje större tätort har ett fjärrvärmesystem. Dessa anläggningar producerar stora mängder restvärme som till viss del tas tillvara på, men mycket går till spillo. I Luleå Energis fall är nästan all fjärrvärme producerad av restgaser från SSABs ståltillverkning, vilket innebär att värmen redan är en form av restenergi. Luleå Energi har en ambition att bidra till att restvärme nyttjas ytterligare i samhället än den redan görs, en idé är att använda den till odling. Under hösten 2019 utfördes ett examensarbete på Luleå Energi, där designen för en lämplig odlingsenhet togs fram. Det är från denna odlingsenhet som detta examensarbete tar avstamp. Energiberäkningar och diskussion med sakkunniga visar att det är möjligt att nyttja lågvärdig värme till odlingsenheten. Det kräver heller inte några komplicerade värmekomponenter för att uppnå en god uppvärmning. Implementering av returvärmebaserad uppvärmning i en odlingsenhet som ställs upp centralt i Luleå tätort hoppas väcka intresse hos befolkningen till odling, men även nyttjande av restvärme då odlingsenheten tar sin värme från fjärrvärmereturen. Odlingsenheten är alltså ämnad att tackla två problem med livsmedelsförsörjningen, dels ointresset samt det karga klimatet. En livscykelanalys visar att odlingsenheten även är hållbar på andra sätt, då den kräver mindre resurser och kortare transportsträckor, däremot är koldioxidutsläppen något högre. Effekten av att odlingsenhetens nyttjande av fjärrvärmereturen skulle sänka dess temperatur var dock försumbar om inte tusentals odlingsenheter utplaceras. / Norrbotten county has a small population but a large area, however it is far from being self-sufficient on food. This is in big part due to the rugged and cold climate, which prevents ample harvest of many staple foods. Food production is exacerbated by disinterest by the population at large. To still have enough, hundreds of thousands of tonnes of food is imported from the rest of Sweden, Europe and the world. At the same time, there are quite a few large industries in the county, and almost every large town has their own district heating network. These facilities produce enormous amounts of residual heat, some of this heat is made use of but alot also goes to waste. The heat in Luleå Energi's district heating network is mainly produced by residual gases from steel production at SSAB, therefore the heat is already a form of residue. Luleå Energi has an ambition to contribute to a much wider use of residual heat in society, one idea is to use it for cultivation. During the fall of 2019, a master thesis handling the design of a suitable cultivation unit was presented. From that thesis, this work has its basis. Litterature study, energy calculations, and discussion with experts show that it is possible to use residual heat for this cultivation unit. Using this heat also does not require any complicated heating system to get a good effect. Implementation of residual-based heating in a cultivation unit placed in central Luleå is hoped to awaken interest within the population for cultivation, but also interest in use of residual heat, as the cultivation unit uses heat from the return flow from the district heating network. The cultivation is as such meant to combat two problems regarding food production, both the disinterest and the climate. A life cycle analysis also show that the cultivation unit is sustainable in other ways, as it requires less resources and less transport, however the carbon emissions are somewhat higher. The presumed effect that the cultivation units use of the return flow would lower its temperature, was negligible however, unless thousands of cultivation units would be placed.

Title: The disappearing crate Context: Return logistics is an often forgotten but essential part of a company’s supply chain. As growing supply chains become increasingly complex, increased demands are placed on efficient logistics to create a competitive advantage over other parties on the market. ICA Sweden is currently using returnable packaging containers (RPCs) from Svenska Retursystem for transporting goods to their stores. The goods are sent via pallets and returnable packaging containers from a central warehouse or an external supplier. Empty packaging are then sent back to Svenska Retursystem. Each time a RPC changes hands, a debit fee is charged. When the RPC changes process owners, they transfer the debit fee to the next operator in the flow. If there is a loss of returnable packaging containers between two operators, a cost is incurred on this operator. The stores are charged through a so-called logistics cost, which can amount to about 0.7-0.9% of the stores' annual turnover. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to map the logistics process between the central warehouse and the stores and identify deficiencies in the process. Furthermore, the purpose of the study is to develop improvement proposals to reduce the negative balance of returnable packaging containers and reduce logistics costs for the stores. Method: The study has a comparative design of qualitative nature that adopts a critical realism approach. The research approach is deductive with a theoretical frame of reference as a starting point for the empirical material. Furthermore, the empirical material has been analyzed using pattern comparison. Results: The study has identified a number of different reasons why there may be a negative balance of returnable packaging containers at many ICA stores. Broadly speaking, we concluded that the problem stems from returnable packaging containers not being traceable. Human error throughout the process can also cause a mismatch of the administrative and physical flows. Improvement measures such as working with Lean, 5S, introducing RFID technology and investing in own trucks are discussed. / Titel: Returlådan som försvann Bakgrund och problemdiskussion: Returlogistik är en ofta glömd men likväl en viktig del av ett företags försörjningskedja. I takt med att växande försörjningskedjor blir alltmer komplexa ställs också ökade krav på en effektiv logistik för att skapa en konkurrensfördel gentemot andra aktörer på marknaden. ICA Sverige använder sig i dagsläget av returlådor från Svenska Retursystem för transport av varor till sina butiker. Varorna skickas bland annat via pall och returlådor till butikerna från ett centrallager eller en extern leverantör. Tomgods och tomemballage skickas sedan tillbaka till Svenska Retursystem. Hos varje aktör i ledet av de som använder returlådan debiteras en pantavgift. När returlådan byter processägare debiterar de nästa aktör i flödet. Sker ett bortfall av returlådor mellan två aktörer, uppstår en kostnad för denna aktören. Butikerna debiteras genom en så kallad logistikkostnad som kan uppgå till ca 0,7-0,9% av butikernas årliga omsättning. I dagsläget upplever många ICA butiker detta problem. Syfte: Syftet med denna studien är att kartlägga logistikprocessen mellan centrallager och butik samt identifiera brister i processen. Vidare är syftet med studien är att ta fram förbättringsförslag för att minska felsaldon och reducera logistikkostnader för butikerna. Metod: Studien har en jämförande design av kvalitativ art som antar ett kritiskt realism synsätt. Forskningsansatsen är deduktiv med en teoretisk referensram som utgångspunkt till det empiriska materialet. Datan för det empiriska materialet grundar sig på primärdata insamlat via semi-strukturerade intervjuer. Vidare har det empiriska materialet analyserats med hjälp av mönsterjämförelse. Slutsats: Studien har identifierat ett antal olika anledningar till varför det kan uppstå ett negativt saldo av returlådor hos många ICA butiker. I stora drag handlar det om att returlådorna inte kan spåras. Orsaker som mänskliga fel genom processen kan orsaka att det administrativa och fysiska flödet inte stämmer överens med varandra. Förbättringsåtgärder som att arbeta med 5S, införa RFID teknologi och investering i egna lastbilar diskuteras.

In the most of the drilling operations it is obvious that a considerable amount of money is spent for drilling related problems / including stuck pipe, lost circulation, and excessive mud cost. In order to decrease the percentage of non-productive time (NPT) caused by these kind of problems, the aim is to control annular frictional pressure losses especially in the fields where pore pressure and fracture pressure gradient is too close which is called narrow drilling window. If we can solve these problems, the budget spent for drilling the wells will fall, therefore enabling the industry to be able to drill wells that were previously uneconomical. Managed Pressure Drilling (MPD) is a new technology that allows us to overcome these kinds of drilling problems by controlling the annular frictional pressure losses. As the industry remains relatively unaware of the full spectrum of benefits, this thesis involves the techniques used in Managed Pressure Drilling with an emphasis upon revealing several of its lesser known and therefore less appreciated applications.