Esta investigación surge debido a la necesidad de abordar los problemas de resistencia de los adobes, para ello se propone estabilizarlos mediante adiciones de fibra de totora debido a sus propiedades impermeabilizantes, y cal. Con ello se fabricaron bloques con dimensiones de 25x12.5x9 cm, que contenían paja de 1 cm de longitud y se estabilizaron utilizando fibra de totora y cal en diferentes porcentajes (2%, 4%, 6% de totora y 5%, 10%, 15% de cal en diferentes combinaciones). Se llevaron a cabo diversos ensayos en campo para seleccionar la tierra adecuada para la fabricación de los bloques. Estos ensayos incluyeron pruebas de cinta de barro, resistencia seca, resistencia a la compresión en cubos de barro y tracción indirecta en probetas de barro. En el laboratorio, se realizaron pruebas para caracterizar la tierra, como el Proctor modificado, contenido de humedad, límites de Atterberg y granulometría. Los bloques se secaron durante 14 y 28 días antes de someterlos a ensayos de resistencia a la compresión, absorción, succión, resistencia a la compresión de pilas y muretes, módulo de rotura, variación dimensional, alabeo e inundación simulada. Para realizarlos, primero se buscó determinar la mejor dosificación de las combinaciones realizadas, esta se basó en los resultados de resistencia a la compresión, succión y absorción, los cuales abordaron los principales problemas de las unidades. Los resultados obtenidos indicaron que la combinación óptima resultó ser del 4% de totora y 5% de cal. Concluyendo que el adobe mejorado presentó una mayor resistencia y un menor porcentaje de succión y absorción en comparación con los convencionales. / This research emerges from the need to address the strength issues of adobe blocks. To achieve this, the blocks are proposed to be stabilized through the addition of totora fiber, known for its waterproofing properties, and lime. Blocks with dimensions of 25x12.5x9 cm were manufactured, incorporating 1 cm long straw, and stabilized using different percentages of totora fiber (2%, 4%, 6%) and lime (5%, 10%, 15%) in various combinations. Several field tests were conducted to select the appropriate soil for block manufacturing. These tests included mud tape, dry strength, compression strength on mud cubes, and indirect traction on mud specimens. In the laboratory, soil characterization tests such as modified Proctor, moisture content, Atterberg limits, and particle size analysis were performed. The blocks were dried for 14 and 28 days before undergoing tests for compression strength, absorption, suction, compression strength of stacks and walls, modulus of rupture, dimensional variation, and warping. To carry out these tests, the optimal dosage of the combinations was determined based on the results of compression strength, suction, absorption and simulated flood, which addressed the primary issues of the units. The findings indicated that the optimal combination was 4% totora fiber and 5% lime. In conclusion, the improved adobe exhibited higher strength and lower percentages of suction and absorption compared to conventional blocks.

Syfte: Det finns en stor brist på kunskap om att översätta klimatpåverkan till ett monetärt värde. Forskare har under flera decennium studerat och forskat inom området och tagit fram flera metoder och verktyg inom LCC (Livscykelkostnad). Forskarna frågar sig varför inte dessa används i branschen? Målet med denna studie är att ta fram ett arbetssätt för att med hjälp av LCA (Livscykelanalys) utföra en LCC med invägd miljökostnad. Metod: De metoder som används för att nå målet med arbetet är mailintervjuer, observationer, dokumentanalys och litteraturstudie. Resultat: Arbetet beskriver att kommunala bostadsbolag inte använder sig av LCC i någon större utsträckning. En fallstudie har utförts på två hus i Kv. Vingpennan 2 i Kungsängen. Arbetet presenterar utifrån fallstudien, ett arbetssätt där miljökostnad översätts till ett monetärt värde med hjälp av LCA och LCC. Konsekvenser: Eftersom kommunala bostadsbolag inte arbetar med LCC analyser i den utsträckning som skulle behövas i nuläget skulle någon form av krav från kommun kunna bli aktuellt. Byggnation som är en stor koldioxidbov skulle behöva en sådan typ av krav, i form av till exempel en koldioxidskatt som räknas fram i början av varje nytt byggprojekt. Orsakerna varför inte LCC används i någon större utsträckning är många. Osäkerhetsfaktorerna för uppskattning av ett monetärt värde för miljöpåverkan inom LCC anses vara en bidragande orsak. Om dessa krav som detta arbete föreslår skulle ställas på beslutsfattarna då tvingas de att lära sig att arbeta aktivt med LCC. Den nya ISO standarden 14008:2019 kan vara en början till fungerande arbetsmetoder med LCC där miljökostnaden kan räknas fram. Begränsningar: Val av metoder och strategier har varit passande för detta arbete. Det som dels har begränsat resultatet är att fallstudien endast pågått en kort tid i projektet Kv. Vingpennan 2 och dels att det finns olika LCA-verktyg på marknaden. Innehållet i dessa LCA-program kan ha begränsat arbetet då de inte är exakta med verkligheten. De osäkerhetsfaktorer som finns i en LCC analys kan göra att den som utför analysen kan tolka de olika faktorerna på olika sätt och därför få olika resultat. / Purpose: There is a lack of knowledge of translating environmental cost to a monetary value. Sientcis has during the last decades studied and researched the field and developed several methods and tools within the Life cycle cost (LCC). The researchers are wondering why these are not used in the industry? The goal in this study is to develop a working method on how to build better for the climate using Life cycle assessment (LCA) and LCC. Method: The methods used to reach the goal of the study are mail interviews, observations, document analysis and literature review. Findings: The result of the study describes that municipal housing companies do not use LCC a lot. A case study is done on two houses in Kv. Vingpennan 2 in Kungsängen, Jönköping. The study presents, based on the case study a method for working with LCC with a environmental cost translated into a monetary value by using LCA. Implications: Since municipal housing companies at present do not work with LCC analyses to the extent that would be needed, some kind of demands from the municipality could be relevant. The construction sector is emitting a lot of carbon dioxide that is why some kind of tax should be calculated in the beginning of a new building project. There are many reasons why LCC is not so much in use. The uncertainty factors for estimating a monetary value for the environmental cost within the LCC might be a contributing factor. If the requirements that we propose would be put to the decision makers they would be forced to learn how to and work with LCC. The new ISO standard 14008:2019 could be the beginning of work methods for LCC where the environmental cost could be calculated. Limitations: The choice of methods and strategies for this study has been appropriate. The limitation is that the case study has only been studied over a shorter time of the studied projects time and that there is a lot of different programs for making a LCA and the materials in those programs is not always the exact same as in the real project. The uncertainties in an LCC could make the results variate a lot depending on who makes it.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:01:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 barbara cristina castro.pdf: 4909158 bytes, checksum: 97c33d72b85f6014d478bd8aea66f69b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-20 / The water shortage has become one of the world's main problems, leading to the development of new technologies and practices of water conservation. In order to obtain more effective solutions to solve this problem, new researches have been carried on to create hydraulic and sanitary systems more sustainable or, at least, system that causes less impact to the environment. Among the technologies economically available on water conservation in buildings, the use of rainfall collected from roofs can be of great potential to become a viable solution. The objective of this work is to study the ideal conditions for the disposal process of rainfall collected from three roofs made of different materials: metal, asbestos cement and ceramic tiles, located nearby, with the purpose of identifying both the ideal volume of disposal and the achievement of water quality standards, so that it becomes feasible for future uses. To do so, experimental units were installed to collect, dispose and store rainwater from three buildings located within the area of the School of Civil Engineering at Federal University of Goiás. After monitoring the volume of disposal correlating it with the quality assessment of the rainwater collected in each type of roof and with the rainwater collected directly from the atmosphere, the processes were evaluated based on the observed parameters and on the criteria established by the NBR 15,527 (ABNT, 2007), in order to identify the best way to implement disposal units in rainwater usage systems in buildings. It had been found that the rainwater disposal process is essential for obtaining water with better quality from these systems. It had also been observed that the disposal based on time does not seem to be securely enough to guarantee the necessarily quality in the collected water. Among the roofs in study, the metal roof gave water with the best quality after the disposal of the first 100 liters collected (this corresponds to 1,33 mm of accumulated rainfall in the area of study). It is presumed that the metal roof is the best choice to collect rainfall water because it is smoother and has almost no overlapping tiles. On the other hand, the 2 mm rainwater disposal suggested by NBR 15,527 (ABNT, 2007) has shown to be insufficient to guarantee the safe and secure use of the collected water to both users and hydraulic installations, requiring for this purpose the installation of at least a simplified water treatment unit. / A escassez de água tem se tornado um dos grandes problemas mundiais, o que vem levando a necessidade de estudos de novas metodologias e técnicas de conservação de água. Visando a obtenção de soluções eficazes para minimizar esse problema, dentro do ambiente construído, vários estudos estão sendo realizados em busca de sistemas prediais hidráulicos e sanitários mais sustentáveis ou que promovam menor impacto ambiental. Dentre as possíveis tecnologias que visam à conservação de água em edificações, os sistemas de aproveitamento de águas de chuva podem ser uma alternativa viável e de grande potencial para a solução desse problema. O objetivo deste trabalho consiste em estudar as condições ideais do processo de descarte da água da chuva coletadas em três coberturas de diferentes tipos de materiais: metálico, cimento amianto e barro, situadas em uma mesma localidade, visando identificar o volume ideal de descarte e padrões de qualidade de água que viabilizem sua posterior utilização. Para tanto, foram instaladas unidades experimentais de captação, descarte e armazenamento de água de chuva em três edificações na área da Escola de Engenharia Civil da Universidade Federal de Goiás. Após o monitoramento do volume de descarte correlacionado com a avaliação da qualidade da água de chuva coletada em cada tipo de cobertura e, com a água de chuva coletada diretamente da atmosfera, foram avaliados os processos com base nos parâmetros observados e nos critérios estabelecidos pela NBR 15.527 (ABNT, 2007), de forma a identificar a melhor forma de viabilizar a implantação de unidades de descarte em sistemas de aproveitamento de água de chuva em edificações. Foi verificado que o processo de descarte de água de chuva é essencial para a obtenção de água de melhor qualidade nestes sistemas. Também foi possível observar que o descarte por tempo não se mostrou suficiente para garantir a captação de água de chuva de qualidade assegurada. Dentre os telhados avaliados, a cobertura de telhas metálicas proporcionou a obtenção de uma água de melhor qualidade após o descarte dos primeiros 100 litros coletados (correspondente a 1,33 mm de chuva para as áreas de contribuição estudadas). Presume-se que este resultado tenha sido obtido devido a sua superfície de contato ser mais lisa que os outros telhados estudados e, também de não haver sobreposição de telhas. Por outro lado, os 2 mm de descarte de água de chuva, sugeridos pela NBR 15.527 (ABNT, 2007), não se mostraram suficientes para garantir que a água de chuva coletada possa ser utilizada sem que haja risco aos usuários e às instalações hidráulicas, exigindo para tanto ao menos um tratamento simplificado.

Avhandlingen behandlar byggprocesser i södra Sverige som hade ambitionen att åstadkomma lågenergihus liknande den tyska passivhusstandarden. Syftet med avhandlingen är att öka förståelsen för processer i införandet av ett energikoncept. Energikonceptet betraktas som en innovation för användning i en sektor som av många beskrivs som konservativ och inte särskilt mottaglig för innovationer. Byggprocesserna studeras genom att händelser rekonstrueras med hjälp av berät-tande källor såsom intervjuer och protokoll från olika möten. Även observationer har använts där tillfälle funnits. Fokus riktas mot hur arbetet organiserades och beslutsprocessen bakom valet av teknik till konceptet. Även massmedias rapporte-ring om byggprocesserna har studerats och hur deltagarna i byggprocesserna marknadsförde energikonceptet. Införandet av energikonceptet kan förstås som transformationer eller om-formningar. Omformningarna bestod av fem grundläggande aktiviteter som med Hägerstrands tidsgeografiska begrepp kallas: lösgörning, formning, hopsättning, transportering och lagring. Energikonceptet lösgjordes från ett specifikt lokalt sammanhang och transporterades till ett annat där det formades för att passa nya förutsättningar och sattes ihop till ett nytt energikoncept. Det nya energikonceptet lagrades i ett nytt hus. Genom att följa människors och teknikers trajektorier kunde slutsatser angående energikonceptets svagt och starkt kopplade delar dras. De starkt kopplade delarna är byggherrens organisering av arbetet som skulle underlätta en starkare styrning. Sinnliga upplevelser av lagrade energikoncept hade betydelse för användandet. Solfångare visade sig vara en svagt kopplad teknik och behövde teknikbärare för att användas. / This thesis explores building processes in the south of Sweden with the aim to accomplish low energy housing in accordance with the German standard for passive houses. In this thesis, the passive house is regarded as an innovative en-ergy concept which has been introduced to Sweden and to a conservative sector. The purpose of the study is to provide an understanding of processes in the im-plementation of an innovation for energy-saving dwellings. The process is recon-structed with data from interviews, minutes, articles, reports, etc, and presented as stories of different sequences including how the housing projects were organised, how the energy concept was established among the participants, how decisions were made and what messages were presented about the energy concept in mass media. The energy concept is followed in a process of transformation where it was subject to five fundamental acitivites: decomposition, moulding, composition, transportation and storage. The concepts originate from a time-geography per-spective, founded and developed by the Swedish geographer Torsten Hägerstrand. The energy concept was decomposed at a specific local context and transported to another, where it was moulded and composed into a new energy concept. The new energy concept was stored in a new setting. By following the trajectories of peo-ple and technologies, conclusions about the energy concept can be drawn. The building proprietors chose less conventional ways of managing the building proc-ess in order to have more control. The projects were started by people who them-selves had their own experience of passive houses. Solar collectors were loosely coupled to the energy concept and needed technology carriers.

Tato práce se zaměřuje na představení městské zeleně jako důležitý prvek udržitelné výstavby, a především jako prvek, který zbavuje okolní vzduch znečištění a přispívá k lepšímu prostředí ve městech. Dále se tato diplomová práce zabývá vztahem mezi městskou zelení a znečištěním ovzduší oxidem uhličitým v Brně. Ve městě byla prováděná měření koncentrací oxidu uhličitého, kyslíku a sekundárních veličin po dobu půl roku od června do listopadu roku 2019. Měření byla prováděna na čtyřech místech v Brně a dále tato data byla mezi sebou porovnána. Dále byla navrhnuta zelená opatření. Ve dvou vybraných lokalitách v Brně byly vybrány střechy, na které byla navrhnuta extenzivní zelená střecha.

The goal of the thesis is firstly to get all the information about the initial state of solved block of flats, which is located on the street Merhautova 76/954 in Brno – Černá pole, in terms of constructions, energy consumption and initial state of heating system. In the second part of the thesis, where are discussed the possibilities of reduction of energy consumption, variant drafts of reduction of energy consumption and their financial costs and the choice of optimal variant. Third part deals with assement of solved block of flats in terms of sustainable built environment by using tool to rate buildings in terms of sustainable built environment - SBToolCZ, evaluation of possibility to use renewables. In the end are written summaries and recommendations.