O objetivo deste trabalho é coletar informações pertinentes ao manejo e práticas rurais desenvolvidas nas propriedades situadas no entorno do Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar - Núcleo Santa Virgínia. O trabalho tem como principio subsidiar a construção de uma proposta de manejo sustentável a ser desenvolvida na Zona de Amortecimento, envolvendo a participação da comunidade rural das bacias hidrográficas do Rio Paraibuna e Ribeirão da Cachoeirinha. A proposta deverá promover a sustentabilidade das atividades do entorno e a garantia e manutenção da diversidade biológica e dos recursos genéticos da unidade de conservação. A proposta focaliza o enriquecimento dos remanescentes florestais com o plantio do palmito Juçara (Euterpe edulis Mart.), como alternativa de renda para o produtor rural. Os procedimentos metodológicos para a caracterização geral da área e da comunidade envolvida foram os levantamentos de campo, fontes documentais e de entrevistas. A definição dos critérios para delimitação da zona de amortecimento e seleção dos fragmentos baseou-se no limite da bacia hidrográfica e na legislação ambiental vigente. Utilizou-se para o mapeamento e identificação dos fragmentos, o Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG) Arc (GIS) 8.1.2 - ESRI. Os resultados apontaram 20 fragmentos da zona de amortecimento com potencialidades para a implantação do manejo. Indicaram ainda, a necessidade de articulação dos setores da região e a adoção de estratégias que incentivem a capacitação dos técnicos da CATI e proprietários rurais. / The purpose of this project is to suggest a sustainable management of forest fragment situated in Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar Núcleo Santa Virgínia buffer zone. Considered as basic principle: the Paraibuna river basis rural community involvement, the surrounding activities will become sustainable and the guarantee and maintenance of biological diversity and the genetics resources from a protect area. The forest remainder will improve with the Juçara (Euterpe edulis Mart) palm cultivates, which, will be an alternative for the land owners. The methodology for characterization the area and the community was land visiting, documents source and interviews. The buffer zone boundary and the fragments select have been done according to the environmental law and the hydrographical basin. The use of the SIG Arc (GIS) 8.1.2 ESRI, was important for the forest fragment identification. The results 20 fragments with capacity to implementation the management inside the buffer zone, and shows that is necessary to promote the relationship between region sector and adopts strategies which capacity the CATI technician and land owners.

This study mainly compares and analyzes the sustainable development measures of hotels in China and Sweden. In this study, purposive sampling method is adopted to select hotels in China and Sweden, and the data of sample hotels are coded and classified and then compared and analyzed according to different categories. According to the results of the study, there are two major differences in sustainability measures between Chinese and Swedish hotels. First, the text information shows that Chinese hotels pay more attention to the establishment of overall hotel management system, such as energy management system and water resource management system, than Swedish hotels. Second, Swedish hotels have a more mature thinking on sustainable development, which is reflected in the fact that the hotel puts itself in the process of social sustainable development, instead of treating the hotel group itself as an island. This can be well reflected by the hotel's measures on food. The hotel not only pays attention to the consumption of food in the hotel, but also pays attention to the early procurement and the disposal of the leftover food, which is also a combination of environmental sustainability and social sustainability. The main reason for the difference in sustainable development measures between hotels in China and Sweden can be attributed to the different social development conditions in the two countries. As a developed country, Sweden has good welfare policies to ensure the interests of vulnerable groups, which gives the country room to think beyond its economic interests. As China paid attention to economic development in the early stage, although the overall economic development is now in good condition, the basic living needs of people in some areas still need to be improved. In such an environment, the society itself pays attention to economic benefits and somehow ignores sustainable development. Consequently, the national group, as consumers, has no requirement for the sustainable development of enterprises. As a result, the driving force for the sustainable development of Chinese enterprises only comes from national policies.

The global increase in demand for wood products, calls for a more sustainable management of forests to optimize both the production of wood and the conservation of forest biodiversity. In this paper, we evaluate the status and future trends of forest birds in Central European forests, assuming different forest management scenarios that to a varying degree respond to the demand for wood production. To this end, we use niche models (Boosted Regression Trees and Generalized Linear Models) to model the responses of 15 forest bird species to predictors related to forest stand (e.g., stand volume of specific tree species) and landscape structure (e.g., percentage cover), and to climate (bioclimatic variables). We then define five distinct forest management scenarios, ranging from set-aside to productivity-driven scenarios, project them 100 years into the future, and apply our niche models into these scenarios to assess the birds’ responses to different forest management alternatives. Our models show that the species’ responses to management vary reflecting differences in their ecological niches, and consequently, no single management practice can benefit all species if applied across the whole landscape. Thus, we conclude that in order to promote the overall forest bird species richness in the study region, it is necessary to manage the forests in a multi-functional way, e.g., by spatially optimizing the management practices in the landscape.

Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att få förståelse för hur chefer leder hållbarhet och motiverar de anställda genom utbildning att jobba med frågor som rör uppförandekoden. Metod: Studien har utförts genom en kvalitativ metod och genom semistrukturerade intervjuer av 10 chefer som arbetar på olika affärsområden i ett stort företag i Mellansverige. Materialet presenteras och analyseras genom tematiskt analys av data för att slutligen redovisa resultat kopplat till forskningsfrågorna. Resultat & slutsats: Resultat av studien visar att ledarens engagemang är en viktig komponent för att medarbetarna ska bli motiverade att utföra en uppgift som utgår från hållbarhet. Utbildning av hållbarhet relaterat till företagets uppförandekod råder det delade meningar om och det önskas andra metoder för lärande. Studien visar också att uppföljning av hållbarhetsutbildning behöver genomföras kontinuerligt för att kunskaperna ska bibehållas hos medarbetaren. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Då denna studie behandlar ledarnas perspektiv föreslår vi att fortsatta studier kan fokusera på medarbetarnas åsikter och identifiera de anställdas uppfattning om motivationsfaktorer angående hållbarhet. På grund av tidsbegränsning är vårt förslag att det behövs ytterligare studier som omfattar fler respondenter för att kunna bekräfta våra slutsatser. Förslagsvis kan en mer omfattande kvantitativ studie inom området genomföras. Uppsatsens bidrag: Studien visar att ledarens engagemang har stor inverkan på de anställdas motivation att utföra en uppgift som omfattar hållbarhet. Vi kan se att utbildningen av medarbetarna på företaget inom hållbarhet har resulterat i en långsiktighet i affärsbeslut. Studien visar även att utbildningen behöver förbättras för att kunskaperna ska kunna integreras i den dagliga verksamheten ytterligare. / Aim: The purpose of this paper is to obtain an understanding of how managers are leading sustainability and motivates employees through education to work on issues related to the code of conduct. Method: The study has been carried out by a qualitative method and through semistructured interviews with 10 managers working in different business areas in a large company in central Sweden. The material is presented and analyzed through thematic analysis to finally present results related to the research questions. Result & Conclusions: Results of the study show that the leaders’ commitment is an important component for employees to be motivated to perform a task based on sustainability. There is a disagreement and desire of other methods to educate in sustainability related to the company's code of conduct. The study also shows that monitoring of sustainability education needs to be carried out continuously for knowledge to be retained in the employee. Suggestions for future research: Since this study deals with the leaders’ perspective, we suggest that future studies focus on employee engagement and identify the employees' perception of motivational factors regarding sustainability. Because of the time constraints our suggestion is that further studies involve more respondents to confirm our conclusions. Furthermore, we believe that a comprehensive quantitative study could be contributing for future research. Contribution of the thesis: This study shows that the leaders’ involvement has great impact on employee motivation to perform a task involving sustainability. We can discern that the training of company employees in sustainability has resulted in a longterm business decision. The study also shows that training needs to be improved for knowledge about the code of conduct should be integrated into the daily operations further.

A presença de contaminação por substâncias perigosas no solo e na água subterrânea acarreta inúmeros problemas, tais como: risco à saúde humana e aos ecossistemas; comprometimento da água para abastecimento público; e redução do valor econômico e da função social do terreno. Embora as tecnologias de remediação sejam aplicadas para resolver problemas ambientais e de saúde pública, estas também podem gerar externalidades ambientais negativas como consumo de energia e recursos naturais; desequilíbrio do ciclo da água; erosão do solo; e emissão de gases de efeito estufa. Tendo em vista a recente ocorrência com áreas contaminadas na Universidade de São Paulo (USP) o presente trabalho visou elaborar um plano de gestão sustentável para uma dessas áreas localizada no campus USP da Capital, contribuindo com o Programa de Políticas Ambientais, sob coordenação da Superintendência de Gestão Ambiental da USP. A metodologia de pesquisa foi baseada em revisão bibliográfica sobre remediação sustentável e construção sustentável e em a análise qualitativa das ações, práticas e lições aprendidas de casos bem sucedidos de gestão das áreas contaminadas com elementos sustentáveis como subsídio para elaboração do plano. A partir da caracterização de quatro áreas contaminadas existentes no campus USP da Capital, foi selecionada a área da USP Leste para estudo de caso para promover o uso de práticas sustentáveis em campus universitário, de tal forma que proteja a saúde humana e minimize os impactos ambientais adversos. Com o intuito de buscar melhorias à gestão do campus, por meio da inserção da sustentabilidade na gestão da contaminação da USP Leste, a elaboração do plano de gestão sustentável considerou as especificidades locais nas práticas sustentáveis a serem implementadas, conforme as necessidades e diretrizes da USP. As soluções propostas incluíram a combinação do planejamento das fases de investigação e remediação com o design da construção de edifícios, que possam trazer benefícios ambientais, econômicos e sociais a todas as partes interessadas, tais como redução de custos a longo prazo relacionados à redução do consumo de energia e eletricidade pela implantação de sistemas de energia renováveis para fornecimento de energia elétrica ao sistemas de ventilação de metano / The presence of contamination by hazardous substances in soil and groundwater causes numerous problems, such as risk to human health and ecosystems; water impairment as drinking water; and reduced economic value and social function of the land. Although remediation technologies solve environmental and public health issues, they can also generate negative environmental externalities such as energy and natural resources consumption; imbalance of water cycle; soil erosion; and greenhouse gas emissions. Due to recent occurrence with contaminated areas at the University of São Paulo (USP) the present work aims to develop a sustainable management plan for one of these areas located on the USP Capital campus, contributing to Program of Environmental Policies, coordinated by the Superintendence of Environmental Management of USP. The research methodology was based on literature review about sustainable remediation and construction; and qualitative analysis of actions, practices and lessons learned applied on successful case studies of contaminated sites management with sustainable elements as subsidy for elaboration of the plan. Based upon a characterization of four contaminated areas located on USP Capital campus, the site of USP Leste was selected as case study in order to promote the use of sustainable practices on campus, through an approach that protects human health and minimizes adverse environmental impacts. In order to seek improvements to the campus management by sustainability integration in contamination management of USP Leste, the elaboration of sustainable management plan considered local specificities on sustainable practices to be implemented, according to the needs and guidelines of USP. The proposed solutions included the planning of investigation and remediation stages with the construction design of buildings that can bring environmental, economic and social benefits to all stakeholders, such as long-term cost savings related to the reduction of energy consumption and electricity by the implementation of renewable energy systems to supply electricity to methane ventilation systems

Alors que la conscience environnementale pourrait être largement compréhensible et partagée par le plus grand nombre, les émissions de gaz à effet de serre, de polluants et de déchets ne cessent de croître. Notre habitat et les transports en sont les plus grands contributeurs. Le développement durable tend à fournir les bases d’un modèle de croissance pérenne de notre planète, mais aujourd’hui reste marginalement intégré au logiciel stratégique appliqué par les personnes, les organisations et les décideurs.La baisse des moyens d’État engendre une prégnance de l’intervention des groupes privés dans la fabrique de la ville. Le processus de production par la segmentation des interventions, la complexité, l’asymétrie d’informations et de compétences et son modèle économique sous-jacent rend complexe la prise en compte d’une réelle durabilité, mais notre habitat a une réelle influence sur notre devenir.L’habitat, son lieu, sa forme, sont des vecteurs importants de l’équité au sens de la justice sociale et donc du ‘vivre ensemble’. Mais le développement durable tel que pratiqué par les marchés reste rare et cher. Une évolution de la chaîne de valeur de l’immobilier peut permettre une réduction significative du coût de la construction et du prix pour rendre suffisamment abordable les logements. Nous avons identifié des variables d’ajustement et évalué leur impact. Une approche réellement durable contribue à supporter la démographie en adaptant nos modes de vie, tend favorablement au développement des individus, des entreprises et des institutions par la co-construction de valorisations et de (bonnes) pratiques, lesquelles restent largement à définir. / Title: Human living and urban transitions to sustainability: the Gordian knot of construction costs in the case of sustainable real estate or Digital technologies necessary for the evolution of the real estate value chain towards sustainability.While environmental awareness could be widely understood and shared by as many people as possible, emissions of greenhouse gases, pollutants and waste continue to grow. Housing and transportation are the biggest contributors. Sustainable development tends to provide the foundation for a sustainable growth model of our planet, but today remains marginally integrated in strategies applied by people, organizations and policy makers.The fall in state resources is giving rise to the intervention of private groups in the fabric of the city. The production process by the segmentation of the interventions, the complexity, the asymmetry of information and skills and its underlying economic model makes complex the taking into account of a real durability, but a house has a real influence on our potential of becoming.Our living, its place, its form, are important vectors of equity in the sense of social justice and thus of a 'living together'. But sustainable development as practiced by the markets is rare and expensive. We have identified adjustment variables that can make the cost of housing accessible. An evolution of the real estate value chain can lead to a significant reduction in the cost of construction and the price to make housing affordable enough. Sustainability can help support demographics by adapting our lifestyles, while positively contributing to the development of individuals, businesses and institutions through the co-construction of (good) practices, particularly in investments that remain largely to be define.

La réhabilitation des friches industrielles dans les zones urbaines est un enjeu majeur pour le développement durable des villes. La gestion et la reconversion de ces sites, imposées par la réglementation, nécessitent toutefois le développement d’outils d’évaluation des risques environnementaux et sanitaires, et de techniques de remédiation durables. Cette thèse a porté sur la mise en place d’outils multidisciplinaires pour la gestion durable des sites pollués, avec le cas particulier d’un site de recyclage de batteries au plomb caractérisé par une pollution historique en plomb principalement mais également d’autres polluants inorganiques (Cd, Sb, As, Cu et Zn), couramment définis par le terme d’Eléments Traces Métalliques (ETM). Ce travail a cherché à renseigner les mécanismes impliqués dans les systèmes polluants-sol-plantes pour renforcer la prise en compte de la qualité globale des sols dans la gestion des sites industriels, tout en essayant de répondre à des questions de la recherche appliquée. En plus des outils et procédures classiquement utilisés pour évaluer, contrôler et réduire les risques environnementaux et sanitaires causés par les sols pollués, le développement des mesures de biodisponibilité (plantes et les humains) et d’écotoxicité (différents tests biologiques: inhibition de la mobilité de daphnies, Microtox® et induction de bactéries bioluminescentes, microbiologie) permet d’affiner la classification des sols contaminés en termes de dangerosité. De plus, des plantes engrais verts (bourrache, phacélie et moutarde), communément utilisées en agriculture ou par les jardiniers (car elles améliorent les propriétés bio-physico-chimiques des sols avec un système racinaire et une grande production d’exsudats racinaires), ont été testées pour la re-fonctionnalisation des sols pollués. Enfin, les mécanismes impliqués dans le devenir des polluants dans la rhizosphère et les microorganismes associés ont été étudiés. L’ensemble des résultats fourni des éléments de réponse et des moyens d’améliorer la gestion des sols contaminés par des métaux et métalloïdes. (1) Tout d’abord, la séparation par taille des différentes fractions de sol permet une réduction significative des tonnages de matériaux contaminés et donc une économie réelle lors de la mise en décharge des sols excavés avec un gain certain en termes d’empreinte écologique. (2) Ensuite, le calcul d’écoscores pour les differents échantillons de sols pollués, sur la base des résultats des essais d’écotoxicité, ont permis d’affiner plus précisemment les risques par rapport aux paramètres physico-chimiques « classiques » requis par la réglementation. Des différences de sensibilité ont été observées en fonction de la nature de l’essai biologique, l’origine de l’échantillon, les propriétés physico-chimiques et les concentrations totales de polluants. (3) Contrairement à la phacélie, la bourrache et la moutarde ont amélioré la respiration du sol, réduit l’écotoxicité et la quantité de plomb bioaccessible et totale dans le sol, respectivement par phytostabilisation et stockage dans les racines (Pb, Sb) ou par phytoextraction et donc stockage dans les parties aériennes. En outre, ces plantes pourraient être testées sur le terrain pour une utilisation en phytoremédiation des friches industrielles et des jardins modérément pollués. Selon la nature du métal, du type de sol et des plantes, la compartimentation et la spéciation du polluant diffèrent, ainsi qu’en fonction des caractéristiques agronomiques du sol et l’activité microbienne de la rhizosphère. Un criblage moléculaire et une méta-analyse de la génomique microbienne ont permis de mettre en évidence les différences dans les communautés bactériennes étudiées en fonction du niveau de concentration métallique, des espèces végétales et des caractéristiques des sols étudiés. / Rehabilitation of brownfields in urban areas is a major challenge for the sustainable development of cities. Management and conversion of these sites, imposed by regulation, however, require the development of tools for environmental risk assessment and health and sustainable remediation techniques. This thesis focused on the establishment of multidisciplinary tools for the sustainable management of polluted site, with the particular case of rehabilitation recycling of lead batteries with a mainly historical lead pollution and other inorganic pollutants (Cd, Sb, As, Cu and Zn), currently defined as Metal Trace Elements (MTE). While trying to answer questions of applied research, this work has sought to investigate the mechanisms involved in the soil-plant pollutants to strengthen the consideration of the overall quality of soil management for industrial sites. In addition to the tools and procedures conventionally used to assess, control and reduce environmental and health risks caused by polluted soils; measures of bioavailability (plants and humans) and ecotoxicity (different bioassays: inhibition of the mobility of Daphnia magna, Microtox® and induction of bioluminescent bacteria and microbiology) have been developed with the aim to refine the classification of contaminated soils in terms of dangerousness. Moreover, green manure plants (borage, phacelia and mustard), commonly used in agriculture or by gardeners because they improve the bio-physico-chemical properties of soils with a root system and a large production of root exudates were tested for re-functionalization of polluted soils. Finally, the mechanisms involved in the fate of pollutants in the rhizosphere and their microorganisms in the plant were studied. The main results provide some answers and ways of improving the management of soils contaminated by metals and metalloids. (1) First, the size separation for soil fractions allows a significant reduction in tonnages of contaminated material and therefore costs for the landfill excavated soil with a gain result in terms of ecological footprint. (2) Then, calculation for the differents polluted soil samples of eco-scores based on the results of ecotoxicity tests can discriminate more accurately compared to physicochemical parameters required by the regulations. Differences in sensitivity were observed depending on the nature of the bioassay, the origin of the sample, physico-chemical properties and total concentrations of pollutants. (3) Unlike phacelia, borage and mustard improve soil respiration, ecotoxicity and reduce theamount of bioaccessible and total lead in soil, respectively by phytostabilisation and storage in roots (Pb, Sb) or phytoextraction and storage in aerial parts. Further, these plants could be field tested for use in phytoremediation of brownfields and gardens moderately polluted. Depending on the nature of the metal, the type of soil and plant, compartmentalization and speciation of the pollutant differ, and in conjunction with agronomic characteristics of soil and rhizosphere microbial activity. Molecular screening and meta-analysis of microbial genomics have enabled highlight differences in bacterial communities studied by species and growing conditions.

The management of supply chains and the incorporation of sustainability into their management initiatives are being used by different organizations in different market segments, in order to obtain competitive advantages and meet the interests of its stakeholders. In the current scenario is recurrent concern in the strategic concepts to compliance with aspects of sustainability between market partners, because the competitive advantage increasingly occurs between supply chains, not just between organizations. This new configuration of the means of production brings in their conceptions incorporating aspects of the management and sustainable development, both in the strategies as in production processes. In this context, the mineral sector has even greater challenges in incorporating sustainable practices into their strategies and processes across the supply chain, because of the environmental and social impact, caused by the mining activity and the importance of this activity in economic and social development of a nation. From the proposed objectives and based on theoretical assumptions Pagell and Wu (2009), Makkonen and Van Der Have (2012), and Gunday et al. (2011) sought to identify the management practices in sustainable supply chain performance and innovative processes. The research has a qualitative and exploratory and descriptive nature. Research strategy used the method and multicase study was developed from exploratory interviews and documentary research with five companies. Among the results findings was possible in three cases highlight the proactive provision for policies and actions that contribute to the sustainability of the supply chain. This attitude shows that the organizations that operate in the Brazilian mining sector is seeking to meet the demands inherent to its stakeholders, especially the environmental and social demands. In two other cases, the assumption guiding the study could not be corroborated by the evidence. In the company Coal I evidence indicates that the company seeks to meet the demands inherent in sustainable management in its supply chain, however, this effort is directed primarily to actions involving the context of the environment. Company Aluminium I in the evidence do not indicate a managerial orientation and proactive stance in support of policies and actions that can contribute to sustainable management, however, it appears that the company has an innovative in its product portfolio. Given the theoretical framework based on the Triple Bottom Line adopted by this study, companies that constitute these two cases are not contributing effectively to sustainable development, particularly within their supply chains / A gestão de cadeias de suprimentos e a incorporação da sustentabilidade à sua gestão são iniciativas que estão sendo utilizadas por diferentes organizações em diversos segmentos mercadológicos, com o objetivo de obter diferenciais competitivos e atender aos interesses de seus stakeholders. No cenário atual, é recorrente a preocupação nas concepções estratégicas com o atendimento a aspectos inerentes à sustentabilidade entre parceiros de mercado, pois a vantagem competitiva cada vez mais ocorre entre as cadeias de suprimentos, e não simplesmente entre as organizações. Essa nova configuração dos meios de produção traz, em suas concepções, a incorporação de aspectos inerentes à gestão e ao desenvolvimento sustentável, tanto nas estratégias quanto nos processos produtivos. Neste contexto, o setor mineral possui desafios ainda maiores quanto à incorporação das práticas sustentáveis em suas estratégias e processos em toda a cadeia produtiva, em virtude do impacto ambiental e social, provocado pela atividade extrativista e a importância dessa atividade no desenvolvimento econômico e social de uma nação. A partir dos objetivos propostos e com base nos pressupostos teóricos de Pagell e Wu (2009), Makkonen e Van Der Have (2012) e Gunday et al. (2011), buscou-se a identificação das práticas de gestão sustentável na cadeia de suprimentos e o desempenho inovador em processos. A pesquisa possui uma abordagem qualitativa e natureza exploratória e descritiva. Como estratégia de pesquisa, utilizou-se o método de estudo multicaso, que foi desenvolvido a partir de entrevistas exploratórias e de pesquisa documental com cinco empresas do setor mineral. Dentre os principais resultados, foi possível destacar, em três casos, a disposição proativa em prol de políticas e ações que contribuam para a sustentabilidade da cadeia de suprimentos. Essa postura demonstra que parte das organizações que atuam no setor mineral brasileiro está buscando atender às demandas inerentes aos seus stakeholders, principalmente as demandas ambientais e sociais. Em outros dois casos, o pressuposto orientador do estudo não pôde ser corroborado pelas evidências. Na empresa Carvão I, as evidências indicam que a empresa busca atender a demandas inerentes a uma gestão sustentável em sua cadeia produtiva, no entanto, esse esforço é direcionado principalmente para ações que envolvem o contexto do meio ambiente. Na empresa Alumínio I, as evidências não indicam uma orientação gerencial e postura proativa em prol de políticas e ações que possam contribuir para uma gestão sustentável, no entanto, verifica-se que a empresa apresenta uma postura inovadora em seu portfólio de produtos. Diante da concepção teórica fundamentada no Triple Botton Line adotada por este estudo, as empresas que constituem esses dois casos não estão contribuindo de forma efetiva para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável, principalmente no âmbito das suas cadeias de suprimentos.

Submitted by Lucienne Costa (lucienneferreira@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-09-12T17:38:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MARIA JOSICLEIDE FELIPE GUEDES – TESE (PPGRN) 2018.pdf: 5583855 bytes, checksum: 596a8968a2b1827271eb605c4751fa06 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-12T17:38:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MARIA JOSICLEIDE FELIPE GUEDES – TESE (PPGRN) 2018.pdf: 5583855 bytes, checksum: 596a8968a2b1827271eb605c4751fa06 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-23 / O biogás gerado pela biodegradação anaeróbia dos Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos (RSU) se configura como uma fonte alternativa de energia, entretanto, vem sendo desperdiçado em muitos aterros sanitários, na forma de emissões de Gases do Efeito Estufa (GEE) à atmosfera. A geração e emissão de gases são influenciadas por fatores associados às características operacionais dos aterros e dos resíduos, bem como aqueles relacionados às condições meteorológicas locais; os quais podem interferir na quantidade e qualidade dos gases gerados. Nessa perspectiva, o estudo das emissões de biogás se constitui em uma importante contribuição para a gestão de aterros sanitários, permitindo avaliar a eficiência das camadas de cobertura de solo compactado, além de permitir a otimização do sistema de drenagem dos gases e a recuperação energética do metano. Dentro desse contexto, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi estudar as emissões de biogás em aterro de Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos no semiárido brasileiro, no que concerne aos aspectos qualiquantitativos, a fim de gerar uma base de dados para apoiar a gestão sustentável desses empreendimentos. Esse estudo foi conduzido em uma célula de RSU, denominada de Célula 2, que se constitui em um aterro em escala real e está localizada no Aterro Sanitário em Campina Grande-PB. A operação da Célula 2 compreendeu o período entre 27/dezembro/2015 e 8/maio/2016, quando foi executada a camada de cobertura final de solo compactado. A massa total de RSU na Célula 2 foi de, aproximadamente, 62 mil toneladas, com uma taxa média de disposição de resíduos em torno de 465 t.dia-1. A metodologia da pesquisa englobou um plano de monitoramento das emissões de gases na Célula 2, o qual consistiu em medições: i) no sistema de drenagem vertical de biogás; ii) na interface soloresíduo; e iii) na camada de cobertura de solo compactado. Por meio dos resultados obtidos nesta pesquisa, foram verificadas concentrações médias de CH4, nos 9 (nove) drenos verticais (DV) de gases, superiores a 50% no período monitorado. A vazão total de CH4 variou na faixa de 59 a 17 Nm³.h-1, no período de 270 a 570 dias após o encerramento da Célula 2, implicando em uma redução dessa vazão de 70% durante esse intervalo de tempo. A taxa de captação de biogás por tonelada de resíduos aterrados variou de 15 a 4 Nm³.t-1.ano-1 (entre 270 e 570 dias). As emissões superficiais de metano pela camada de cobertura da Célula 2 totalizaram uma vazão inferior a 2 Nm³.h-1, no período de estiagem. Porém, a vazão de CH4 pela camada de cobertura foi significativamente inferior à vazão pelos DVs, correspondendo a um percentual inferior a 9% no período em análise. Os principais fatores que contribuíram para esse desempenho foram o elevado grau de compactação médio obtido para a Célula 2, a ausência de pressões diferenciais de gases na interface solo-resíduo, a eficiência do sistema de drenagem vertical de gases e a baixa permeabilidade do solo à água e ao ar. As estimativas da vazão de CH4 realizadas para a Célula 2, por meio do Landfill Gas Emissions Model, são compatíveis com uma potência máxima de 80 kW, disponível até 2047. Entretanto, as estimativas teóricas de vazão de biogás não refletiram o comportamento dos dados experimentais, visto que, nessas avaliações, não foi identificado o decaimento expressivo da vazão de metano, decorridos 570 dias de monitoramento da Célula 2. Portanto, faz-se necessário estudar possíveis soluções para ativar o potencial energético teórico dos resíduos na célula investigada. / The biogas generated by anaerobic biodegradation of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is an alternative energy source, however, it has been wasted in many landfills, in the form of emissions of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) to the atmosphere. The generation and emission of gases are influenced by factors associated with the operational characteristics of landfills and waste, as well as those related to local meteorological conditions; which may interfere with the quantity and quality of the generated gases. In this perspective, the study of biogas emissions is an important contribution of landfills management, allowing to evaluate the efficiency of the compacted soil cover layers, besides allowing the optimization of the gas drainage system and the methane energy recovery. Within this context, the objective of this research was to study the biogas emissions in Municipal Solid Waste landfill in the Brazilian semi-arid region, regarding qualitative and quantitative aspects, in order to generate a database to support the sustainable management of these enterprises. This study was conducted in a MSW cell, denominated Cell 2, built in a real-scale landfill and is located in the Campina Grande-PB Landfill. The operation of Cell 2 comprised the period between December 27, 2015 to May 8, 2016, when the final soil cover layer was executed. The total MSW mass of MSW in Cell 2 was approximately 62 thousand tons, with a mean waste disposal rate of around 465 t.day-1. The research methodology encompassed a gas emissions monitoring plan in Cell 2, which consisted of measurements: i) in the vertical biogas drainage system; ii) at the soil-residue interface; iii) in the compacted soil cover layer. Through the results obtained in this research, average concentrations of CH4, in the 9 (nine) Gas Drains (DV), higher than 50% in the monitored period. The total CH4 flow ranged from 59 to 17 Nm³.h-1, in the period from 270 to 570 days after the closure of Cell 2, implying a reduction of this flow by 70% during this time interval. The rate of capture of biogas per tonne of landfill residues varied from 15 to 4 Nm³.t- 1.year-1 (from 270 to 570 days). The surface emissions of methane by the cover layer of Cell 2 totaled a flow lower than 2 Nm³.h-1, during the dry season. However, the CH4 flow through the cover layer was significantly lower than the flow rate for the DVs, corresponding to a percentage lower than 9% in the period under analysis. The main factors that contributed to this performance were the high degree of average compaction obtained for Cell 2, the absence of gas differential pressures at the soil-residue interface, the efficiency of the vertical gas drainage system and the low permeability of the soil to water and air. The CH4 flow accomplished for Cell 2, using the Landfill Gas Emissions Model, are compatible with a maximum power of 80 kW, available until 2047. However, the biogas flow theoretical estimates did not reflect in the behavior of the experimental data, since in these evaluations, the significant decay of the methane flow was not identified after 570 days of monitoring of Cell 2. Therefore, it is necessary to study possible solutions to activate the theoretical energetic potential of the residues in the investigated cell.

Submitted by DANILO ALMEIDA BALDO DO CARMO (danilo_baldo@hotmail.com) on 2018-05-23T15:53:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_DaniloBaldo.pdf: 4225878 bytes, checksum: f6162ae37b5db55be022b39f8669ba7e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alexandra Maria Donadon Lusser Segali null (alexmar@fcav.unesp.br) on 2018-05-23T16:34:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 carmo_dab_dr_jabo.pdf: 4225878 bytes, checksum: f6162ae37b5db55be022b39f8669ba7e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-23T16:34:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 carmo_dab_dr_jabo.pdf: 4225878 bytes, checksum: f6162ae37b5db55be022b39f8669ba7e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A agricultura moderna no contexto internacional propõe inovações para o agronegócio, em especial para as práticas agrícolas. No entanto, este avanço deverá auxiliar o empresário rural a aumentar a eficiência, utilizando de forma sustentável os recursos naturais: água, terra e energia. Desse modo, objetivou-se, neste estudo, verificar o potencial dos sensores para obter os dados espectrais de um argissolo com cultivo de café. Utilizou-se de um conjunto de dados de um grid com 51 amostras de solo, em 39 hectares, com cultivo de café (Catuaí Amarelo, linhagem IAC 62). A obtenção das variáveis da cor: matiz, valor, croma, red, green e blue foi determinada por espectroscopia de reflectância difusa (ERD) e sensor próximo móbile (SPM). Os resultados mostraram relação com os atributos do solo nos seguintes casos: redSPM e argila: (R2 = 0,70, p < 0,01), greenSPM e CTC (R2 = 0,73, p < 0,01), redSPM e P (R2 = 0,64, p < 0,05), blueSPM e EC (R2 = 0,96, p < 0,01) e, greenSPM e Fe (R2 = 0,75, p < 0,01). Para os atributos da planta, foram: greenSPM e P17 (R2 = 0,70, p < 0,01), defeitos com regressões variando de 0,71 - 0,84 e, redSPM e produtividade (R2 = 0,95, p < 0,01). Os resultados mostraram que o uso da cor determinada pelo red, green e blue permitiu identificar atributos do solo e áreas com potenciais produtivos e qualitativos do café. Para o estudo no Planalto Ocidental Paulista, realizou-se um grid em área de 13 milhões de hectares, totalizando 600 amostras na profundidade de 0,00-0,20 metros. Nestas amostras, foram determinadas as variáveis da cor. Observou-se semelhança no uso dos métodos ERD e SPM. Os semivariogramas da ERD tiveram alcance para as variáveis matiz, valor, croma, red, green e blue de 112 km, 216 km, 19 km, 207 km, 183 km e 158 km, respectivamente. Com o uso do SPM, os alcances foram de: 19 km, 226 km, 30 km, 160 km, 218 km e 75 km, respectivamente. Os semivariogramas cruzados estimaram os atributos físico-químicos (Argila, capacidade de troca catiônica - CTC, fósforo - P e hematita - Hm). Os semivariogramas cruzados explicaram a distância máxima de correlação observada entre as variáveis. Os resultados do SPM mostraram que a cor nos sistemas red, green e blue pode ser utilizada na predição do teor de argila (77%), CTC (99%), P (90%) e Hm (70%). Com o uso da ERD, os sistemas red, green e blue predizem o teor de argila (79%), CTC (94%), P (86%) e Hm (67%). Estes resultados mostram que a cor é um indicativo seguro dos atributos do solo. Como alternativa de baixo custo, o SPM mostrou ser uma ferramenta eficiente que possibilita a avaliação destes atributos. / Modern agriculture in the international context proposes innovations for agribusiness, especially for agricultural practices. However, this progress must help the rural entrepreneur to increase efficiency, using sustainable natural resources: water, land and energy. Thus, the objective of this study was, to verify the potential of the sensors to obtain the spectral data of an argisol with coffee cultivation. We used a set of data with a grid 51 soil samples on 39 hectares, with coffee cultivation (Yellow Catuaí, lineage IAC 62). Obtaining the color variables: hue, value, chroma, red, green and blue was determined by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and mobile near sensor (MNS). The results were related to soil attributes in the following cases: redMNS and clay: (R2 = 0.70, p <0.01), greenMNS and CTC (R2 = 0.73, p <0.01), redMNS and P (R2 = 0.64, p <0.05), blueMNS and EC (R2 = 0.96, p <0.01) and, greenMNS and Fe (R2 = 0.75, p <0.01). For the plant atributes, were: greenMNS and P17 (R2 = 0.70, p <0.01), defects with regressions ranging from 0.71 - 0.84 and, redMNS and productivity (R2 = 0.95, p <0.01). The results showed that the use of the color determined by red, green and blue allowed to identify soil attributes and areas with productive and qualitative potentials of coffee. For the study in the Midwest Paulista Plateau, a grid was realized in an area of 13 million hectares, totaling 600 samples in the depth of 0.00-0.20 meters. In these samples, the color variables were determined. Similarity was observed in the use of DRS and MNS methods. The DRS semivariograms were range for the hue, value, chroma, red, green and blue variables of 112 km, 216 km, 19 km, 207 km, 183 km and 158 km, respectively. With the use of MNS, the ranges were: 19 km, 226 km, 30 km, 160 km, 218 km and 75 km, respectively. The crossed semivariograms estimated the physical-chemical attributes (clay, cation exchange capacity - CTC, phosphorus - P and hematite-Hm). Crossed semivariograms explained the maximum correlation distance observed between the variables. The results of the MNS showed that the color in the red, green and blue systems can be used to predict the content of clay (77%), CTC (99%), P (90%) and Hm (70%). With the use of DRS, red, green and blue systems predict the content of clay (79%), CTC (94%), P (86%) and Hm (67%). These results show that color is a safe indication of soil attributes. As an alternative of low cost, the MNS has shown to be an efficient tool that allows the evaluation of these attributes.