FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / Esse estudo teve como objetivo geral investigar as relaÃÃes estabelecidas entre os pescadores do litoral leste do Cearà e os recursos pesqueiros no que diz respeito ao conhecimento ecolÃgico local (CEL) sobre a ictiofauna e as tÃcnicas de pesca para capturar as espÃcies. Especificamente, foram investigados os pescadores da praia de Redonda, municÃpio de Icapuà (CE), e as espÃcies de peixes mais exploradas por eles. A localidade foi escolhida pelo fato dos pescadores serem referÃncia por praticarem uma pesca responsÃvel, ou seja, em consonÃncia com os princÃpios da sustentabilidade. Para coleta de dados foram utilizados mÃtodos qualitativos e quantitativos à luz da Etnoictiologia, a qual trata das interaÃÃes entre os seres humanos e os peixes. As tÃcnicas de pesquisa utilizadas foram: amostragem âbola de neveâ; observaÃÃo direta; turnÃs guiadas; entrevistas abertas; e questionÃrios estruturados e semi-estruturados. A pesquisa contou com a participaÃÃo direta de 30 pescadores e de respondentes da comunidade em geral. Os resultados mostraram que os pescadores de Redonda realizam uma pesca artesanal, geralmente em embarcaÃÃes à vela, utilizando instrumentos simples e que a pesca constitui-se como uma atividade econÃmica, sociocultural e de subsistÃncia. As espÃcies de peixes mais capturadas (de maior valor de uso) foram cavala (Aconthocybium solandri); biquara (Haemulon plumierii) e serra (Scomberomorus brasiliensis). Sugere-se que sejam adotadas medidas mÃnimas do comprimento para captura dessas espÃcies. O estudo aponta a necessidade da criaÃÃo de seguro defeso para peixes da famÃlia Lutjanidae: cioba, dentÃo, guaiuba, pargo e ariacÃ. Essas informaÃÃes sÃo importantes para a elaboraÃÃo de planos de manejo e conservaÃÃo dos recursos pesqueiros, alÃm de subsidiar a tomada de decisÃo visando promover a gestÃo sustentÃvel da pesca. / This study aimed to investigate the relations between the Cearà coastal fishermen and fisheries resources with respect to the local ecological knowledge (LEK) about fish and fishing techniques. Specifically, we investigated the fishermen from Redonda Beach, in the municipality of Icapui (CE), and the fish species harvested by them. This location was chosen because those fishermen carries on the responsible fishing, that is aligned to the sustainability principles. For data collection, we used qualitative and quantitative methods in the light of ethnoichthyology, which deals with the interactions between humans and fish. The research techniques used in this study were the following: "snowball"sampling ; direct observation, guided tours, open interviews, and semi-structured and structured questionnaires. The survey was applied to the Redonda fishermen and 30 persons from the community. The results showed that Redonda fishermen have practiced artisanal fishing, usually in sailing vessels, using relatively simple tools, and that fishing is an economic, sociocultural and subsistence activity for them. The fish species most havested (and showing higher use value) were cavala (Aconthocybium solandri); biquara (Haemulon plumierii) and serra (Scomberomorus brasiliensis). We suggest that policy measures should be adopted for those species such as minimum harvesting season. The study points out the need for creating spawning season for the Lutjanidae fish family: cioba, dentÃo, guaiuba, pargo e ariacÃ. This information is important for developing fisheries resource management and conservation plans, in addition to supporting the decision making to promote the fisheries sustainable management on the coast of CearÃ.

A presença de contaminação por substâncias perigosas no solo e na água subterrânea acarreta inúmeros problemas, tais como: risco à saúde humana e aos ecossistemas; comprometimento da água para abastecimento público; e redução do valor econômico e da função social do terreno. Embora as tecnologias de remediação sejam aplicadas para resolver problemas ambientais e de saúde pública, estas também podem gerar externalidades ambientais negativas como consumo de energia e recursos naturais; desequilíbrio do ciclo da água; erosão do solo; e emissão de gases de efeito estufa. Tendo em vista a recente ocorrência com áreas contaminadas na Universidade de São Paulo (USP) o presente trabalho visou elaborar um plano de gestão sustentável para uma dessas áreas localizada no campus USP da Capital, contribuindo com o Programa de Políticas Ambientais, sob coordenação da Superintendência de Gestão Ambiental da USP. A metodologia de pesquisa foi baseada em revisão bibliográfica sobre remediação sustentável e construção sustentável e em a análise qualitativa das ações, práticas e lições aprendidas de casos bem sucedidos de gestão das áreas contaminadas com elementos sustentáveis como subsídio para elaboração do plano. A partir da caracterização de quatro áreas contaminadas existentes no campus USP da Capital, foi selecionada a área da USP Leste para estudo de caso para promover o uso de práticas sustentáveis em campus universitário, de tal forma que proteja a saúde humana e minimize os impactos ambientais adversos. Com o intuito de buscar melhorias à gestão do campus, por meio da inserção da sustentabilidade na gestão da contaminação da USP Leste, a elaboração do plano de gestão sustentável considerou as especificidades locais nas práticas sustentáveis a serem implementadas, conforme as necessidades e diretrizes da USP. As soluções propostas incluíram a combinação do planejamento das fases de investigação e remediação com o design da construção de edifícios, que possam trazer benefícios ambientais, econômicos e sociais a todas as partes interessadas, tais como redução de custos a longo prazo relacionados à redução do consumo de energia e eletricidade pela implantação de sistemas de energia renováveis para fornecimento de energia elétrica ao sistemas de ventilação de metano / The presence of contamination by hazardous substances in soil and groundwater causes numerous problems, such as risk to human health and ecosystems; water impairment as drinking water; and reduced economic value and social function of the land. Although remediation technologies solve environmental and public health issues, they can also generate negative environmental externalities such as energy and natural resources consumption; imbalance of water cycle; soil erosion; and greenhouse gas emissions. Due to recent occurrence with contaminated areas at the University of São Paulo (USP) the present work aims to develop a sustainable management plan for one of these areas located on the USP Capital campus, contributing to Program of Environmental Policies, coordinated by the Superintendence of Environmental Management of USP. The research methodology was based on literature review about sustainable remediation and construction; and qualitative analysis of actions, practices and lessons learned applied on successful case studies of contaminated sites management with sustainable elements as subsidy for elaboration of the plan. Based upon a characterization of four contaminated areas located on USP Capital campus, the site of USP Leste was selected as case study in order to promote the use of sustainable practices on campus, through an approach that protects human health and minimizes adverse environmental impacts. In order to seek improvements to the campus management by sustainability integration in contamination management of USP Leste, the elaboration of sustainable management plan considered local specificities on sustainable practices to be implemented, according to the needs and guidelines of USP. The proposed solutions included the planning of investigation and remediation stages with the construction design of buildings that can bring environmental, economic and social benefits to all stakeholders, such as long-term cost savings related to the reduction of energy consumption and electricity by the implementation of renewable energy systems to supply electricity to methane ventilation systems

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2016-08-16T15:21:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Luana da Silva Marques Valentie.pdf: 1861788 bytes, checksum: ed14883ef431197929e4113603f67a06 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-16T15:21:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luana da Silva Marques Valentie.pdf: 1861788 bytes, checksum: ed14883ef431197929e4113603f67a06 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-01 / Trough a Review In articles published in a 20-year period In the main high impact fator internationals Journals in Administration. The main motivation for this study is the apparent Lack of a review that links Strategy Value and sustainability. Although many researchers recognize the subject as a strategic challenge for companies, this study propose a better understanding in how ruestions regarding sustainability and the relation with strategy from bibliometric and citation cocitation study. The aim of this study is to comprehend the intellectual structure of the field of sustainability strategy studies, and be used to assist for future research agenda related to sustainability and strategy from a review of articles published in a period of 20 years in leading journals with high factor impact on management and sustainability, determine which topics studied in administration at this theme are being investigated, analyzing the structure of sustainability studies and strategy from bibliometric study of citation and co-citation. The question that guided the study was: What are the possibilities for future research related to sustainability and strategy? The research method was the bibliometric and data collection occurred in the Web of Science platform. According to the results, the publication of articles on sustainability has increased in the last five years. From a theoretical construct, further discussions can be generated, especially those that discuss the effects of the financial impact in promoting sustainable practices, and those who seek to analyze the balance between sustainability and competitive development of various sectors organizations. The most prominent issue was the CSR- Corporate Social Responsibility, as ethical and transparent management with their public , the analysis of the study, you can see that the RBV can present high potential explanatory opening different perspectives of strategic performance of individual company. / O presente estudo buscou uma revisão nos artigos publicados em um período de 20 anos nos principais periódicos internacionais em Administração, que continham alto fator de impacto. A justificativa deste estudo se deve ao fato da aparente inexistência de uma revisão que conecte a relação de estratégia e sustentabilidade. Embora muitos pesquisadores reconheçam o tema como um desafio estratégico para as empresas, este trabalho se propõem a compreender melhor as questões sobre sustentabilidade na sua relação da estratégia a partir de estudo bibliométrico de citação e cocitação. O objetivo deste estudo é compreender a estrutura intelectual do campo de estudos, e servir de auxilio para uma agenda de pesquisa futura, relacionada ao tema. A questão que norteou o estudo foi: Quais são as possibilidades de pesquisas futuras relacionadas a sustentabilidade e estratégia? O método de pesquisa foi o bibliométrico, e a coleta de dados ocorreu na plataforma Web of Science. De acordo com os resultados, a publicação de artigos sobre a sustentabilidade tem aumentado consideravelmente nos últimos cinco anos. A partir de uma construção teórica, novos debates podem ser gerados, principalmente aqueles que discutem os efeitos do impacto financeiro na promoção de práticas sustentáveis, e aqueles que buscam analisar o equilíbrio entre a sustentabilidade e o desenvolvimento competitivo de organizações de variados setores. O tema de maior destaque foi a Responsabilidade Social Corporativa (CSR), forma de gestão ética e transparente, com seus públicos, pela análise do estudo, é possível observar que a RBV pode apresentar alto potencial explanatório abrindo diversas perspectivas de atuação estratégica da empresa individual.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O extrativismo de Produtos Florestais não Madeireiros - PFNMs surge com a prerrogativa do uso dos produtos da biodiversidade com a manutenção da floresta em pé. No entanto, a coleta desses produtos pode afetar, em diferentes níveis, as taxas vitais dos indivíduos da espécie explorada e comprometer os parâmetros demográficos e genéticos das populações. Para garantir que o extrativismo seja uma atividade sustentável e gere desenvolvimento socioeconômico para os povos da floresta, é imprescindível agregar ao conhecimento tradicional informações sobre a ecologia das espécies e técnicas de manejo adequadas. A andiroba (Carapa guianesis Aublet.) é uma árvore de uso múltiplo, fornecendo um dos óleos medicinais mais utilizados na Amazônia e madeira de alta qualidade. Apesar do crescente interesse de mercado, informações sobre a biologia da espécie, aspectos econômicos e ecológicos da coleta das sementes para a extração do óleo e o processamento deste ainda são limitados. Nesse sentido, este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o potencial produtivo de sementes e a dinâmica populacional de C. guianesis em uma população natural, no sul do Estado de Roraima. Em uma parcela de nove hectares, todos os indivíduos de C. guianensis com DAP &#8805; 10 cm foram classificados em estádios de desenvolvimento e tiveram a produção de sementes estimada durante um intervalo de seis anos. Indivíduos com DAP < 10 cm, denominados regenerantes, foram monitorados em 27 subparcelas de 25 x 25m (1,7 ha). Através de modelos matriciais foram avaliados a estrutura da população, estimada a taxa finita de crescimento populacional (&#955;) e identificado o parâmetro demográfico prioritário para a persistência populacional. Para propor recomendações de manejo, simulações de diferentes regimes de exploração da espécie foram realizadas. O diâmetro do caule das andirobeiras pode ser utilizado para identificar indivíduos produtivos, sendo as árvores com diâmetro acima de 35 cm as mais produtivas. A população estudada encontra-se estável e, se mantidas as condições atuais, não apresenta risco de declínio populacional. O parâmetro demográfico prioritário para a manutenção da população de C. guianensis foi a sobrevivência dos adultos II (DAP &#8805; 35 cm). Em simulações de manejo a remoção ou incremento de regenerantes, ou a retirada de adultos I (10 < DAP < 35 cm), não afetou a taxa de crescimento populacional. No entanto, a remoção de apenas dois adultos II, isto é, interferência inferior a 3% na sobrevivência dos indivíduos com maior potencial reprodutivo da população, a taxa de crescimento populacional decaiu (&#955; < 1). Assim, mantendo-se as condições atuais, a manutenção da taxa de crescimento da população estudada é compatível com o extrativismo de sementes. O manejo de uso múltiplo da espécie (madeira e sementes) deve evitar o corte de árvore nas classes mais produtivas (DAP &#8805; 35 cm) para não comprometer o equilíbrio populacional. / The harvest of non-timber forest products is a way of boosting income for poor people in the tropics, and encouraging forest conservation. However, harvesting of such products may changes ecological processes of the exploited species at different levels. These changes could affect vital rates of individuals and demographic and genetic parameters of the populations. To ensure that the harvesting is a sustainable activity and generate socio-economic development for the people of the forest, it is essential to add to traditional knowledge information about the ecology of the species and appropriate management techniques. The Andiroba (Carapa guianesis Aublet.) is a multipurpose tree, providing one of the most widely used medicinal oils in the Amazon, and high-quality wood. Despite markets growing interest, information on the species biology, economic, and ecological aspects of the seed harvesting and oil processing remain limited. This study aimed to evaluate seed production and population dynamics of C. guianesis in a natural stand in southern Roraima. In a nine-hectare plot, all individuals of C. guianensis with DBH &#8805; 10 cm were classified into developmental stages and tree individual seed production was estimated during a period of six years. Individuals with DBH <10 cm, named recruits, were monitored in 27 subplots of 25 x 25 m (1.7 ha). Matrix models were used to (i) evaluate population structure, (ii) estimate finite rate of increase (&#955;) and (iii) identify priority demographic parameter for population persistence. We used simulations to test different kinds of harvesting intensity to suggest management recommendations. Tree diameter can be used to identify productive individuals; trees with a diameter above 35 cm are the most productive. According to our simulations, the studied population is stable and, if current conditions remain unchanged, there is no risk of population decline. The main population parameter for the maintenance of C. guianensis population was the survival of adult II (DBH&#8805; 35 cm). Simulations of harvesting intensity, regeneration increase, or withdrawal of adults I (10 <DBH <35 cm), did not affect the rate of population growth. However, removal of only two adult II (or less than a 3% interference in the survival of individuals with higher reproductive potential of the population) results in a decrease of population growth rate (&#955; <1). Thus, maintaining current conditions, the growth rate of the population studied is consistent with seeds harvesting. Multiple uses of this species (wood and seeds) should avoid cutting trees in the most productive classes (DBH &#8805; 35 cm) to avoid compromising population growth.

The Buriganga River has dramatically been disrupted due to extreme reduction of its water flow and encroachment of the banks and rigorous pollution due to human waste, industrial garbage and solid waste dumping. Thus Buriganga poses serious environmental threats to the Dhaka city.s sustainable environment. Using GIS tools it is revealed that the first risk to be considered is the amount of decreasing water which is putting a threat on the life of the Buriganga River as well as the whole ecosystem of the surrounding region. The second hazard is considered as decreasing vegetation due to the growing up of built up area and river land conversion to agricultural field. The Buriganga River is now highly polluted and becoming more or less dead due to dumping clinical, industrial and household wastes, industrial effluents, and discharge of oil from river vehicles. Due to the severe pollution and loss of normal flow of water, the Buriganga River effects on the environment, social and economical impacts of the surrounding area. These are the great threat and health hazard risk for the inhabitants of the nearby area. Unfortunately there is no distinct river basin committee yet, even not for all other rivers. In the National Water Policy 1999, the first term river basin management came which only defines some common issues of river problems mainly focusing on the flood. No IWRM implementation policy is practiced in the country. This research work recommends promoting a sustainable environment in the Dhaka city area and healthier life for its inhabitants. It is essential to save the surrounding river system especially the Buriganga River. An integrated river basin organization is highly necessary to implement IWRM approach to save the river. The present study reveals that governmental weak institutional setup and lack of enforcement of existing laws and policy are the main obstruct to save the Buriganga River.

La finalidad de esta investigación es exponer las tendencias mundiales de gestión sostenible que mediante las acciones en los ejes social y ambiental han sido implementadas por los operadores turísticos. La metodología empleada fue la investigación bibliográfica iniciando con una revisión descriptiva de fuentes académicas que culmina con un análisis descriptivo y evaluativo para los fines de la investigación. La investigación se basó en estudios académicos sobre la aplicación de la sostenibilidad social y ambiental en la gestión de los operadores turísticos internacionales. A partir de ello, se observa que en el eje ambiental existe un mayor número de acciones implementadas por los operadores turísticos. Estas están orientados a la gestión del consumo de agua y energía, manejo de residuos sólidos, reducción de materiales desechables, compras ecológicas, capacitaciones en conciencia ambiental, entre otras. Mientras que para el eje social se identificó que los operadores turísticos aplicaron un menor número de acciones, debido a que estas acciones resultan más complejas. Las acciones se enfocan en beneficios económicos para ambas partes (comunidad-operador turístico) y preservación de la cultura local. Pese a ello, se estableció que aún existen limitaciones para que los operadores turísticos apliquen acciones sostenibles tanto para el eje ambiental, como para el social. Una de las limitaciones es encontrar aliados entre sus proveedores que sigan las mismas prácticas, debido a que deben ofrecer un servicio que incluya estándares de sostenibilidad. Se concluye que las prácticas sociales y ambientales están siendo usadas por operadores turísticos a nivel internacional, y se encuentran principalmente motivadas por los beneficios que traen, tales como, menores costos en operaciones, mayores ingresos por la atención de clientes que demandan experiencias social y ambientalmente sostenibles y lograr una mayor captación de mercado. / The purpose of this research is to expose the global trends of sustainable management that through actions on the environmental and social trust have been implemented by tour operators. The methodology used was bibliographic research initiating with a descriptive review of academic sources that culminates with a descriptive and evaluative analysis for research purposes. The research was based on academic studies on the application of environmental and social sustainability in the management of international tour operators. From this, it is observed that there is a greater number of actions implemented by tour operators in the environmental axis. These actions are oriented to the management of water and energy consumption, solid waste management, reduction of disposable materials, ecological purchases, training in environmental awareness, among others. While for the social axis, it was identified that tour operators applied fewer but more complex actions. Those actions focus on economic benefits for both parties (community-tourist operator) and preservation of local culture. Despite this, it was established that there still are limitations for tour operators to implement sustainable actions for the environmental and social axes. One of the limitations is the difficulty to find allies among their suppliers who follow these same practices, because they must offer a service that includes sustainability standards. It is concluded that social and environmental practices are being used by tour operators internationally and are mainly motivated by the benefits it brings such as, lower costs in operations, higher revenue from the attention of customers who demand social and environmentally sustainable experiences and achieving greater market acquisition. / Trabajo de investigación

Yes / The need for the development of clean but still profitable processes and the study of low environmental impact and economically convenient management policies for them are two challenges for the years to come. This paper tries to give a first answer to the second of these needs, limited to the area of discontinuous productions. It deals with the development of a robust methodology for the profitable and clean management of (fed-)batch units under uncertainty, which can be referred to as a robust sustainability-oriented model-based optimization & control strategy. This procedure is specifically designed to ensure elevated process performances along with low-cost utilities usage reduction in real-time, simultaneously allowing for the effect of any external perturbation. In this way, conventional offline methods for process sustainable optimization can be easily overcome since the most suitable management policy, aimed at process sustainability, can be dynamically determined and applied in any operating condition. This leads to a significant step forward with respect to the nowadays options in terms of sustainable process management, that drives towards a cleaner and more energy-efficient future. The proposed theoretical framework is validated and tested on a case study based on the well-known fed-batch version of the Williams-Otto process to demonstrate its tangible benefits. The results achieved in this case study are promising and show that the framework is very effective in case of typical process operation while it is partially effective in case of unusual/unlikely critical process disturbances. Future works will go towards the removal of this weakness and further improvement in the algorithm robustness.

Couvert à plus de 80% de forêt tropicale, et dans le contexte du spectre de l’épuisement du pétrole, le Gabon est confronté au défi d’assurer un équilibre entre exploitation et préservation de ses ressources. Les politiques qui en découlent sont largement orientées par les engagements pris par le gouvernement pour répondre aux injonctions internationales, mais aussi à la pression des bailleurs de fonds et aux promoteurs du développement durable (ONG internationales, fondations, organismes de coopération…). Cette orientation vers une gestion durable des forêts a ainsi conduit le pays à des réformes considérables : nouveaux modes de gouvernance (avec l’implication de « nouveaux » acteurs aux ambitions diverses), nouveau code forestier, nouvelle organisation des institutions, nouveaux modes d’usages des forêts. Une rupture semble être marquée ici avec une gestion héritée des indépendances, voire de l’époque coloniale. Entre revendication d’une souveraineté nationale et gestion d’une ressource qui touche à des enjeux planétaires, la gouvernance des forêts s’avère complexe pour un État aux moyens techniques et financiers limités. Les espaces forestiers et les populations qui en dépendent deviennent ainsi le terrain d’affrontements de stratégies diverses, parfois divergentes, souvent calquées sur des modèles ne correspondant pas toujours à la réalité socio-culturelle locale, mais légitimées par le seul label de gestion durable. Notre thèse donne des clés de lecture sur cette gouvernance et sur les dynamiques des politiques forestières au Gabon, en mettant l’accent sur l’observation de certains acteurs. S’il est souvent admis que les États forestiers du sud sont sous l’emprise de puissantes ONG internationales, symboles d’une gouvernance prescrite et d’une ingérence écologique, notre étude montre que la présence de ces nouveaux acteurs peut aussi témoigner d’une stratégie des gouvernements du sud pour la reconquête de leurs ressources et de leurs territoires. De dominants à dominés, on passe à une relation de gagnants à gagnants, au péril parfois d’une population locale instrumentalisée et résignée. En abordant les jeux et le rôle des acteurs pour comprendre le territoire, cette thèse offre des perspectives pour porter un nouveau regard sur la gestion des ressources forestières au Gabon. / Covered over 80 % of tropical forest, and in the context of the spectrum of oil depletion, Gabon is faced with the challenge of ensuring a balance between exploitation and conservation of its resources. As a result, policies are largely guided by the commitments made by Governments to meet international orders, but also by pressure from donors and sponsors (international NGOs, foundations, cooperation agencies…) for a Sustainable Development. This shift towards sustainable forest management has led the country to significant reforms: new modes of governance (with the involvement of "new" actors in different ambitions), new forest code, a new organization of institutions, new ways of uses of forests. A break seems to be marked here from independence and even colonial times management. Between a claim of national sovereignty and management of a resource that touches on global issues, forest governance is complex for a state limited in technical and financial resources. Forest areas and people who depend on them become the battleground of various and diverse strategies, sometimes divergent, which do not always correspond to the local socio- cultural reality, but legitimized by the single label for sustainable management. Our thesis provides keys for the reading of this governance and the dynamics of forest policies in Gabon, with emphasis on the observation of certain players. While it is often assumed that southern states forest’s are under the influence of powerful international NGOs, a symbol of a prescribed governance and environmental intervention, Our study shows that the presence of these players may also reflect a southern Governments strategy to regain their resources and their territories. From dominants to dominated relationship, we go to a win-win relationship, sometimes at the risk of a local population exploited and designated. In addressing the role of games and players to understand the territory, this thesis provides opportunities to bring a new perspective on the management of forest resources in Gabon.

Au début du XVe siècle, les forêts domaniales devinrent un enjeu majeur dans les affaires du royaume de France. Gérées par l’administration des Eaux et Forêts, elles furent sur ordre du roi l’objet d’une surveillance particulière. L’étude du Coutumier d’Hector de Chartres, un registre du XVe siècle consignant les droits d’usage de centaines d’usagers des forêts du domaine normand de Charles VI, révèle la place que ces dernières occupaient dans la société en France dans les derniers siècles du Moyen Âge. D’une part, le Coutumier démontre qu’elles étaient non seulement importantes dans l’économie de la province mais qu’elles jouaient aussi un rôle essentiel dans la vie autant à la campagne que dans les villes. D’autre part, avec l’analyse des ordonnances forestières du XIVe siècle et du début du XVe siècle, il illustre comment elles furent d’une importance capitale pour le roi puisque ce dernier y prenait le bois nécessaire à la construction de sa marine et à l’entretien de ses forteresses normandes et qu’il en tirait d’importants revenus dans un contexte d’hostilités avec l’Angleterre. Ainsi, une relation de réciprocité bénéfique pour le roi et les usagers s’installa à travers un complexe système d’usages et de redevances. En cherchant à protéger ces bénéfices, les rois de France tentèrent de gérer adéquatement leurs forêts, établissant ainsi les jalons d’une foresterie durable tournée vers la préservation des ressources sylvicoles et se posant en gardiens du bien commun. / At the beginning of the XVth century, domanial forests became a major issue in the affairs of the kingdom of France. Managed by the Waters and Forests administration, they were put under close surveillance by the king’s decree. The study of Hector de Chartres’ customary, a XVth century register containing the customs of hundreds of users of Charles VI’s norman domain’s forests, reveals the place that they held in France at the end of the Middle Ages. It shows first that they were not only important in the province’s economic life but that they also played a major role in its urban and rural life. It also shows, with the analysis of a XIVth and XVth century corpus of royal ordonnances, how they were important for the king, who took there the ressources he needed to build a navy and maintain his fortresses in Normandy and who benefited from the users’ royalties. Thus, a complex relation which greatly benefited the two parties was created through a complex system of customs and royalties. By trying to protect these benefits, the kings of France tried to manage adequately their forests, establishing the bases of sustainable forestry oriented towards the conservation of forest ressources and acting as gardians of the kingdom’s common good.

Couvert à plus de 80% de forêt tropicale, et dans le contexte du spectre de l’épuisement du pétrole, le Gabon est confronté au défi d’assurer un équilibre entre exploitation et préservation de ses ressources. Les politiques qui en découlent sont largement orientées par les engagements pris par le gouvernement pour répondre aux injonctions internationales, mais aussi à la pression des bailleurs de fonds et aux promoteurs du développement durable (ONG internationales, fondations, organismes de coopération…). Cette orientation vers une gestion durable des forêts a ainsi conduit le pays à des réformes considérables : nouveaux modes de gouvernance (avec l’implication de « nouveaux » acteurs aux ambitions diverses), nouveau code forestier, nouvelle organisation des institutions, nouveaux modes d’usages des forêts. Une rupture semble être marquée ici avec une gestion héritée des indépendances, voire de l’époque coloniale. Entre revendication d’une souveraineté nationale et gestion d’une ressource qui touche à des enjeux planétaires, la gouvernance des forêts s’avère complexe pour un État aux moyens techniques et financiers limités. Les espaces forestiers et les populations qui en dépendent deviennent ainsi le terrain d’affrontements de stratégies diverses, parfois divergentes, souvent calquées sur des modèles ne correspondant pas toujours à la réalité socio-culturelle locale, mais légitimées par le seul label de gestion durable. Notre thèse donne des clés de lecture sur cette gouvernance et sur les dynamiques des politiques forestières au Gabon, en mettant l’accent sur l’observation de certains acteurs. S’il est souvent admis que les États forestiers du sud sont sous l’emprise de puissantes ONG internationales, symboles d’une gouvernance prescrite et d’une ingérence écologique, notre étude montre que la présence de ces nouveaux acteurs peut aussi témoigner d’une stratégie des gouvernements du sud pour la reconquête de leurs ressources et de leurs territoires. De dominants à dominés, on passe à une relation de gagnants à gagnants, au péril parfois d’une population locale instrumentalisée et résignée. En abordant les jeux et le rôle des acteurs pour comprendre le territoire, cette thèse offre des perspectives pour porter un nouveau regard sur la gestion des ressources forestières au Gabon. / Covered over 80 % of tropical forest, and in the context of the spectrum of oil depletion, Gabon is faced with the challenge of ensuring a balance between exploitation and conservation of its resources. As a result, policies are largely guided by the commitments made by Governments to meet international orders, but also by pressure from donors and sponsors (international NGOs, foundations, cooperation agencies…) for a Sustainable Development. This shift towards sustainable forest management has led the country to significant reforms: new modes of governance (with the involvement of "new" actors in different ambitions), new forest code, a new organization of institutions, new ways of uses of forests. A break seems to be marked here from independence and even colonial times management. Between a claim of national sovereignty and management of a resource that touches on global issues, forest governance is complex for a state limited in technical and financial resources. Forest areas and people who depend on them become the battleground of various and diverse strategies, sometimes divergent, which do not always correspond to the local socio- cultural reality, but legitimized by the single label for sustainable management. Our thesis provides keys for the reading of this governance and the dynamics of forest policies in Gabon, with emphasis on the observation of certain players. While it is often assumed that southern states forest’s are under the influence of powerful international NGOs, a symbol of a prescribed governance and environmental intervention, Our study shows that the presence of these players may also reflect a southern Governments strategy to regain their resources and their territories. From dominants to dominated relationship, we go to a win-win relationship, sometimes at the risk of a local population exploited and designated. In addressing the role of games and players to understand the territory, this thesis provides opportunities to bring a new perspective on the management of forest resources in Gabon.