L’objectif de ces travaux est d’analyser les canaux de transmission de la politique monétaire dans le contexte d’une union monétaire. Nous avons d'abord procédé à l'analyse de la gouvernance, de l'indépendance et de la transparence du cadre institutionnel de mise en œuvre de la politique mon monétaire aire. En utilisant le modèle d'analyse de Grilli et al. (1991), il ressort que la BCEAO dispose d'un degré d'indépendance élevé, conforme aux banques centrales modernes. Ensuite, l’estimation de modèles VAR structurels sur données trimestrielles, dans lesquels les taux directeurs sont considérés comme exogènes et les autres variables faiblement exogènes, montre l’hétérogénéité・ des effets de la politique monétaire dans les pays membres de l’union et l’existence de deux principaux canaux de transmission à savoir le canal du taux interbancaire et le canal du crédit. Nos résultats confirment des effets des taux d’intérêt directeurs de faible ampleur mais significatifs sur l’inflation et l’investissement. L’effet direct des taux directeurs sur le PIB est faible et non significatif. Enfin, l’étude de la fonction de réaction de la BCEAO permet d’aborder les questions relatives à l’arbitrage entre l’inflation et la production dans la conduite de la politique monétaire. L’estimation d’une règle de Taylor modifiée, intégrant un objectif intermédiaire explicite d'avoirs extérieurs, aboutit à un arbitrage en faveur de l’activité depuis la mise en œuvre de la réforme de la politique monétaire de 1989. / The objective of this work is to analyze the transmission channels of monetary policy in the context of a monetary union. We first analyzed governance, independence and transparency of the institutional framework for implementation of monetary policy. Using the model of Grilli et al. (1991), it appears that the BCEAO has a high degree of independence to modern central banks. Then, the estimated structural VAR models on quarterly data, in which interest rates are considered exogenous and other weakly exogenous variables, shows the heterogeneity of the effects of monetary policy in the member countries of the Union and existence of two main transmission channels namely the interbank rate channel and the credit channel. Our results confirm the effects of interest rate small-scale but significant on inflation and investment. The direct effect of interest rates on GDP is small and not significant. Finally, the study of the BCEAO reaction function to address issues related to arbitration between inflation and output in the conduct of monetary policy. The estimate of a modified Taylor rule, incorporating an explicit intermediate target of foreign assets, resulting in a trade for activity since the implementation of the reform of monetary policy in 1989.

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Submitted by EDUARDO MORATO MELLO (eduardo.mello@br.natixis.com) on 2015-02-04T19:07:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MPFE_EduardoMello.pdf: 1511350 bytes, checksum: 0c43eb471871651f1d5b9ab8996e0e63 (MD5) / Rejected by JOANA MARTORINI (joana.martorini@fgv.br), reason: Eduardo, Alterar o ano para 2015. on 2015-02-05T15:09:42Z (GMT) / Submitted by EDUARDO MORATO MELLO (eduardo.mello@br.natixis.com) on 2015-02-05T15:14:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MPFE_EduardoMello.pdf: 1511130 bytes, checksum: ee2bf1cdb611b05a4c962200c29ff28f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by JOANA MARTORINI (joana.martorini@fgv.br) on 2015-02-05T15:15:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 MPFE_EduardoMello.pdf: 1511130 bytes, checksum: ee2bf1cdb611b05a4c962200c29ff28f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-05T15:21:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MPFE_EduardoMello.pdf: 1511130 bytes, checksum: ee2bf1cdb611b05a4c962200c29ff28f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-01-30 / Este estudo investiga o poder preditivo fora da amostra, um mês à frente, de um modelo baseado na regra de Taylor para previsão de taxas de câmbio. Revisamos trabalhos relevantes que concluem que modelos macroeconômicos podem explicar a taxa de câmbio de curto prazo. Também apresentamos estudos que são céticos em relação à capacidade de variáveis macroeconômicas preverem as variações cambiais. Para contribuir com o tema, este trabalho apresenta sua própria evidência através da implementação do modelo que demonstrou o melhor resultado preditivo descrito por Molodtsova e Papell (2009), o 'symmetric Taylor rule model with heterogeneous coefficients, smoothing, and a constant'. Para isso, utilizamos uma amostra de 14 moedas em relação ao dólar norte-americano que permitiu a geração de previsões mensais fora da amostra de janeiro de 2000 até março de 2014. Assim como o critério adotado por Galimberti e Moura (2012), focamos em países que adotaram o regime de câmbio flutuante e metas de inflação, porém escolhemos moedas de países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento. Os resultados da nossa pesquisa corroboram o estudo de Rogoff e Stavrakeva (2008), ao constatar que a conclusão da previsibilidade da taxa de câmbio depende do teste estatístico adotado, sendo necessária a adoção de testes robustos e rigorosos para adequada avaliação do modelo. Após constatar não ser possível afirmar que o modelo implementado provém previsões mais precisas do que as de um passeio aleatório, avaliamos se, pelo menos, o modelo é capaz de gerar previsões 'racionais', ou 'consistentes'. Para isso, usamos o arcabouço teórico e instrumental definido e implementado por Cheung e Chinn (1998) e concluímos que as previsões oriundas do modelo de regra de Taylor são 'inconsistentes'. Finalmente, realizamos testes de causalidade de Granger com o intuito de verificar se os valores defasados dos retornos previstos pelo modelo estrutural explicam os valores contemporâneos observados. Apuramos que o modelo fundamental é incapaz de antecipar os retornos realizados. / This study investigates whether a Taylor rule-based model provides short-term, one-month-ahead, out-of-sample exchange-rate predictability. We review important research that concludes that macroeconomic models are able to forecast exchange rates over short horizons. We also present studies that are skeptical about the forecast predictability of exchange rates with fundamental models. In order to provide our own evidence and contribution to the discussion, we implement the model that presents the strongest results in Molodtsova and Papell’s (2009) influential paper, the 'symmetric Taylor rule model with heterogeneous coefficients, smoothing, and a constant.' We use a sample of 14 currencies vis-à-vis the US dollar to make out-of-sample monthly forecasts from January 2000 to March 2014. As with the work of Galimberti and Moura (2012), we focus on free-floating exchange rate and inflation-targeting economies, but we use a sample of both developed and developing countries. In line with Rogoff and Stavrakeva (2008), we find that the conclusion about a model’s out-of-sample exchange-rate forecast capability largely depends on the test statistics used: it is necessary to use stringent and robust test statistics to properly evaluate the model. After concluding that it is not possible to claim that the forecasts of the implemented model are more accurate than those of a random walk, we inquire as to whether the fundamental model is at least capable of providing 'rational,' or 'consistent,' predictions. To test this, we adopt the theoretical and procedural framework laid out by Cheung and Chinn (1998). We find that the implemented Taylor rule model’s forecasts do not meet the 'consistent' criteria. Finally, we implement Granger causality tests to verify whether lagged predicted returns are able to partially explain, or anticipate, the actual returns. Once again, the performance of the structural model disappoints, and we are unable to confirm that the lagged forecasted returns antedate the actual returns.

Submitted by Gabriel Perlott Miguens (gpmiguens@gmail.com) on 2017-03-29T02:52:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_Cambio_Regra de Taylor.pdf: 908855 bytes, checksum: 1b33a5bdcea9f731382b0785af425c26 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br) on 2017-03-29T17:06:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_Cambio_Regra de Taylor.pdf: 908855 bytes, checksum: 1b33a5bdcea9f731382b0785af425c26 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-29T17:13:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_Cambio_Regra de Taylor.pdf: 908855 bytes, checksum: 1b33a5bdcea9f731382b0785af425c26 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-17 / The objective of this paper is to analyze the relationship between the Brazilian nominal exchange rate and the economic fundamentals, defined according to the Taylor rule. The transitory and permanent decomposition method was applied in order to identify how the model variables respond to transitory and permanent shocks. The interest is to identify how this relationship occurred during the floating exchange period. In Brazil, this occurred in 1999. At the same time, we try to verify evidence to consider that the fluctuations of the Brazilian nominal exchange rate do not follow a random walk process in the modern era of floating exchange rate. The results showed that the variables of the model are cointegrated and the transitory shocks play an important role in the Brazilian nominal exchange rate fluctuations while the permanent shocks are quite present in the fluctuations of the economic fundamentals of the model. Moreover, the results suggest that there is evidence that the Brazilian nominal exchange rate behavior should not be considered a random walk process. / O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a relação entre a taxa de câmbio nominal brasileira e os fundamentos econômicos, definidos de acordo com a regra de Taylor. Foi aplicado o método de decomposição transitória e permanente com objetivo de se identificar como as variáveis do modelo respondem à choques transitórios e permanentes ao longo do tempo. O interesse é identificar como se deu essa relação durante o período de câmbio flutuante no Brasil, que ocorreu a partir de 1999. Ao mesmo tempo, busca-se verificar a existência de evidências para considerarmos que as flutuações do câmbio nominal brasileiro não seguem um processo passeio aleatório na era moderna de câmbio flutuante. Os resultados demonstraram que as variáveis do modelo são co-integradas e que os choques transitórios possuem participação importante nas flutuações do câmbio nominal brasileiro enquanto os choques permanentes são bastante presentes nas flutuações dos fundamentos econômicos do modelo. Além disso, os resultados sugerem que há evidências de que o comportamento do câmbio nominal brasileiro não deve ser considerado um processo passeio aleatório.

[pt] Neste trabalho analisamos a política monetária brasileira em relação a um grupo de países que seguem o regime de metas para a inflação. Nossos resultados indicam que muitos países tiveram mudanças na política monetária, detectadas através de uma quebra na função de reação empírica dos bancos centrais, no período entre 2007 e 2009, possivelmente relacionadas com a crise financeira global. Encontramos evidências que o banco central brasileiro reduziu sua resposta aos desvios da inflação em relação à meta após esta mudança e também que as expectativas de inflação ficaram desancoradas, sugerindo uma inconsistência com o regime de metas para inflação. Apesar de termos detectado quebras na maioria dos países que seguem o regime de metas, as duas mudanças acima não ocorreram na maior parte dos países. Desta forma, utilizamos esses países para aplicar o método do controle sintético e estimar qual seria a trajetória da taxa de inflação e crescimento do PIB, caso não tivesse ocorrido tal mudança na política monetária brasileira. Os resultados do método do controle sintético sugerem que a mudança na política monetária brasileira resultou em uma taxa de inflação notavelmente maior em relação à trajetória sintética, ou seja, a inflação caso não tivesse ocorrida a mudança na política monetária; e um crescimento do PIB mais volátil, com ganhos limitados no período após a mudança e um crescimento menor nos anos seguintes, comparativamente à trajetória sintética do crescimento do PIB. / [en] In this dissertation, we analyze the Brazilian monetary policy and a group of countries under inflation targeting. Our results indicate that many countries had changes in monetary policy, detected through a break in the central bank reaction function between 2007 and 2009, possibly related to the global financial crisis. We find evidence that the Brazilian central bank lowered its response to inflation deviations from the target and also that inflation expectations became unanchored, suggesting an inconsistency with the inflation targeting regime. Although we detected breaks in almost every country, the two above changes did not occur in most of the countries. Thus, we used these countries to apply the synthetic control method and estimate the trajectory of inflation and GDP growth if the Brazilian central bank had not changed its monetary policy. The results of the synthetic control method suggest that the change in the Brazilian monetary policy resulted in higher inflation and a more volatile GDP dynamic, with limited gains in the period after the change and lower growth in the following years, compared to the synthetic trajectory.

The thesis evaluates the ECB's monetary policy during the past decade by using policy rules and compares the suitability to particular members of the Eurozone. It examines the central bank's reaction function regarding the output and inflation. The work is divided into two main parts. First, gives the theoretical introduction of monetary policy and evaluation of the Eurozone regarding the theory of optimal currency area. In the second part it provides the econometric models and estimates. As a conclusion the results of two different OLS models show that, we cannot precisely decide to which variable the ECB reacted, as obtained two statistically significant models but with different results. For two models is used different variables GDP gap and IPI gap. The results have also shown that the ECB's monetary policy mostly suits to biggest economies within the Eurozone.

The aim of the thesis is to evaluate the effectiveness of measures taken by the Federal Reserve System in response to the 2007 financial crisis that was later joined by economic crisis. It analyzes effects caused by modification of existing programs, creation of new credit programs, support of systemically important institutions by the Fed and programs of outright purchase of selected assets on the open market. The thesis also examines the behavior of the Fed in setting of a target interest rate in longer term, from 2000 to 2011. The thesis verifies the validity of the Taylor rule of monetary policy by using regression analysis. Appendix at the end of the thesis emphasizes the importance of the U.S. dollar in the current international monetary system and the associated implications for the external stability of the U.S. economy.

First of all, general principals of contemporary macroeconometric models are described in this dissertation together with a brief sketch of alternative approaches. Consequently, the macroeconomic model of a monetary policy is formulated in order to describe fundamental relationships between real and nominal economy. The model originated from a linear one by making some of the parameters endogenous. Despite this nonlinearity, I expressed my model in a state space form with time-varying coefficients, which can be solved by a standard Kalman filter. Using outcomes of this algorithm, likelihood function was then calculated and maximized in order to obtain estimates of the parameters. The theory of identifiability of a parametric structure is also described. Finally, the presented theory is applied on the formulated model of the euro area. In this model, the European Central Bank was assumed to behave according to the Taylor rule. The econometric estimation, however, showed that this common assumption in macroeconomic modeling is not adequate in this case. The results from econometric estimation and analysis of identifiability also indicated that the interest rate policy of the European Central Bank has only a very limited effect on real economic activity of the European Union. Both results are influential, as monetary policy in the last two decades has been modeled as interest rate policy with the Taylor rule in most macroeconometric models.

Diese Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit drei relevanten Aufgabebereichen einer Zentralbank und untersucht die makroökonomische Prognose, die Analyse der Geldpolitik in einem makroökonomischen Modell und die Analyse des Währungssystems. Jedes dieser Phänomene wird mit Hilfe des passenden Modells nach Nichtlinearitäten untersucht. Der erste Teil der Dissertation zeigt, dass nichtlineare rekurrente neuronale Netze, eine Methode aus dem Bereich Maschinelles Lernen, die Standard-Methoden übertreffen können und präzise Vorhersagen der Inflation in 1 bis 12 Monaten liefern können. Der zweiter Teil analysiert eine nichtlineare Formulierung der monetären Taylor-Regel. Anhand der Schätzung eines nichtlinearen DSGE Modells wird gezeigt, dass die Taylor-Regel in den USA asymmetrisch ist. Die Zentralbank ergreift stärkere Maßnahmen, wenn die Inflation höher ist als die Zielinflation, und reagiert weniger wenn die Inflation niedriger als die Zielinflation ist. Gleicherweise ist die Reaktion der monetären Politik stärker bei zu geringem Produktionswachstum als bei zu hohem. Der dritte Teil der Dissertation formuliert ein theoretisches Modell, das für eine Analyse der digitalen dezentralen Währungen verwendet werden kann. Es werden die Bedingungen bestimmt, unter denen der Wettbewerb zwischen der Währung der Zentralbank und den digitalen Währungen einige Beschränkungen für die Geldpolitik darstellt. / This thesis addresses three topics that are relevant for the central bank policy design. It analyzes forecasting of the macroeconomic time series, accurate monetary policy formulation in a general equilibrium macroeconomic model and monitoring of the novel developments in the monetary system. All these issues are analyzed in a nonlinear framework with the help of a macroeconomic model. The first part of the thesis shows that nonlinear recurrent neural networks – a method from the machine learning literature – outperforms the usual benchmark forecasting models and delivers accurate inflation predictions for 1 to 12 months ahead. The second part of the thesis analyzes a nonlinear formulation of the Taylor rule. With the help of the nonlinear Bayesian estimation of a DSGE model it shows that the Taylor rule in the US is asymmetric. The central bank reacts stronger to inflation when it is above the target than when it is below the target. Similarly, the reaction to the output growth rate is stronger when the output growth is too weak than when it is too strong. The last part of the thesis develops a theoretical model that is suitable for the analysis of decentralized digital currencies. The model is used to derive the conditions, under which the competition between digital and fiat currencies imposes restrictions on the monetary policy design.

The thesis investigates different exchange rate models and their forecasting performance. The work takes previous literature overview and summarize their findings. Despite the significant amount of papers which were done on the topic of exchange rate forecast, basically none of them cannot find an appropriate model which would outperform a forecast of a simple random walk in every horizon or for any currency pair. However, there are some positive findings in specific cases (e.g. for specific pair or for specific time horizon). The study provides up-to-date analysis of four exchange rates (USD/CZK, USD/ILS, USD/GBP and USD/EUR) for the period of time from January 2000 to August 2013 and analyse forecasting performance of seven exchange rate models (uncovered interest rate parity model, purchasing power parity model, monetary model, monetary model with error correction, Taylor rule model, hidden Markov model and ESTAR model). Although, the results are in advantage of Taylor rule model, especially for the exchange rate of USD/CZK, I cannot prove that the forecasting performance is significantly better than the random walk model. Except of the overall analysis, the work suppose instabilities in the time. Stock and Watson (2003) found that the forecast predictability is not stable over time. As a consequence, the econometric model can give us better forecast than random walk process at some period of time, however at other period, the forecasting ability can be worse than random walk. Based on Fluctuation test of Giacomini and Rossi (2010a) every model is analysed how the out-of-sample forecast ability changes over time.