- Einführung in die Arbeit mit Templates - Vorstellung der in der STL enthaltenen Templates - Beispiele für deren Nutzung

Natural Language (NL) requirements play a significant role in specifying the system design, implementation and testing processes. Nevertheless, NL requirements are generally syntactically ambiguous and semantically inconsistent. Issues with NL requirements can result into inaccurate and preposterous system design, implementation and testing. Moreover, informal nature of NL is a major hurdle in machine processing of system requirements specifications. To confront this problem, a requirement template is introduced, based on controlled NL to produce deterministic and consistent representation of the system. The ultimate focus of this thesis is to generate test cases from system specifications driven from requirements communicated in natural language. Manual software systems testing is a labour intensive, error prone and high cost activity. Traditionally, model-driven test generation approaches are employed for automated testing. However, system models are created manually for test generation. The test cases generated from system models are not generally deterministic and traceable with individual requirements. This thesis proposes an approach for software system testing based on template-driven requirements. This systematic approach is applied on the requirements elicited from system stakeholders. For this purpose natural language processing (NLP) methods are used. Using NLP approaches, useful information is extracted from controlled NL requirements and afterwards the gathered information is processed to generate test scenarios. Our inceptive observation exhibits that this method provides remarkable gains in terms of reducing the cost, time and complexity of requirements based testing.

SharePoint är ett stort content- och managament-system som många företag använder sig av. I detta kan mallar specificeras för olika dokumenttyper (kallade content types), som underlättar skapandet av nya dokument för slutanvändaren. Systemet för mallarna blir dock snabbt omständligt och ohanterligt när antalet mallar företaget använder sig av växer. I detta examensarbete undersöks en lösning till problemet med mallarna, som finns tillgänglig på Microsofts Codeplex-site, där projekt under open-source licens kan laddas upp för allmänheten. Under arbetet undersöktes denna lösning djupare och vidareutvecklades för att i slutet av arbetet kunna levereras i form av en prototyp som HOW Solutions kunde använda sig av i framtida projekt. Slutresultatet blev en prototyp som bygger vidare på den tidigare lösningen och som tillåter användaren att specificera en mall-hubb, i form av en site-samling med bibliotek som kan förse andra bibliotek med mallar. Under projektet blev också en annan vidareutveckling av programmet funnen, som visar stor potential och som bör tittas närmare på. / SharePoint is a large content and management system that is used by a vast number of businesses. Templates can be specified for different types of documents (called content types), which simplifies the creating of new documents for the end user. However, the system by which this is done today quickly becomes cumbersome and unmanageable when the number of templates that a business uses increases. In this thesis a solution to the problem is examined which is available on the Microsoft Codeplex site, a site for hosting open source projects. During the project the solution was examined in greater detail, and further developed into a prototype that HOW Solutions could use in future projects. The final result was a prototype that builds on the earlier solution which allows the user to specify a template hub, which is a site collection with libraries that supplies other libraries with templates. During the project another solution, which builds on the same solution, was found. It shows great promise and requires further investigation.

Topology Optimization has been proven to be a useful tool in discovering non-intuitive optimal designs subject to certain design constraints. The results of Topology Optimization are either represented as a tessellation object composed of thousands of triangular surfaces, or as a point cloud. In either case, the results of Topology Optimization are not suited for use in subsequent steps of the design process which require 3D parametric CAD (Computer Aided Design) models. Converting Topology Optimization results into parametric CAD geometry by hand is an extremely tedious and time consuming process which is highly subjective. This thesis presents a shape recognition algorithm that uses a feature by feature CAD-centric approach to convert Topology Optimization results into parametric CAD geometry. This is accomplished by fitting 2D cross section geometry to various parts of a given feature through the use of Shape Templates and then constructing 3D surfaces through the set of 2D cross sections. This algorithm aids in measuring the geometric approximation error of the generated geometry as compared to the optimal model, and standardizes the process through automation techniques. It also aids the designer / engineer in managing the direct tradeoff between closeness of geometric approximation (measured by volumetric comparison) and model complexity (measured by the number of parameters required to represent the geometry).

Enligt den svenska läroplanen, LPO 94, är utvecklandet av elevernas historiemedvetande en av de viktigaste uppgifterna för undervisningen i ämnet historia. Det finns dock i forskningen ännu inga vedertagna beskrivningar av hur ett historiemedvetande känns igen i elevers uttryck och hur en progression av detta medvetande kan mätas. Föreliggande uppsats undersöker historiemedvetandet hos 50 barn mellan 4 och 10 år på två skolor och en förskola. Barnen delades efter ålder in i fokusgrupper och presenterades ett antal olika gamla vardagsföremål av samma typ, till exempel tre olika gamla telefoner. I samtal med uppsatsens författare och en pedagog diskuterades det temporala sambandet mellan föremålen. Samtalen i fokusgrupperna videofilmades och transkriberades. I analysen undersöktes framförallt om barnen i sina utsagor kunde foga samman föremålen i narrativa sekvenser och om de i dessa sekvenser använde sig av någon narrativ mall. Narrativa mallar är de socialt, historiskt och kulturellt framförhandlade strukturer kring vilka berättelser byggs upp. Därför kan narrativa mallar betraktas som kulturella verktyg med vilka vi agerar i verkligheten men som också genom internalisering förändrar vår varseblivning av densamma. Den teoretiska basen för analysen utgörs av Lev Vygotskijs sociokulturella teori och James V. Wertschs utveckling av denna. Jerome Bruners narrativa teorier är också centrala. Progression av historiemedvetande tolkas i studien som ett ökat kvalitativt användande av sociokulturella verktyg framförallt i form av narrativa mallar. Resultatet av studien visar att de fyra- och femåringar som omfattas av studien inte använde narrativa mallar. Sjuåringarna använde narrativa mallar i sina berättelser men inte på samma varierade och kritiska sätt som tioåringarna. Studien visar att sociokulturella analyser av barns berättande kan vara en framkomlig väg i sökandet efter en progression av historiemedvetande. / According to the Swedish curriculum, Lpo 94, the development of students' historical consciousness is one of the major tasks in teaching history. There are, however, in research no accepted descriptions of how a historical consciousness is recognized in students' expressions and how a progression of this consciousness can be measured. This paper examines historical consciousness in 50 children ages 4 to 100 at two schools and one kindergarten. The children were divided by age into focus groups and presented a variety of old everyday objects of the same type, for example, three old phones. In conversations with the report's author and a teacher, the group discussed the temporal relationship between the objects. The talks in the focus groups were videotaped and transcribed. The analysis focused primarily if the children in their statements could put together objects in a narrative sequences and if they made any use of a schematic narrative template. Narrative templates are socially, historically and culturally negotiated structures around which stories are built up. Therefore, the narrative templates are considered cultural tools with which we act in reality but they also by internalization alter our perception of it. The theoretical basis for the analysis consists of Lev Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory and James V. Wertsch’s development of this. Jerome Bruners narrative theories are also important. Progression of historical consciousness is interpreted as an increased qualitative use of sociocultural tools especially in the form of schematic narrative templates. The study showed that the four- and five-year olds did not use narrative templates. The seven-year olds used narrative templates but not in the same varied and critical way as the ten-year olds. The study shows that sociocultural analysis of children's narrative constructs can be a way forward in search of a description of progression of historical consciousness.

The AEC (Architecture, Engineering, and Construction) industry has been undergoing a significant digitaliza-tion process in the last years. This transformation implies new challenges and adaptation concerning the ex-change of data between different software applications. Therefore, in response to this problem the benefits of IFC as a solution for the exchange of data have been investigated. However, the current versions of IFC cannot achieve semantic clarity in mapping entities and relationships. Therefore, there have been several attempts to develop solutions and optimizing methods to improve the exchange of information of product data. This paper aims to identify and investigate the challenges of using product data templates (PDT) for exchange of infor-mation and different PDT has been evaluated and compared. The necessary data was collected through literature review and document analysis. Five challenges and five initiatives were identified during the literature review. The five initiatives are Semantic web and linked data, CoClass, Buildingsmart, COBie and Cobuilder. The result showed how these initiatives could solve the identified challenges.

https://dc.etsu.edu/entc-2160-oer/1018/thumbnail.jpg

No description available.

Conserving rare species and protecting biodiversity depends on sound information on the nature of rarity. Rarity is multidimensional, presenting the need for a quantitative classification scheme by which to label species as rare or common. I defined rarity for freshwater fishes based on the range extents, habitat breadths, and site abundance and examined the relationship between these dimensions of rarity and imperilment. Imperiled fishes were most often rare by all three dimensions, whereas undesignated species were most often common by all three dimensions. Next, I examined the effect of sampling intensity on observed rarity of stream fish using different numerical and proportional rarity criteria and found that increasing sampling intensity increased the number of species labelled as rare with proportional criteria but did not affect the number of species labelled as rare with numerical criteria. Additional electrofishing passes within a fixed reach increases the likelihood of detecting rare and endemic species. A tradeoff between information collected and sampling resources should be carefully considered in the context of objectives when sampling for rare species. Finally, I examined the effect of regional and watershed habitat variables, biotic interaction variables, and instream habitat variables, on the rare or common status on 23 North American freshwater fishes. I also compared biological and reproductive traits among species classified into the rarity framework. Rarity was successfully explained in 19 of the 23 species and I found that regional and watershed habitat variables were the most important predictors of rarity. I also found that species large body size, high fecundity, and long age at maturity were generally more common by range extent and site abundance while those species that did not guard nests were more frequently rare by site abundance. These results indicate that large-scale variables can be used to successfully predict species rarity and rare fishes differ in their biology and reproduction from common fishes. / Master of Science

A height field is a set of height distance values sampled at a finite set of sample points in a two-dimensional parameter domain. A height field usually contains a lot of redundant information, much of which can be removed without a substantial degradation of its quality. A common approach to reducing the size of a height field representation is to use a piecewise polygonal surface approximation. This consists of a mesh of polygons that approximates the surfaces of the original data at a desired level of accuracy. Polygonal surface approximation of height fields has numerous applications in the fields of computer graphics and computer vision. Triangular mesh approximations are a popular means of representing three-dimensional surfaces, and multiresolution analysis (MRA) is often used to obtain compact representations of dense input data, as well as to allow surface approximations at varying spatial resolution. Multiresolution approaches, particularly those moving from coarse to fine resolutions, can often improve the computational efficiency of mesh generation as well as can provide easy control of level of details for approximations. This dissertation concerns the use of wavelet-based MRA methods to produce a triangular-mesh surface approximation from a single height field dataset. The goal of this study is to obtain a fast surface approximation for a set of height data, using a small number of approximating elements to satisfy a given error criterion. Typically, surface approximation techniques attempt to balance error of fit, number of approximating elements, and speed of computation. A novel aspect of this approach is the direct evaluation of wavelet coefficients to assess surface shape characteristics within each triangular element at a given scale. Our approach hierarchically subdivides and refines triangles as the resolution level increases. / Ph. D.