Mano bakalauro tema: tekstilės kompozicija „Švelnumas“. Kas yra švelnumas? Tai pirmiausia psichologijos sąvoka, būtent žmogaus bruožas, kuris yra ugdomas. Jis priklauso nuo aplinkos, kurioje augo žmogus. Švelnumas gali būti ir gamtos ypatybė, pavyzdžiui peizažo, reljefo, viso kraštovaizdžio, voratinklių pieva, pienių pūkai, gyvūnėliai. Problema: švelnumas pasauliui, gamtai ir žmogui visa pakeičia: pradedama matyti akivaizdžiai neregimų dalykų. Todėl buvo puiki proga išsiaiškinti mokinių požiūrį į švelnumo reiškinį. Nemielai skamba žodžiai „agresija“ ar „šiurkštumas“, tačiau apie šiuos reiškinius reikia pakalbėti, tik taip pamažu keisime savo ir kitų požiūrį, gal net tapsime šiltesni. O norint bent šiek tiek pakeisti visuomenę ir neigiamus dalykus joje, reikia pasitelkti paprastas, bet galingas jėgas, švelnumą ir gerą pavyzdį. Darbo tikslas: paanalizuoti švelnumą ir jo raišką žmonių santykiuose bei gamtoje, išsiaiškinti mokinių požiūrį į švelnumo reiškinį, perteikti švelnumo idėją tekstilės kompozicijoje „Švelnumas“. Išnagrinėjus švelnumą, galima padaryti išvadą, kad švelnumą turėtumėme ugdyti nuo kūdikystės. Tuo būdu stiprinti ir modeliuoti jautrumą. Nuo mažų dienų skatinti vaiką su kitu žmogumi, gyvūnu, augalu elgtis švelniai. Pagrindinį kūrybinį polėkį paskatino švelnumo reiškiniai, kurių apstu santykiuose ir gyvojoje gamtoje. Man švelnumas yra voratinklių pieva. Vorų audžiami tinklai man yra didžiausia paslaptis. Švelnumas žvelgiamas pro ažūrinį šydą, kuris apraizgytas... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / My bachelor ́s work is the textiles composition „Tenderness“. What is tenderness? First of all it ́s a psychology term, wich is developing as a nature of the humans. This feature depends on the environment in wich this human grows. Tenderness can be the feature of the nature, for example landscaping, countryside, the grassland of the spider webs, flocks milk and even animals. The problem: Tenderness to the world, nature and humanity, which changes everything, it ́s starting to view obviously unseen things. Of which we have a chance to find out the view of students to the meaning of the tenderness. Words like „aggression“ or „roughness“sounds unwelcome, but the meaning of those words must be discussed, only then we start to change the views to our and others positions, maybe we ́ll become warmer to each other. But if we would like to change negative things in the public itself, we need to use general, but very powerful attributes. Like tenderness and good examples. The aim is to analyze the tenderness expression in the people relationships and in the nature itself, to find out students view into the meaning of the tenderness and convey an idea of the tenderness into the textile composition itself. After examination of the tenderness, we can make the conclusion that the tenderness we must developed from the infancy. That way we need to control and strengthen the sensitivity. From the first days of the birth show to the child how gently we must act with other people, animals... [to full text]

Submitted by la_simielli@yahoo.com.br (la_simielli@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-04-05T13:12:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_LARISSA_FERNANDA_SIMIELLI_FONSECA.pdf: 1971633 bytes, checksum: 177f6a3044467459f559bbf217ba550f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-04-06T20:32:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 fonseca_lfs_dr_jabo.pdf: 1971633 bytes, checksum: 177f6a3044467459f559bbf217ba550f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-06T20:32:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 fonseca_lfs_dr_jabo.pdf: 1971633 bytes, checksum: 177f6a3044467459f559bbf217ba550f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-07 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Mais de 80% da carne bovina brasileira é proveniente de animais de origem zebuína. Este produto é considerado de baixa maciez e reduzido teor de gordura entremeada quando comparado à carne de animais de raças taurinas. Investir na melhoria das características organolépticas como marmoreio e maciez da carne torna-se importante do ponto de vista econômico, pois tratam-se de atributos muito apreciados pelo consumidor. A maciez pode ser medida por meio de análises sensoriais, índice de fragmentação miofibrilar ou força de cisalhamento. Nesse último, um aparelho é utilizado para medir a força necessária para o cisalhamento de uma seção transversal de carne e, quanto maior a força dispensada, menor é a maciez apresentada pelo corte de carne. Outra característica relacionada à qualidade da carne é o marmoreio, que pode ser analisada por meio de escala de graduação visual denominada Quality Grade. No entanto, estas metodologias só podem ser utilizadas após o abate do animal. As técnicas de análise do transcriptoma, como o RNA-Seq, permitem a identificação de genes cuja expressão está relacionada com o controle de características quantitativas e podem ser alternativas na busca pelo melhoramento destes atributos. Com isso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar genes diferencialmente expressos utilizando a técnica RNA-Seq, em tecido muscular de bovinos da raça Nelore, visando contribuir para o conhecimento dos fatores genéticos que estão relacionados com a qualidade da carne. Para isso, foi sequenciado o mRNA de 40 amostras divergentes para a maciez da carne (20 com carne dura e 20 com carne macia) e 40 amostras divergentes para marmoreio (20 com alto e 20 com baixo marmoreio). Essas amostras foram escolhidas com base na análise de força de cisalhamento e índice de marmorização realizadas em 132 e 80 amostras de músculo longissimus dorsi respectivamente, coletadas da meia carcaça esquerda de cada animal. As análises dos resultados obtidos pela técnica de RNA-Seq revelaram genes diferencialmente expressos relativos à maciez e marmoreio da carne em gado Nelore. Os genes referentes à maciez estão relacionados ao metabolismo de colágeno, à actina e miosina, ao transporte de cálcio, dentre outros. Por outro lado, nos resultados das análises de marmoreio, os genes que se mostraram diferencialmente expressos estão relacionados à ocitocina, ao transporte de oxigênio, ao crescimento e à síntese de lipídios e proteínas. Portanto, este estudo revelou a possibilidade de se utilizar alguns desses genes diferencialmente expressos como marcadores genéticos em bovinos Nelore para seleção precoce quanto à maciez e marmoreio da carne. / More than 80% of Brazilian beef comes from zebu animals. The Zebu meat show reduced marbling and is considered harder when compared to Taurine meat. The improvement of the organoleptic traits like marbling and meat tenderness is important from an economic point of view, because these attributes are highly appreciated by the consumer. The meat tenderness can be measured by sensory analysis, myofibril fragmentation index or by shear force. This method use an apparatus which measure the force required to shear a cross section of meat. The higher the strength dispensed, lower is the tenderness showed by the cut of meat. Another trait related to meat quality is marbling, which can be analyzed by Quality Grade visual graduation scale. However, these methods can only be performed after the animal was killed. The transcriptome analysis techniques, as RNA-Seq, are able to identify genes whose expression are related to quantitative traits control and can be used as alternative to help the improvement of these traits. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify differentially expressed genes using RNA-Seq, in Nelore cattle muscular tissue, to contribute to the knowledge of the genetic factors that are related to meat quality. We sequenced the mRNA of 40 samples divergently ranked to meat tenderness (20 with hard meat and 20 with tender meat) and sequenced the mRNA of 40 samples divergently ranked to marbling (20 with high and 20 with low marbling). These samples were chosen based on shear force and marbling content analysis held at 132 and 80 longissimus dorsi muscle samples respectively, collected from each left half carcass. The analysis of the results obtained by RNA-Seq technique revealed differentially expressed genes related to meat tenderness and marbling in Nelore cattle. Regarding the meat tenderness, these genes are related to collagen metabolism, actin and myosin, the calcium transport, among others. Moreover, the marbling analysis results, revealed differentially expressed genes related to oxytocin, transport of oxygen, growth and lipids and proteins synthesis. Therefore, this study showed the possibility of using some of these differentially expressed genes as genetic markers in Nellore cattle for early selection to meat tenderness and marbling. / FAPESP: 2013/09190-7

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-02-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:37:09Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 diesel_ta_me_jabo.pdf: 408706 bytes, checksum: f11ad06748ba9354a9801989ea788546 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A bovinocultura de corte deve ter foco no desenvolvimento de sistemas sustentáveis de produção. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho de cruzamentos entre raças bovinas, visando animais precoces em acabamento e que produzam carne de qualidade, além de avaliar estes animais quanto a fatores ligados à expressão do temperamento. Foram realizadas avaliações da reatividade, desempenho, características de carcaça e qualidade da carne, in natura e maturada, de machos não castrados e fêmeas 3/4 Angus + 1/4 Nelore (ANTA), 1/2 Angus + 1/4 Simental + 1/4 Nelore (ANTS), 1/2 Limousin + 1/4 Angus + 1/4 Nelore (LITA) e 1/2 Limousin + 1/4 Simental + 1/4 Nelore (LITS), terminados em confinamento ou pastagem com suplementação e abatidos, respectivamente, aos 13 ou 18 meses de idade. Verificou-se que filhos de touros Limousin foram mais reativos, principalmente quando as mães eram Simental x Nelore. Os animais ficaram mais reativos ao longo do tempo e o sistema de produção parece não ter influenciado esta característica. Os animais ANTS foram mais pesados ao desmame (268 kg). Machos ANTA foram mais pesados ao abate quando confinados (474 kg), e os mais leves a pasto (448 kg); o inverso aconteceu com o gado LITA. O ganho diário não diferiu entre os genótipos no sistema a pasto, mas foi significativamente maior para os filhos de touros Angus no confinamento. Os filhos de touros Limousin foram mais eficientes quanto a conversão alimentar e apresentaram maior rendimento de carcaça do que os filhos de touros Angus (ANTA e ANTS). Todos os cruzamentos possibilitaram o abate precoce dos animais e a realização de um ciclo curto de produção. A força de cisalhamento não foi influenciada por nenhum dos efeitos estudados, sendo as médias da carne in natura iguais a 7,1 kgf/cm2, 7,0 kgf/cm2, 7,6 kgf/cm2 e 7,7 kgf/cm2 para os grupos genéticos... / Beef production should focus on developing sustainable production systems. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of crossbred cattle to produce young animals with good quality meat, and to evaluate the expression of temperament in these animals. Reactivity, performance, carcass traits and meat quality, fresh and mature, were evaluated in 3/4 Angus + 1/4 Nelore (ANTA), 1/2 Angus + 1/4 Simmental + 1/4 Nelore (ANTS), 1/2 Limousin + 1/4 Angus + 1/4 Nelore (LITA) e 1/2 Limousin + 1/4 Simmental + 1/4 Nelore (LITS) males and females, finished in feedlot or pasture with supplementation, and slaughtered at 13 or 18 months of age. It was found that offspring of Limousin bulls were more reactive, especially when the dams were 1/2 Simmental x 1/2 Nelore. Animals were more reactive over time and production system seems to have no influence on this trait. ANTS animals showed higher weight at weaning (268 kg). ANTA males showed higher weight at slaughter when confined (474 kg), and lower when finished on pasture (448 kg); the reverse happened with LITA cattle. The daily gain did not differ between the genotypes in the pasture system, but was significantly higher for offspring of Angus bulls in feedlot system. The offspring of Limousin bulls were more efficient in feed conversion and carcass yield than the offspring of Angus bulls (ANTA and ANTS). All crossings enabled the slaughter of young animals and short cycle of production system. Shear force was not affected by any of the effects studied, and the estimated means were equal to 7.1, 7.0, 7.6 and 7.7 kgf/cm2 for the genetic groups ANTA, ANTS, LITA e LITS, respectively... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-02-18Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:16:14Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 costa_tir_me_jabo.pdf: 343437 bytes, checksum: 1232a2de695409c232a5bcfe9a0602c2 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito do nível de feno de erva-sal e tempo de maturação sobre as características físicas, químicas e sensoriais da carne de cordeiros Santa Inês. Foram utilizadas 60 paletas de cordeiros machos alimentados com 30, 40, 50 e 60% de feno de erva-sal, que foram embaladas à vácuo e mantidas refrigeradas em temperatura de 0 ± 1 oC por 0, 7 e 14 dias de maturação. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial três × quatro (três tempos de maturação e quatro níveis de feno de erva-sal). Paletas maturadas por um período de 14 dias apresentaram menor teor de umidade (75,94%) e maior teor de proteína bruta (18,19%) quando comparadas as paletas in natura e as maturadas por 7 dias. A inclusão do feno de erva-sal na dieta de cordeiros impediu que ocorresse a rancidez oxidativa durante o processo de maturação por até 14 dias de estocagem. Houve interação (P<0,05) entre nível de feno de erva-sal e tempo de maturação para a luminosidade (L*). Níveis de inclusão do feno de erva-sal elevaram o pH e o teor de vermelho (a*) da carne. A força de cisalhamento, a perda de peso por cozimento e a capacidade de retenção de água não foram influenciados (P>0,05) pelos fatores estudados, apresentando valores médios de 3,06kg/cm2, 37,28% e 76,71% respectivamente. A maturação da carne ovina não alterou a força de cisalhamento, entretanto os provadores avaliaram a carne maturada como mais macia e menos fibrosa / The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of level of hay saltbush and aging time on the physical , chemical and sensory quality lamb meat from Santa Ines. We used 60 shoulders of male lambs fed 30, 40, 50 and 60% hay saltbush, which were vacuum packed and kept refrigerated at a temperature of 0 ± 1 oC for 0, 7 and 14 days of aging. The experimental design was completely randomized factorial three × four (three aging times and four levels of hay saltbush). Shoulders aged for a period of 14 days had lower moisture content (75.94%) and higher crude protein content (18.19%) compared with fresh shoulders and aged for 7 days. The inclusion of saltbush hay in the diet of lambs prevented the oxidation occurred during the ripening process for up to 14 days of storage. There was an interaction (P < 0.05) between the level of saltbush hay and aging time for the relative lightness (L *). Inclusion levels of saltbush hay increased the pH and relative redness (a*) of meat. The shear force, weight loss by cooking and water-holding capacity were not affected (P > 0.05) by treatments, showing average values of 3.06 kg/cm2, 37.28% and 76.71% respectively. The aging of the meat that did not alter the shear force, however the panel evaluated meat matured as softer and less fibrous

Orientador: Maurício Mello de Alencar / Coorientador: Rymer Ramiz Tullio / Banca: Andrea Roberto Bueno Ribeiro / Banca: Hirasilva Borba / Resumo: A bovinocultura de corte deve ter foco no desenvolvimento de sistemas sustentáveis de produção. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho de cruzamentos entre raças bovinas, visando animais precoces em acabamento e que produzam carne de qualidade, além de avaliar estes animais quanto a fatores ligados à expressão do temperamento. Foram realizadas avaliações da reatividade, desempenho, características de carcaça e qualidade da carne, in natura e maturada, de machos não castrados e fêmeas 3/4 Angus + 1/4 Nelore (ANTA), 1/2 Angus + 1/4 Simental + 1/4 Nelore (ANTS), 1/2 Limousin + 1/4 Angus + 1/4 Nelore (LITA) e 1/2 Limousin + 1/4 Simental + 1/4 Nelore (LITS), terminados em confinamento ou pastagem com suplementação e abatidos, respectivamente, aos 13 ou 18 meses de idade. Verificou-se que filhos de touros Limousin foram mais reativos, principalmente quando as mães eram Simental x Nelore. Os animais ficaram mais reativos ao longo do tempo e o sistema de produção parece não ter influenciado esta característica. Os animais ANTS foram mais pesados ao desmame (268 kg). Machos ANTA foram mais pesados ao abate quando confinados (474 kg), e os mais leves a pasto (448 kg); o inverso aconteceu com o gado LITA. O ganho diário não diferiu entre os genótipos no sistema a pasto, mas foi significativamente maior para os filhos de touros Angus no confinamento. Os filhos de touros Limousin foram mais eficientes quanto a conversão alimentar e apresentaram maior rendimento de carcaça do que os filhos de touros Angus (ANTA e ANTS). Todos os cruzamentos possibilitaram o abate precoce dos animais e a realização de um ciclo curto de produção. A força de cisalhamento não foi influenciada por nenhum dos efeitos estudados, sendo as médias da carne in natura iguais a 7,1 kgf/cm2, 7,0 kgf/cm2, 7,6 kgf/cm2 e 7,7 kgf/cm2 para os grupos genéticos... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Beef production should focus on developing sustainable production systems. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of crossbred cattle to produce young animals with good quality meat, and to evaluate the expression of temperament in these animals. Reactivity, performance, carcass traits and meat quality, fresh and mature, were evaluated in 3/4 Angus + 1/4 Nelore (ANTA), 1/2 Angus + 1/4 Simmental + 1/4 Nelore (ANTS), 1/2 Limousin + 1/4 Angus + 1/4 Nelore (LITA) e 1/2 Limousin + 1/4 Simmental + 1/4 Nelore (LITS) males and females, finished in feedlot or pasture with supplementation, and slaughtered at 13 or 18 months of age. It was found that offspring of Limousin bulls were more reactive, especially when the dams were 1/2 Simmental x 1/2 Nelore. Animals were more reactive over time and production system seems to have no influence on this trait. ANTS animals showed higher weight at weaning (268 kg). ANTA males showed higher weight at slaughter when confined (474 kg), and lower when finished on pasture (448 kg); the reverse happened with LITA cattle. The daily gain did not differ between the genotypes in the pasture system, but was significantly higher for offspring of Angus bulls in feedlot system. The offspring of Limousin bulls were more efficient in feed conversion and carcass yield than the offspring of Angus bulls (ANTA and ANTS). All crossings enabled the slaughter of young animals and short cycle of production system. Shear force was not affected by any of the effects studied, and the estimated means were equal to 7.1, 7.0, 7.6 and 7.7 kgf/cm2 for the genetic groups ANTA, ANTS, LITA e LITS, respectively... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Orientador: Pedro Eduardo de Felicio / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T11:24:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Prado_CristianoSales_D.pdf: 1520005 bytes, checksum: 80115fa0ddc5123d57034605d928f7c7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Muitos estudos têm sido feitos visando identificar e avaliar novas tecnologias de abate de bovinos e frigorificação, para reduzir custos de produção, aumentar rendimentos ou melhorar a qualidade da carne, mas ainda existem dúvidas quanto às implicações da velocidade de resfriamento e da aspersão de água nas carcaças sobre essas variáveis. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o efeito da velocidade de resfriamento e do uso de um sistema de aspersão nas perdas de peso por evaporação das carcaças e por exsudação em cortes embalados a vácuo, e em parâmetros de qualidade física, sensorial e microbiológica do contrafilé maturado por até 60 dias. Foram abatidos dois lotes de bovinos, machos inteiros, de aproximadamente 12 meses de idade, terminados em confinamento, sendo 16 compostos Montana, no primeiro abate, e 24 mestiços (½ Nelore X ½ Simental), no segundo. Após a sangria, os animais foram estimulados eletricamente e atribuídos a um dos quatro tratamentos de resfriamento distintos: (1) convencional sem aspersão; (2) convencional com aspersão; (3) lento sem aspersão; e (4) lento com aspersão. Durante o resfriamento foram registradas as curvas de redução de temperatura e do pH das carcaças, e foram feitas as pesagens das mesmas para o cálculo das perdas de peso por evaporação depois de 48 horas, quando foram retirados os bifes de contrafilé (m. L. dorsi) de 2,5 cm de espessura aproximadamente, embalados a vácuo e maturados por 7, 14, 30 e 60 dias. Após cada período de maturação as amostras foram conduzidas a um supermercado, retiradas da embalagem, colocadas em bandejas de poliestireno expandido cobertas com filme de PVC, e expostas em gôndolas refrigeradas, por 48 horas. Foi avaliada a cor dos bifes, após 24 horas de exposição, utilizando um colorímetro portátil, no esquema CIE L*, a* e b*, e, também, foi feita uma análise visual das amostras para os atributos cor, aceitação global e opção de compra, tendo como julgadores clientes do supermercado. As amostras também foram analisadas para comprimento de sarcômeros, índice de fragmentação miofibrilar, força de cisalhamento, perdas de peso por exsudação e cozimento, atributos sensoriais (maciez e suculência) e microbiológicos. O sistema de aspersão de carcaças, utilizado durante o resfriamento, tanto na velocidade convencional quanto na lenta, foi eficiente em reduzir as perdas de peso por evaporação (P<0,05). Houve efeito (P<0,001) do método de resfriamento e do período de maturação nas perdas por exsudação. As amostras obtidas de carcaças resfriadas com o sistema de aspersão apresentaram maiores perdas por exsudação (P<0,001) que as resfriadas sem aspersão. O uso do sistema de aspersão não influenciou (P>0,05) nas médias de força de cisalhamento, comprimento de sarcômeros, índice de fragmentação miofibrilar, maciez e suculência, avaliação visual, avaliação objetiva da cor e qualidade microbiológica. À medida que o período de maturação avançou, houve redução da força de cisalhamento e aumento do índice de fragmentação miofibrilar (P<0,001), sem alteração no comprimento de sarcômeros (P>0,05). Os métodos de resfriamento lentos, com ou sem aspersão, foram mais eficientes em produzir cortes de contrafilé (m. L. dorsi) mais macios, e mais suculentos, com menor força média de cisalhamento e sarcômeros mais compridos (P<0,001). Não houve efeito (P>0,05) do método de resfriamento e do período de maturação na avaliação visual da cor. Enquanto o sistema de aspersão e o período de maturação não influenciaram (P>0,05) na avaliação instrumental da cor, a velocidade de resfriamento exerceu influência (P<0,001) nos valores de luminosidade e intensidade de amarelo (L* e b*). Não foi observado efeito (P>0,05) do tratamento de resfriamento na contaminação dos bifes de contrafilé, nas contagens de microrganismos aeróbios mesófilos e psicrófilos, indicando que a aspersão de carcaças e o resfriamento lento, conforme empregados na pesquisa, não prejudicam a qualidade microbiológica do contrafilé / Abstract: Many studies have been carried out to identify and evaluate new beef slaughter and refrigeration technologies, that could result in lower production costs, higher yields, or to improve the quality of meat, but there are still doubts related to carcasses chilling rate and water spraying. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of cooling rate, with or without spray-chilling in physical, sensorial and microbiological quality of aged striploin (longissimus dorsi muscle) beef. Two lots of intact male, nearly 12 month old, grain finished cattle, were harvested, being 16 of the Montana composite breed, in the first slaughter, and 24 crossbreds (½ Nelore X ½ Simental) in the second one. After bleeding, the animals were electrically stimulated and submitted to one of the four cooling systems: (1) conventional without spray-chilling; (2) conventional with spray-chilling; (3) slow without spray-chilling; and (4) slow with spray-chilling. During chilling the carcass temperature and pH decline data were registered. The carcasses were weighed to calculate the drip losses after 48 hours, when the steaks of 2,5 cm thick from the striploin were taken, vacuum packaged, and aged for 7, 14, 30 and 60 days. After each aging time, the samples were taken to a supermarket, removed from the package, placed in an expanded polystyrene trays covered with a PVC film, and exposed in refrigerated displays for 48 hours. CIE Lab color was measured after 24 hours, using a hand colorimeter. A visual analysis of the samples was also done for the attributes of color, overall acceptability, and buying option, having supermarket consumers as panelists. Sarcomere length, myofibrilar fragmentation index, Warner-Bratzler shear force, purge and cooking losses, sensory (tenderness and juiciness) and microbiological attributes were also measured. The spray-chilling, in either slow or conventional chilling, was efficient in reducing the weight loss (P<0,05). There was observed an effect (P<0,001) of the cooling system and aging time on purge loss. The samples from the spray-chilled carcasses had higher purge losses (P<0,001) than the non-sprayed ones. The use of the spray-chilling have not affected (P>0,05) shear force, sarcomere length, myofibrilar fragmentation index, tenderness and juiciness, color, visual evaluation, or microbiological counts. During aging there was a decreasing on shear force, and an increase on the myofibrilar fragmentation index (P<0,001), but no differences on sarcomere length (P>0,05). The slow cooling systems, in either sprayed or not sprayed method, were more efficient on producing more tender and juicier steaks, with lower shear force means, and higher sarcomere lengths (P<0,001). No effect (P>0,05) of the cooling treatment and aging time was observed on the color visual analysis. While the spray-chilling and the aging time has not affected (P>0,05) color measurements, the cooling rate has influenced (P<0,001) the lightness and the yellowness values (L* and b*). The cooling treatment had no influence (P>0,05) on the steaks bacteriological counts for total aerobic mesophilic and psychrophilic, suggesting that the spray-chilling system, and the slow cooling regime do not affect the microbiological quality of the beef striploin / Doutorado / Doutor em Tecnologia de Alimentos

Considerando a importância da maciez dentre os atributos de qualidade de carnes, a necessidade do estabelecimento de um método mais rápido e moderno, que forneça resultados mais precisos, com baixa variabilidade e que possa ser utilizado para a determinação da maciez instrumental de diferentes cortes cárneos é uma demanda evidente. Sendo assim, o objetivo desta tese foi estudar a maciez instrumental de diferentes cortes cárneos bovinos, testando diferentes temperaturas finais de cocção e tempos de resfriamento no preparo das amostras e utilizando diferentes equipamentos, bem como estabelecer correlações entre a maciez instrumental e diversos outros atributos de qualidade de carnes. Foram avaliados os efeitos de três temperaturas finais de cocção (65, 70 e 75 °C) e dois tempos de resfriamento das amostras (4 e 24 horas) e ainda a utilização de três diferentes equipamentos (Texturômetro TAXT2icon equipado com lâminas de 1 e 3 mm de espessura e Warner-Bratzler clássico) na determinação da força de cisalhamento de cinco cortes cárneos bovinos. Os cortes foram caracterizados quanto aos atributos pH, índice de fragmentação miofibrilar, temperaturas de desnaturação das proteínas Actina e Miosina, cor instrumental, teor de colágeno, comprimento de sarcômeros, composição química e perda de peso por cocção. Foram determinadas as correlações lineares entre estes atributos, entre estes atributos e as forças de cisalhamento e entre as forças de cisalhamento. Foram estudados ainda, os comportamentos mecânico e estrutural dos cortes durante a realização dos testes de determinação da força de cisalhamento por meio da microestrutura das superfícies cisalhadas e das curvas mecânicas geradas durante os testes no texturômetro. Não houve efeito significativo do tempo de resfriamento nos resultados dos testes de determinação da força de cisalhamento. O Texturômetro com lâmina de 1 mm produziu valores mais baixos, enquanto que o Warner-Bratzler provocou os maiores valores. O Texturômetro com lâmina de 3 mm provocou menor precisão nos resultados. Em quase todos os casos, a temperatura de 65 °C produziu os menores valores de força de cisalhamento, enquanto que a utilização de 75 °C provocou os maiores valores. Foram observadas baixas correlações entre os atributos de qualidade avaliados e a força de cisalhamento dos cortes em estudo. Foram determinadas quatro equações de predição de força de cisalhamento de uma técnica com base nos resultados de outra. Os equipamentos e temperaturas finais de cocção utilizados ocasionaram diferentes comportamentos mecânicos e estruturais nos cortes cárneos avaliados. O Texturômetro com lâmina de 1 mm produziu menor variação nos resultados mas ao mesmo tempo, na maioria dos casos, provocou corte ao invés de cisalhamento nas amostras. Foi possível concluir que a utilização de diferentes equipamentos e pequenas variações na temperatura final de cocção das amostras pode ser uma grande fonte de variação nos resultados de testes de determinação da força de cisalhamento de carnes e que comparações entre resultados devem ser feitas com cautela observando estes detalhes. / Considering the importance of tenderness among the meat quality attributes, the need to establish a faster and more modern method that provides more accurate results with low variability and can be used to determine the instrumental tenderness of different meat cuts is an obvious demand. Thus, the objective of this thesis was to study the instrumental tenderness of different beef cuts, by testing different cooking endpoint temperatures and cooling times in the sample preparation step and using different equipment, as well as to establish correlations among the instrumental tenderness and several other meat quality attributes. The effects of using three cooking endpoint temperatures (65, 70 and 75 °C) and two cooling times of the samples (4 and 24 hours) and the use of three different equipment (TAXT2icon Texturometer equipped with shear blades of 1 and 3 mm thick, and a classical Warner-Bratzler) in the shear force determination of five beef cuts were evaluated. The cuts were evaluated for pH, myofibrillar fragmentation index, denaturation temperatures of Actin and Myosin proteins, instrumental color, collagen content, sarcomere length, chemical composition and cooking loss. Linear correlations between these attributes, between these attributes and shear force results and between shear force results were determined. The mechanical and structural behaviors of the cuts during the shear force tests were studied through the microstructure of the sheared surfaces and the mechanical curves generated during the tests in the texturometer. There was no significant effect of the cooling time on shear force results. The texturometer equipped with a 1 mm blade produced lower values, while Warner-Bratzler produced the higher ones. The texturometer equipped with a 3 mm blade resulted in decreased precision in the results. In most cases, the temperature of 65 °C produced the lowest shear force values, whereas the use of 75 °C resulted in the highest ones. Low correlations among the quality attributes evaluated and the shear force results of the cuts under study were observed. Four prediction equations of shear force were determined from one technique based on the results of another. The equipment and cooking endpoint temperatures used resulted in different mechanical and structural behaviors in the beef cuts evaluated. The texturometer equipped with a 1 mm blade produced less variation in the results, but at the same time, in most cases, it caused cutting rather than shearing of the samples. It is possible to conclude that the use of different equipment and small variations in the cooking endpoint temperature of the samples may be a great source of variation in the meat shear force results and that comparisons between results should be made with caution and observing these details.

Meat tenderness is regarded as the single most important characteristic of meat quality. Fifty Bonsmara feedlot steers were fed a commercial feedlot ration (10,5 MJ MElKg DM, 12% CP), supplemented with 0,15mg Zilmaxlkg live weight in the feed and with different levels of vitamin D3 (1 to 5 X 106 IU Vit D3 /day) for five days prior to slaughter. The steers were randomly allocated to the vitamin D3 treatments and a control group that received no vitamin D3 supplementation. The steers were fed from ca. 248 ± 3 kg live weight, while Zilmax was fed for the last 35 days to a target weight of ca 400kg. All steers were slaughtered at a commercial abattoir after a Zilmax withdrawal period of 7 days. Samples from m. longissimuss lumborum were collected 24h post-mortem for sheer force testing on an Instron apparatus equipped with a Wamer Bratzler shear blade. Cooking loss was determined by measuring the amount of fluid loss after cooking. Feedlot performance, carcass characteristics and drip loss of meat samples did not differ significantly between the different vitamin D3 treatments. The inclusion of 5 X 106 IU of vitamin. D3 resulted in significantly lower shear force (SF) values compared to the steers in the control group. The results suggest that dietary supplementation of 5 X 106 IU of vitamin. D3 may significantly improve the tenderness of meet from steers fed 0, IS mg Zilmax ®/kg live weight for the last 35 days in the feedlot. The aim of the second study was to explore the effectiveness of the use of electrical stimulation on tenderness of mutton. In this experiment 22 wethers of class AB weighing between 45 and 50kg were used. The carcasses were assigned to two treatment groups, of which group one was electrically stimulated (ES) and the other group was not electrically stimulated (NES). The results revealed that electrical stimulation did not significantly affect of the fatty acid content of meat and crude fat content. Treatment however, significantly (P< 0,038) influenced the moisture content of the samples. There was a variation in SF values between the two treatment groups; SF of samples from the ES group were lower compared to that of the NES group. This suggests that ES can be successfully applied to reduce the variation in tenderness within the class- AB mutton. / Dissertation (MSc(Agric) : Meat Science)--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Animal and Wildlife Sciences / unrestricted

No description available.

Thesis (MScAgric (Animal Sciences))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The two main determinants of post-slaughter processing outcomes are rates of pH and temperature decline. Muscle pH and temperature interact continuously during rigor development to affect both the muscle contracture and proteolytic enzyme activity. The pH, however, can be manipulated independently of temperature by electrical inputs applied to the carcass. Electrical inputs that should be considered range from electrical stunning to the various forms of electrical immobilisation (EI) and stimulation (ES) that occur during and after the dressing procedures. EI is used to suppress convulsions that occur after electrical stunning to ensure operator safety to maintain high throughputs speeds while ES is used to induce rapid tenderisation, although having other biochemical and biophysical effects on meat. The objective of the study was to supply information on the effect of different EI and ES treatments, frequencies and pulse widths on the meat quality of beef. There are very little data on the effect of EI when it is combined with ES on meat quality. This study used two different EI frequencies (high – 800 Hz; HFI and low – 15 Hz; LFI) combined with either high (1040 V; HVS) or medium (300 V; MVS) voltage ES to study the effect of these treatments on meat quality. In the following experiment the EI waveform and ES was standardised using HFI with MVS with the frequency being changed to either 5, 15 or 50 Hz. Then the pulse width of the waveform was changed to 0.1, 0.5, 1 and 10 ms to optimise the ES system. Meat quality measurements were made from the Longisimmus dorsi (LD) and Semimembranosus (SM) after 1, 5 and 9 days of chilled storage at 0 C. The LD (shear force = 94.3±2.2; cooking loss = 26.85±0.29; retail drip = 0.996±0.037; storage drip = 2.78±0.155; WBC (water binding capacity) = 45.4±0.36) had significantly lower shear force and higher water binding capacity than the SM (shear force = 103.7±2.5; cooking loss = 34.63±0.25; retail drip = 2.12±0.103; storage drip = 3.63±0.245; WBC = 59.3±0.57). Day of assessment (Day 1 = 122.7±2.9; Day 5 = 87.7±2.2; Day 9 = 81.0±2.4) had a significant effect on tenderness of the LD as shear force declined with an increase of day of assessment. The LFI HVS (storage drip = 3.30±0.223; shear force = 102.9±4.5) produced significantly greater drip during storage and shear force values when compared to the HFI followed by either HVS (storage drip = 2.45±0.261; shear force = 85.2±4.0) or MVS (storage drip = 2.60±0.178; shear force = 94.2±4.2) in the LD, probably attributable to different rates of pH decline post mortem. LFI HVS (a* = 20.79±0.31; chroma = 22.92) and LFI MVS (a* = 20.24±0.27; chroma = 22.23±0.30) had a redder and more vivid bloomed colour than HFI HVS (a* = 19.71±0.33; chroma = 21.49±0.37) and HFI MVS (a* = 20.00±0.27; chroma = 21.98±0.31), while LFI HVS (a* = 15.27±0.40) and HFI MVS (a* = 14.64±0.29) had a redder colour compared to HFI HVS (13.85±0.35) at day 9 for the LD. The oxygen consumption rate (MTT assay) correlated inversely linear (r = -0.63 and -0.73) with the a* values 24 hrs post mortem allowing for 3 hrs of bloom. Stimulation with 15 Hz (0.47±0.040) and 5 Hz (0.41±0.045) had a higher pH decline (ΔpH) during stimulation than 50 Hz (0.29±0.027). Shear force measurements and cooking loss percentage were obtained from the LD after 24 hrs of chilled storage at 0 C. There were no difference between the stimulation treatments for shear force (15 Hz = 121.3±3.3; 5 Hz = 123.8±7.6; 50 Hz =114.8±7.94), while cooking loss was higher in 15 Hz (28.8±0.47) than 50 Hz (25.9±0.71) which correlated (r = 0.43; p = 0.01) with ΔpH. There were no differences between 10 ms (0.46±0.020), 1 ms (0.43±0.020) and 0.5 ms (0.44±0.019) pulse widths on the ΔpH while 0.1 ms (0.33±0.020) had a lower decline. Stimulation with a 1 ms (94.6±5.6) pulse width had the lowest shear force that varied from 10 (111.3±3.8) and 0.1 ms (111.3±5.8). While cooking loss (0.1 = 25.3±0.48; 0.5 = 26.9±0.67; 1 = 25.9±0.63; 10 = 25.5±0.66) and water-holding capacity (0.1 = 36.1±1.60; 0.5 = 37.3±1.42; 1 = 37.5±1.15; 10 = 36.9±1.45) was not affected in the LD after 24 hrs of chilled storage at 0 C. Colour measurements on the SM indicated that a 0.1(a* = 19.38±0.50; chroma = 22.70±0.51), 0.5 (a* = 20.89±0.49; chroma = 24.34±0.56) and 10 ms (a* = 19.69±0.46; chroma = 22.98±0.58) pulse width had a deeper red and a more vivid colour than 1 ms (a* = 16.66±0.37; chroma = 19.99±0.32) at day nine of retail display. In conclusion, HFI improves meat quality when combined with either HVS or MVS and that MVS either improves (colour stability) or has no adverse effects on meat quality (tenderness and WBC) in relation to HVS when combined HFI. In addition, it shows that there are alternative electrical parameters to voltage that can be used to change the pH decline and by changing frequency and pulse width, subtle changes can be made to an ES system. Since every abattoir is different due to layout, chiller space and cooling regime these electrical parameters can be modulated to optimise an electrical stimulation system without expensive modification to the whole system. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die tempo van pH en temperatuur daling is die twee hoof bepalings van na-slag prosseserings uitkomste. Spier pH en temperatuur het ’n gedurige interaksie tydens rigor ontwikkeling en beïvloed die spier sametrekking en proteolitiese ensiem aktiwiteit. Die spier pH kan onafhanklik van temperatuur gemanipuleer word, deur elektriese golfvorms deur die karkas te stuur. Die elektriese golfvorms wat in ag geneem moet word varieer van elektriese impulse tydens bedwelming tot die verskeie golfvorms van elektriese immobilisasie (EI) en stimulasie (ES) wat gebruik kan word gedurende en na die slagproses. EI word gebruik om konvulsies te beheer wat onstaan na elektriese bedwelming om werker veiligheid en hoë deurvloei tempos te verseker, terwyl ES die verouderings proses versnel, alhoewel dit ander biochemiese en biofisiese uitwerkings het op vleis. Die studie het verneem om inligting te verskaf oor die effek van verskillende EI en ES kombinasies, frekwensie en puls wydtes op die kwaliteit van beesvleis. Daar is baie min inligting van EI in kombinasie met ES se effek op vleis kwaliteit. Die studie het gebruik gemaak van twee verskillende (EI) frekwensies (hoog – 800 Hz; HFI and laag – 15 Hz; LFI) wat gekombineer is met of hoë (1040 V; HVS) of medium (300 V; MVS) spanning ES se effek op vleis kwaliteit. In die volgende eksperiment was die EI golfvorm en die ES gestandardiseer en HFI met MVS was gebruik met die frekwensie wat verander is tussen 5, 15 en 50 Hz. Daarna was die pulse wydte van die golfvorm verander tussen 0.1, 0.5, 1en 10 ms om die ES sisteem te optimiseer. Vleis kwaliteit van die Longisimmus dorsi (LD) en Semimembranosus (SM) spiere was bepaal na 1, 5 en 9 dae van verkoelde storing teen 0°C. Die LD (skeurkrag = 94.3±2.2; kookverlies = 26.85±0.29; kleinhandel drup verlies = 0.996±0.037; storing drip verlies = 2.78±0.155; WBV (water bindings vermoë) = 45.4±0.36) het ‘n betekenisvolle laer skeurkrag waardes en hoër water bindings vermoë gehad in vergelyking met die SM (skeurkrag = 103.7±2.5; kookverlies = 34.63±0.25; kleinhandel drupverlies = 2.12±0.103; bergings drupverlies = 3.63±0.245; WBV = 59.3±0.57). Die dag van assesering (Dag 1 = 122.7±2.9; Dag 5 = 87.7±2.2; Dag 9 = 81.0±2.4) het ’n betekenisvolle effek gehad op die skeur krag waardes en het afgeneem met ’n toename in die dag van assesering. LFI HVS (storing drupverlies = 3.30±0.223; skeurkrag = 102.9±4.5) het betekenisvolle hoër vog verliese gehad tydens verkoelde storing en skeur krag wanneer dit vergelyk word met HFI gevolg deur of HVS (storing drupverlies = 2.45±0.261; skeurkrag = 85.2±4.0) of MVS (storing drupverlies = 2.60±0.178; skeurkrag = 94.2±4.2). LFI HVS (a* = 20.79±0.31; chroma = 22.92) en LFI MVS (a* = 20.24±0.27; chroma = 22.23±0.30) het ‘n helder en dieper rooi kleur gehad in vergelyking met HFI HVS (a* = 19.71±0.33; chroma = 21.49±0.37) en HFI MVS (a* = 20.00±0.27; chroma = 21.98±0.31), terwyl LFI HVS (a* = 15.27±0.40) en HFI MVS (a* = 14.64±0.29) ’n rooier en helderer kleur as HFI HVS (13.85±0.35) gehad het in die LD. Die suurstof verbruik tempo (MTT analise) korreleer omgekeerd (r = -0.63 en -0.73) met die a* waardes 24 hr post mortem na 3 hr van blootstelling van lug. Stimulasie met 15 (0.47±0.040) en 5 Hz (0.41±0.045) het ’n hoër pH daling (ΔpH) tydens stimulasie as 50 Hz (0.29±0.027). Skeurkrag waardes en kookverliese is verkry vanaf die LD na 1 dag van verkoelde storing teen 0 C. Daar was geen verskil tussen stimulasie frekwensie se effek of skeurkrag (15 Hz = 121.3±3.3; 5 Hz = 123.8±7.6; 50 Hz =114.8±7.94) nie, terwyl die kookverliese hoër was in die 15 Hz (28.8±0.47) as 50 Hz (25.9±0.71) behandeling wat gekorreleer (r = 0.43; p = 0.01) het met ΔpH. Daar was geen verskill tussen 10 (0.46±0.020), 1 (0.43±0.020) en 0.5 ms (0.44±0.019) puls wydtes se effek op ΔpH nie, terwyl 0.1 (0.33±0.020) ms ‘n kleiner afname tot gevolg gehad het. Stimulasie met ‘n 1 ms (94.6±5.6) puls wydte het die laagste skeurkrag gehad wat verskil het van die 10 (111.3±3.8) and 0.1 ms (111.3±5.8) puls wydtes, terwyl kookverliese (0.1 = 25.3±0.48; 0.5 = 26.9±0.67; 1 = 25.9±0.63; 10 = 25.5±0.66) en waterbindingsvermoë (0.1 = 36.1±1.60; 0.5 = 37.3±1.42; 1 = 37.5±1.15; 10 = 36.9±1.45) nie beïvloed was nie. Kleur metings van die SM het getoon dat ‘n 0.1 (a* = 19.38±0.50; chroma = 22.70±0.51), 0.5 (a* = 20.89±0.49; chroma = 24.34±0.56) en 10 ms (a* = 19.69±0.46; chroma = 22.98±0.58 puls wydtes die helder en dieper rooi kleur gehad het as 1 ms (a* = 16.66±0.37; chroma = 19.99±0.32) teen dag 9 van kleinhandel vertoning. Ter opsomming, lei HFI tot beter vleis kwaliteit wanneer dit gekombineer word met of HVS of MVS. Verder lei MVS tot of ’n verbetering (kleur stabiliteit) of geen nadelige effek op vleis kwaliteit (sagtheid en WBV) in vergelyking met HVS wanneer dit gekombineer word met HFI. Die studie bewys ook dat daar ander elektriese parameters bestaan as spanning, wat verander kan word om die pH daling te beïvloed. Deur die frekwensie en pulswydte te verander, kan klein veranderinge aangebring word aan ’n ES sisteem. Elke abattoir is verskillend as gevolg van uitleg, koelkamer spasie en verkoelings tempo en hierdie elektriese parameters kan verander word om ’n ES sisteem te optimiseer sonder enige duur veranderinge aan die hele sisteem.