Bakgrund: Psykosocial hälsa har en stor roll i bestämmandet av hälsa på arbetsplatser, svag psykosocial hälsa kan kopplas till försämrad allmän hälsa samt förhöjd sjukfrånvaro. Samtidigt visar forskning på hur transformativt ledarskap kan påverka arbetsmiljön och anställda vilket resulterade studiens syfte. Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka transformativt ledarskaps påverkan på anställdas psykosociala hälsa och arbetsmiljö.Metod: Studiedesign som antogs var en systematisk litteraturstudie där sju databaser genomsöktes och totalt 19 vetenskapliga artiklar som svarade på syftet användes. Alla artiklar genomgick granskning av vetenskaplig kvalité och en kvalitativ innehållsanalys som resulterade i tre kategorier. Resultat: Tre kategorier hittades och de benämns som medför positiva effekter på psykosocial hälsa, betydelse för den psykosociala arbetsmiljön samt hälsovinster i ett större perspektiv. Resultatet indikerar att transformativt ledarskap kan användas som ett kraftfullt salutogent verktyg för hälsopromotion på arbetsplatsen och att ledarskapet kan skapa bättre förutsättningar för förbättrad psykosocial hälsa. Implikation: Ytterligare forskning krävs för att kartlägga transformativt ledarskap i skilda kulturella, geografiska och praktiska kontexter samt att kvalitativa studier kan ge en mer nyanserad bild av effekterna och på så vis kan ge en tydligare indikation på hur integreringen av transformativt ledarskap kan ske i organisationer och verksamheter.

本研究旨在探討國民中學校長轉型領導行為對於教職人員之心理契約實踐之關係。研究目的有： 一、瞭解遴選制度實施後，國民中學校長轉型領導之現況。 二、探討學校不同的個人背景變項教職人員及學校背景變項對校長領導行為覺知的差異情形。 三、探討學校教職人員之心理契約實踐現況。 四、探究教職人員背景對心理契約實踐覺知的差異。 五、探討校長轉型領導行為對於學校教職人員心理契約實踐之關係。 研究採用問卷調查法為主，以臺北市59所公立國民中學的教職人員為對象，共抽取26所學校，512教職人員為受試者進行調查，並以改編之「國民中學教職人員之心理契約量表」與「國民中學校長轉型領導量表」進行施測，共回收448份，有效問卷為386份，問卷回收率為87.5％，可用率為86.2％。資料以SPSS/PC12.0統計套裝軟體進行描述性統計、t考驗、單因子變異數（ANOVA）、Pearson，s積差相關、多元逐步迴歸分析與討論，所得主要結論如下： 一、臺北市國民中學校長轉型領導行為屬於「高」強度，在國民中學校長轉型領導行為「建立願景」、「個人魅力」、「鼓舞激勵」、「激發潛能」、「個別關懷」各個層面都屬高強度的情形。 二、就兼任職務而言，兼任行政職務的教師比沒有兼任行政職務的教師所知覺到校長表現較多的轉型領導；擔任主任職務的教師比擔任導師及專任教師，認為校長轉型領導實踐程度較高。 三、服務年資深者對於「鼓舞激勵」、「激發潛能」、「個別關懷」等層面高於服務年資較淺的教職人員，且在整體知覺校長轉型領導之實踐，亦顯現相同情形。 四、不同職務的教職人員在知覺整體心理契約實踐之差異情形，達顯著水準；擔任主任職務的教師比擔任導師及專任教師，認為學校在整體心理契約實踐程度較高。 五、服務於不同學校規模的教職人員，在整體知覺心理契約實踐之差異達顯著水準，服務於規模小的學校教職人員，在知覺心理契約實踐程度方面，高於服務於規模較大的學校教職人員。 六、校長轉型領導各層面「建立願景」、「個人魅力」、「鼓舞激勵」、「激發潛能」、「個別關懷」皆與學校教職人員的心理契約，有顯著的相關。 七、整體校長轉型領導行為與心理契約各構面相關係數最高者為「體恤教職部屬」，而相關程度最低者為「建立人情關懷」。 八、校長轉型領導各層面「建立願景」、「個人魅力」、「鼓舞激勵」、「激發潛能」、「個別關懷」具有預測教職人員知覺心理契約實踐之功能。 / The purpose of this study is to make a thorough inquiry into the relationship between the transformational leadership and the psychological contract of teaching staff in junior high schools. The purposes of the study are as follows: 1. To understand the current situation of the transformational leadership in junior high schools after the selecting system has been implemented. 2. To explore the effect of the various personal background variable and the teaching staff’s school background variable on principal’s leading behavioral differences. 3. To research into the current situation of the psychological contract of teaching staff in junior high schools. 4. To study the influence that the teaching staff’s background has on the perceptive difference of the psychological contract. 5. To make a thorough inquiry into the relationship between the transformational leadership and the psychological contract of teaching staff in junior high schools. This study uses survey method. The survey instrument is revised from 「The psychological contract of teaching staff in junior high schools scales」and 「The transformational leadership in junior high schools scales」. The survey samples are 512 teaching staffs from 26 junior high schools in Taipei city. There are 448 returns, and there are 386 valid responses which are analyzed by statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson r, and multiple regression using SPSS/PC12.0 program. The conclusions obtained from this study are summarized as follows: 1. The principals’ behavior in junior high schools of Taipei city belongs to high intensity. This situation displays in the perspectives of 「prospect formation」,「idealized influence」,「inspirational motivation」,「intellectual stimulation」, and 「individualized consideration」. 2. The administrators can perceive much transformational leadership than the teachers. And the directors consider that the principal has higher extent of the transformational leadership than the teachers. 3. The seniority staffs sense higher extent in the aspect of 「inspirational motivation」, 「intellectual stimulation」, and 「individualized consideration」 than the junior staffs, which also happens in the aspect of perception of transformational leadership. 4. There are obviously differences between the administrators and teachers in perception the implement of psychological contract. The directors consider higher implement of psychological contract than the teachers. 5. There are obviously differences between the staffs in different school scale. The staffs in the small school consider higher implement of psychological contract than the staffs in the big school. 6. There is obviously correlation between transformational leadership and psychological contract of teaching staffs. 7. The highest correlation coefficient between transformational leadership and psychological contract of teaching staffs is 「showing consideration for staffs」. The lowest correlation coefficient is 「building up consideration」 8. The various perspectives of the transformational leadership have the function of predicting the psychological contract of teaching staffs. ( Keywords: transformational leadership, psychological contract .)

Torn by having to meet the external demands of customers for quality service and internal demands for achieving sales targets, achieving a balance is not an easy task for traditional service units in fields such as retail banking, retailing, telecommunications, travel industry, and the like. This study examines the issue through the lens of an organizational ambidexterity framework. In the management literature, ambidexterity is used as a metaphor to describe an organization???s ability to perform seemingly conflicting tasks or pursue disparate goals simultaneously (Lubatkin et al., 2006). As an emerging research area, ambidexterity studies address the issue of how an organization can pursue multiple goals simultaneously (Benner & Tushman, 2003). The study has three specific objectives: 1) to conceptualize ambidexterity in the context of service and sales in a retail bank setting; 2) to identify and empirically examine the antecedents of branch ambidexterity; and 3) to examine the impact of ambidexterity on branch financial performance. Based on resource-based view and organization-context literature, the present study focuses on the impact of employee characteristics and contextual variables on branch ambidexterity and, ultimately, branch-level financial performance. The study uses both a qualitative and a quantitative approach. Data are collected from two large retail banks, one in Australia and one in Thailand. Findings are reported in three different studies. Study one reports findings based on the qualitative phase. Studies two and three report findings based on the quantitative data. A qualitative approach involves five bank branches and conducting a series of in-depth interviews with branch managers and frontline staff. It identifies employee constructs that have a positive or a negative impact on branch ambidexterity. These constructs are goal orientation, self-efficacy, and role stress. The role of branch context is also discussed. The quantitative approach involves data from 2,306 employees in 267 branches in a large Thai bank. Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) is used to analyze the data. The quantitative data are used to test two models. The first model explores the direct impact of employees??? characteristics on branch ambidexterity. It is found that goal orientation, self-efficacy, and role stress are significantly associated with branch ambidexterity. The inclusion of transformational leadership as a moderator provides additional insights into the relationship between employee characteristics and branch ambidexterity. The second model tests the direct impact of contextual variables on branch ambidexterity. The contextual variables include empowerment, team support, fairness of rewards, and transformational leadership. Finally, it explores the impact of branch ambidexterity on branch financial performance. Data suggest that all four contextual variables make significant positive contributions to branch ambidexterity at the individual level. However, only empowerment, team support, and fairness of rewards have a significant group-level effect on branch ambidexterity. It is also found that branch ambidexterity is positively related to branch financial performance.

Η παρούσα εργασία αποβλέπει στην μελέτη αλλά και διερεύνηση της σημασίας δύο μορφών ηγεσίας, της συναλλακτικής και της μετασχηματιστικής, καθώς και της έννοιας της συμβουλευτικής, στα πλαίσια των χρηματοπιστωτικών οργανισμών. Συγκεκριμένα, θα παρουσιαστεί αρχικά το θεωρητικό υπόβαθρο των παραπάνω εννοιών, ο ορισμός τους, τα χαρακτηριστικά τους γνωρίσματα, οι συσχετιζόμενες με αυτές έννοιες. Στη συνέχεια θα επιχειρηθεί η περαιτέρω έρευνα για την εξακρίβωση της σημαντικότητας και του ρόλου της συναλλακτικής, μετασχηματιστικής ηγεσίας και συμβουλευτικής στην ανάπτυξη του στελέχους στα πλαίσια των χρηματοπιστωτικών ιδρυμάτων. Παράλληλα, η εν λόγω εργασία δύναται να προσφέρει μία διευρυμένη προσέγγιση των παραπάνω εννοιών μέσα από τα ευρήματά της. / The purpose of the present paper is to study two types of leadership, transactional and transformational leadership, as well as the significance of mentoring in the frames of financial institutions. Specifically, this search intends to show the influence of those concepts in the development of the executives in the frames of financial institutions. Transformational leadership is the one of the most suitable types of leadership, which is adopted by the contemporary organizations. Moreover, mentoring is an important educational process that provides the executive with the necessary experience in order to develop. Transformational leadership, transactional leadership and mentoring are correlated in the frames of financial organizations. Finally, the present paper consists of the theoretical overview of those concepts as well as the research of transactional leadership, transformational leadership and mentoring in the frames of financial organizations.

Syfte: Att revisorn behåller sitt oberoende i en revison är grundläggande inom redovisning. Tidigare forskning har påvisat att olika faktorer kan påverka revisorns objektivitet och på så sätt medverka till att revisorn begår kvalitetsreducerande handlingar, så kallade RAQ acts. Då intressenter måste kunna lita på att informationen i revisionen är korrekt för att kunna fatta informativa beslut är det viktigt att identifiera de faktorer som kan påverka revisorns objektivitet och på så sätt förhindra revisorn från att begå kvalitetsreducerande handlingar. Syftet är då att undersöka vilka faktorer som påverkar revisorns objektivitet och då främst om ett transformellt ledarskap från klienten har en påverkan på revisorns benägenhet att begå RAQ acts. Metod: Underlaget för studien kommer från en enkätundersökning som vi utfört för att samla in primärdata. Enkätundersökningen genomfördes på auktoriserade och godkända revisorer i Sverige. Vi har sedan använt statistikprogrammet SPSS statistics för att analysera svaren och datan och redovisat resultaten i tabellform. Resultat & slutsats: Resultaten från studien visar att tidspress är en faktor som påverkar revisorn till att begå RAQ acts. Dock finner vi inget statistiskt samband som styrker att ett transformellt ledarskap från klienten påverkar revisorns benägenhet att begå RAQ acts. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Studien skulle med fördel kunna genomföras igen då resultaten skulle kunna bli annorlunda vid en högre svarsfrekvens.Förslag på fortsatt forskning skulle även kunna vara att undersöka ytterligare faktorer som kan påverka revisorns objektivitet och dennes benägenhet att begå RAQ acts. Uppsatsens bidrag: Studien bidrar till att uppmärksamma behovet av att identifiera faktorer som påverkar revisorns objektivitet. / Aim: It´s essential that the auditor retains its independence in accounting. Previous research has shown that different factors may affect the auditor's objectivity and thus contribute to the auditor commits quality reduced actions, so called RAQ acts. The stakeholders need to be confident that the information in the audit is correct to make informative decisions, that‟s why it is important to identify the factors that may affect the auditor's objectivity and thus prevent the auditor from committing RAQ acts. The aim then is to examine the factors that affect the auditor's objectivity, primarily if transformational leadership from the client has an effect on the auditor's propensity to commit RAQ acts. Method: The data for the study comes from a survey we performed to collect raw data. The survey was conducted on authorized and certified accountants in Sweden. We then used the statistical program SPSS Statistics to analyze the responses and the data and reported the results in table form. Result & Conclusions: The study results show that the time pressure is a factor affecting accountant to commit RAQ acts. However, we find no statistical correlation showing that a transformational leadership from the client affects the auditor's propensity to commit RAQ acts. Suggestions for future research: The study could usefully be carried out again when the results would be different at a higher response rate. Suggestions for further research could also be examining other factors that may affect the auditor's objectivity and his/hers propensity to commit RAQ acts. Contribution of the thesis: The study helps to draw attention to the need to identify factors that affect the auditor's objectivity.

Thesis (MComm)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study investigated the growing phenomenon of teams in the workplace, and how team effectiveness can be established. It was therefore important to establish what contributes to team effectiveness. The aim of this study was to investigate existing relationships between constructs that play a significant role in enhancing team effectiveness. These constructs include transformational leadership, organisational trust, and psychological empowerment. This study was therefore undertaken to obtain more clarity about these aspects. Based on existing literature, a theoretical model depicting how the different constructs are related to one another was developed and various hypotheses were formulated. Data for the purpose of the quantitative study were collected by means of an electronic web-based questionnaire. A total of 224 completed questionnaires were returned. The final questionnaire comprised of four scales, namely the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ), the Workplace Trust Survey (WTS), the Psychological Empowerment Scale (PES), and the Team Effectiveness Scale (TES). The postulated relationships and the conceptual model were empirically tested using various statistical methods. Reliability analysis was done on all the measurement scales and satisfactory reliability was found. The content and structure of the measured constructs were investigated by means of confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses. The results indicated that reasonable good fit was achieved for all the refined measurement models. Subsequently, Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was used to determine the extent to which the conceptual model fitted the data obtained from the sample and to test the hypothesised relationships between the constructs. The results indicated positive relationships between transformational leadership and organisational trust; organisational trust and team effectiveness; transformational leadership and psychological empowerment; psychological empowerment and organisational trust; and psychological empowerment and team effectiveness. However, no support was found for a direct relationship between transformational leadership and team effectiveness. The present study contributes to existing literature on team effectiveness by providing insights into the relationship between transformational leadership, organisational trust, psychological empowerment and team effectiveness. Furthermore, this study identified practical implications to be considered in management practices in order to enhance team effectiveness. The limitations and recommendations present additional insights and possibilities that could be explored through future research studies. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die huidige studie is op die toenemende belangrikheid van spanne in organisasies gebaseer, en op hoe te werk gegaan moet word om spaneffektiwiteit te verseker. Dit was dus belangrik om vas te stel watter eienskappe tot spaneffektiwiteit bydra. Die studie het ten doel gehad om die verwantskappe tussen konstrukte wat ‘n beduidende rol in spaneffektiwiteit binne die organsiasie speel, te ondersoek. Hierdie konstrukte omvat transformasionele leierskap, vertroue, asook sielkundige bemagtiging. Die studie is dus uitgevoer om meer duidelikheid oor hierdie aspekte te verkry. ‘n Teoretiese model wat voorstel hoe die verskillende konstrukte aan mekaar verwant is, is op grond van die navorsing oor die bestaande literatuur ontwikkel. Verskeie hipoteses is hiervolgens geformuleer. Data vir die doel van die kwantitatiewe studie is deur middel van ‘n elektroniese web-gebaseerde vraelys ingesamel. ‘n Totaal van 224 voltooide vraelyste is terug ontvang. Die finale vraelys is uit vier subvraelyste saamgestel, naamlik die Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ), die Workplace Trust Survey (WTS), die Psychological Empowerment Scale (PES), en die Team Effectiveness Scale (TES). Die gepostuleerde verwantskappe en die konseptuele model is empiries met behulp van verskeie statistiese metodes getoets. Betroubaarheidsanalise is op die betrokke meetinstrumente uitgevoer en voldoende betroubaarheid is gevind. Die inhoud en die struktuur van die konstrukte wat deur die instrumente gemeet is, is verder deur middel van verkennende en bevestigende faktorontledings ondersoek. Die resultate het redelike goeie passings vir al die hersiene metingsmodelle getoon. Daarna is struktuurvergelykings-modellering (SVM), gebruik om te bepaal tot watter mate die konseptuele model die data pas, en om die verwantskappe tussen die verskillende konstrukte te toets. Die resultate het positiewe verwantskappe tussen transformasionele leierskap en vertroue; vertroue en spaneffektiwiteit; transformasionele leierskap en sielkundige bemagtiging; sielkundige bemagtiging en vertroue; asook tussen sielkundige bemagtiging en spaneffektiwiteit aangedui. Geen steun is egter vir die direkte verband tussen tranformasionele leierskap en spaneffektiwitiet gevind nie. Hierdie studie dra by tot die bestaande literatuur betreffende spaneffektiwiteit deurdat dit insig bied in die aard van die verwantskappe tussen die konstrukte. Die studie identifiseer ook praktiese implikasies wat in bestuurspraktyke in aanmerking geneem behoort te word om spaneffektiwiteit te versterk. Die beperkings en aanbevelings van die studie dui op verdere insig en moontlikhede wat in toekomstige navorsing ondersoek kan word.

Cornerstone is a United Methodist congregation in Coweta County, Georgia, with a desire to reach its changing community, but which has stagnated recently in doing so. This project thesis builds upon Carol Dweck’s mindset research, which emphasizes an intermediate step between the desire to reach a goal and the realization of that goal breaking the hold of a fixed mindset by introducing key aspects of a growth mindset. This thesis articulates and analyzes the design of a curriculum for lay leaders implemented at Cornerstone that develops this new mindset so that the church can reconnect more fully with its community.

The study is set out to investigate effectiveness of the leadership development programme in changing leadership practices in Markham, and also determines if the programme graduates implement the knowledge and skills learned. The research design is predominantly qualitative. Data collection was through usage of the MLQ, the unstructured questionnaire and semi-structured interviews. The leadership development intervention was reported to be excellent by most participants, and effective in developing effective leadership competencies. Though positive results were reported about the programme being able to change leadership behaviours in Markham, there are certain areas that can be improved to maximise and optimise the learning of the leaders. Additional learning methodologies may be incorporated or used in conjunction with the Markham Experience, with the purpose of continuously reinforcing the learning, application of knowledge and ensuring that the change at behaviour level is sustained for a long period of time. / Business Management / M.Tech (Human Resource Development)

Christian missions requires leadership that is theologically sound, inter-culturally appropriate and effective. Bernard Bass’ transformational leadership is a well-studied contemporary leadership theory and has the potential to be a significant theoretical basis for missions leadership. Transformational leadership must undergo a thorough critique before leaders attempt to apply the theory in missions contexts. This study is an assessment of transformational leadership theory for missions purposes. The theory is assessed from three perspectives: theoretical, theological, and cultural-anthropological. This research demonstrates that Bass’ transformational leadership theory is a sound theory, but one with significant limitations for Christian missions. Bass did not design his theory as a tool for Christian missions and it lacks key biblical notions that make the theory, as is, a poor choice of leadership in missions. Transformational leadership has been studied in many intercultural contexts and the general principles appear to work in these environments. Through the use of Hofstede’s dimensions of culture, this research demonstrates that Bass’ transformational leadership theory is a variform universal—the principles are maintained interculturally but with various mediations, modifications, and moderations. This research presents two new typologies by which to assess transformational leadership theory—the first is a leadership theory typology and the second is a leadership theology typology. These typologies may be useful to other researchers in their attempt to examine other leadership theories for use in missions. As a result of this research process, this study presents a roadmap for future research in leadership theory for missions.

Problem: The number of MNCs in the world are expanding and there is an ever-growing interest in how knowledge is shared since it is said to improve the organization's competitive advantage. It is further argued in existing literature that leadership, and more specifically the leadership behaviors, play a role in how knowledge is shared within multinational corporations. However, few examples from the international setting exist, which led the authors of this thesis to further explore this area of research. Purpose: The purpose of this research paper is to explore what types of leadership behaviors influence knowledge sharing in a multinational corporation, and how these behaviors impact how leaders share knowledge. Methodology: In order to fulfill the purpose of this thesis and to properly answer the research question a qualitative approach was chosen. The empirical data was collected through a single case study of a Swedish MNC, Alpha, with subsidiaries abroad. The sample consisted of six participants who hold leadership positions within Alpha, and who continuously travel abroad to the subsidiaries in their work assignments. Findings: The authors of this thesis found evidence that leaders working in an international setting, such as an MNC, need to possess certain behaviors found in the description of both transactional and transformational leaders. However, the empirical data contribute to the current body of research by showing that these leaders also need to possess the behavior of cultural awareness, to have a deeper understanding of how the different cultures are represented within an organization.