[pt] Esse trabalho aborda um processo de trégua estabelecido entre grupos criminosos em El Salvador, comumente chamados de pandillas. A partir de um arcabouço conceitual especifico e um repositório de métodos ligados à abordagem da Teoria Ator-Rede, esse trabalho seguirá algumas controvérsias desse processo da trégua associadas ao cumprimento do acordo, à estabilização do seu começo, final e à determinação de seu sucesso ou fracasso. Para tanto, seguiremos como os números mensais de homicídio, produzidos pelo Instituto Médico Legal do país, participam dessas tensões e atuam organizando versões distintas desse evento. Ao fazer isso, somos deslocados para caminhos, agências e atores que participam da vida dos números e, dessa forma, da encenação das versões da trégua. Nesse sentido, elementos que acabam sendo naturalizados, e até esquecidos, se tornam o foco da minha análise. Assim, essa dissertação busca expandir o corpo da literatura sobre a trégua, ao mesmo tempo em que visa ampliar os horizontes dos conhecimentos disciplinares atentos para a convergência entre números e situações de violência. / [en] This work focuses on a truce established between criminal groups in El Salvador, commonly known as pandillas. Based on a specific conceptual framework and a repository of methods related to the Actor-Network Theory, I intend to follow some controversies of this process regarding the fulfillment of the agreement, the stabilization of its beginning and end and the determination of its success or failure. To do so, we will follow how the monthly homicide numbers produced by the country s Institute of Legal Medicine participate in these tensions and act organizing different versions of this event. By doing so, we expect to shift our analyses towards others agencies and actors who take part in the life of numbers and, therefore, in the enactment of several versions of the truce. In this way, elements that end up being naturalized and even forgotten become the focus of this work. Thus, this dissertation seeks to expand the body of literature on the truce, while at the same time aiming to broaden the horizons of disciplinary knowledge attentive to the convergence between numbers and situations of violence.

The orthodox narrative of the First World War, which maintains that the conflict was futile, unnecessary and wasteful, continues to dominate historical representations of the war. Attempts by revisionist historians to dispute this interpretation have made little impact on Britain’s collective memory of the conflict. The Christmas truce has come to represent the frustration and anger that soldiers felt towards the meaningless war they had been trapped into fighting. However, the Christmas truce, which at the time it occurred was seen as an event of minimal importance, was not an act of defiance, but one which arose from the unprecedented conditions of static trench warfare and the adaptation of the soldiers to that environment. An examination of contemporaneous accounts of the truce demonstrates that it was viewed by the soldiers involved as merely a brief holiday, and that British army commanders generally ignored or tolerated the truce, eventually releasing orders preventing its continuation or reoccurrence but taking no steps to punish any of the men who took part in it. A review of the letters and diaries of truce participants sheds light on the event itself, while simultaneously challenging the orthodox narrative of the First World War.

[pt] Esta pesquisa investigou as variadas formas de se conceber a (re)construção de tréguas (Truce) nas fronteiras das rotinas de budgeting, sob a perspectiva processual da Dinâmica das Rotinas (Routine Dynamics) (FELDMAN et al., 2016; SALVATO e RERUP, 2018; HOWARD-GRENVILLE e RERUP, 2017). As rotinas de budgeting compreendem o plano financeiro das organizações (MERCHANT, 1998). Podem ser consideradas como interdependentes (KRAMSER e SCHREYOGG, 2016) a diversas Rotinas Organizacionais, visto que os valores definidos no planejamento orçamentário (estimativas de previsões de vendas, alocações de recursos e outros, feitos ex ante) (MERCHANT, 1998; MUCCI, FREZATTI e DIENG, 2016;) podem habilitar ou restringir as atividades cotidianas das outras rotinas. Por meio da abordagem teórico-metodológica da fenomenografia, foram realizadas 22 entrevistas com profissionais diretamente envolvidos nas rotinas de budgeting, enquanto atuantes em diversas Rotinas Organizacionais, em diversas empresas, de diversos setores de atividade. Nas vivências relatadas nas entrevistas, predominaram os conflitos de disputas relacionadas com reduções na alocação de recursos orçamentários, no planejamento orçamentário. A análise dos relatos possibilitou a organização de um Espaço de Resultado, conforme preconizado pela Fenomenografia, que demonstra as três concepções identificadas, sistematizadas de forma inclusiva e hierárquica e explicadas por seis dimensões. O Espaço de Resultado formou a base para o framework teórico apresentado nesta tese, com proposições teóricas inéditas. As três categorias identificadas acerca da (re)construção de tréguas nessas fronteiras foram: a) Sujeição à Autoridade; b) Assimilação Prudente; e c) Interação Participativa. Por sua vez, as seis dimensões explicativas foram: 1. Natureza de Poder; 2. Manifestação da Agência; 3. Comprometimento com a Ecologia; 4. Valorização da Transparência; 5. Configuração dos Ciclos Orçamentários; 6. Influência do Domínio dos Artefatos do Budget. As proposições teóricas desta tese discorrem sobre as possibilidades de as Interações Participativas na (re)construção de tréguas desenvolverem uma Consciência da Complexidade Sistêmica; serem mutuamente constituintes de configuração de competências coletivamente formadas; serem favorecidas pela aprendizagem; além de essas interações no planejamento poderem fortalecer os artefatos enquanto agentes no controle orçamentário. Os resultados desta investigação podem contribuir com a noção de que as mudanças significativas nas rotinas podem romper com as tréguas existentes a ponto de poder despertar os conflitos que estão latentes (ZBARACKI e BERGEN, 2010; PENTLAND e FELDMAN, 2005; SALVATO e RERUP, 2018). / [en] This research investigated the different ways of conceiving the (re)construction of truce at the boundaries of budgeting routines, under the procedural perspective of Routine Dynamics (FELDMAN et al., 2016; SALVATO and RERUP, 2018; HOWARD-GRENVILLE and RERUP, 2017). The budgeting routines comprise the organizational financial plans (MERCHANT, 1998). They can be considered as interdependent (KRAMSER and SCHREYOGG, 2016) to several Organizational Routines, because whatever is decided in budget planning (e.g., sales forecast estimates, resource allocations and others, made ex ante) (MERCHANT, 1998; MUCCI, FREZATTI and DIENG, 2016;), they can enable or disable the daily activities of these other routines. Through the theoreticalmethodological approach of phenomenography, 22 interviews were conducted out, with professionals directly involved in the budgeting routines, while working in several Organizational Routines, in different firms from various industries. The reports conveyed, in general, experiences involving conflicts related to reductions in the allocated resources made in budget planning. As recommended by the Phenomenography, un outcomespace was composed by these reports analysis. It demonstrates three conceptions that were systematized in an inclusive and hierarchical way, while explained by six explanatory dimensions. The outcomespace was the basis to the theoretical framework presented in this dissertation, with unpublished theoretical propositions. The three categories identified that demonstrates the (re)construction of truces in the boundaries are: 1. Subjection to Authority; 2. Prudent Assimilation; 3. Participatory Interaction. In turn, the six explanatory dimensions were: 1. Nature of Power; 2. Manifestation of the Agency; 3. Commitment to Ecology; 4. Transparency Valorization; 5. Budget Cycles Configuration; 6. The Influence of the Budget s Artifacts Domain. The theoretical propositions of this work discuss about the possibilities that the Participatory Interactions in the (re)construction of truce develops a Systemic Complexity Awareness; be mutually constitutive of the configuration of competences collectively formed; be favored by learning; and, besides, these interactions in planning can strengthen artifacts as agents in budget control. This investigation findings may contribute to the notion that significant changes in routines can rupture the existing truces to the point of awakening the conflicts, that are latent (ZBARACKI and BERGEN, 2010; PENTLAND and FELDMAN, 2005; SALVATO and RERUP, 2018).

本文的目的是了解和分析台灣與中美洲貿易、經濟和政治方面的關係，並將它們與不斷增長的中國的存在和影響力的地理區域比較。它也試圖對總統陳水扁和馬英九所追求的走向盟國外交作一個比較。 / This thesis aims to understand and analyze trade, economic and political aspects of the Taiwanese relationship with Central America, and compare them with the growing Chinese presence and influence in that geographic area. It also attempts to make a comparison between the diplomacy toward allied countries pursued by presidents Chen Shui-bian and Ma Ying-jeou. Taiwan has had to cope with China’s rise, a major geopolitical event of the twenty-first century. The expansion of the Chinese economy is reflected in an increased trade exchange with Latin America. Central America has not been an exception. The PRC has become a major trade partner for several Central American economies, surpassing commerce ties between them and Taiwan. This paper also states that the so-called “diplomatic truce” called for by President Ma has been working so far, as Beijing has not tried to “steal” more Taiwanese allies since 2008, and the ROC has not tried to lure new friends to its camp.

Univ., Diss.--Saarbrücken, 2003.

2007年6月，與我建交長達60年以上之中美洲國家哥斯大黎加（Costa Rica）驟然宣佈與中國大陸建交，當時各界開始擔憂，台灣過去在中美洲頗為自豪之完整外交版圖在缺少了一角後，是否將發生骨牌效應？雖然事後證明此種疑慮並未成真，但已引起各界對我國維繫邦交成效之討論，也成為筆者之研究動機。 本文研究方法係針對傳統戰略三角分析途徑之侷限，提出改良式三邊關係分析模型，用以研究2000年至2008年期間台灣、中國大陸及中美洲友邦三邊關係。本研究目的有三，第一、界定台灣在此時期三邊關係中之地位優劣及導因，分析台灣在維繫邦交之優勢、劣勢、機會與挑戰。第二、藉由分析我國在三邊關係中之優勢及劣勢，進而提出提升地位及鞏固邦交之策略建議。第三、在研究方法層次，嘗試建構一套合理之三角關係分析途徑，設計出更合理且適用性更高之研究途徑。