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José Luiz Fiorin, em suas Astúcias da Enunciação (2001), analisa as categorias da enunciação de tempo, pessoa e espaço na língua portuguesa. Esse é o fundamento teórico no qual se baseia o presente trabalho. Nossa pesquisa concentra-se na língua francesa e nela trabalhamos somente a categoria de tempo, verificando a maneira pela qual a sua colocação estabelece referências temporais no discurso por meio das categorias concomitância vs. não-concomitância (anterioridade e posterioridade). É possível basearse em uma teoria para a língua portuguesa pelo fato de que há muita correspondência entre o francês e o português no que concerne as classes de palavras que expressam tempo em francês (verbo, advérbio, preposição e conjunção), embora haja também alguns pontos em que não existem equivalências, como veremos. O corpus utilizado para a realização desse trabalho é o jornal de maior referência na França: Le Monde; ele tem várias versões, mas utilizamos a mais lida: o quotidiano. Foram lidos somente jornais dos primeiros cinco meses de 2006. Na pesquisa, primeiramente, conceituamos o tempo, em seguida o sistematizamos, considerando os sistemas enuncivo e enunciativo e as categorias topológicas de concomitância e não- concomitância em relação aos momentos de referência presente, pretérito e futuro. Reconhecemos alguns tempos verbais franceses sem equivalentes no português e especiais na língua francesa: passé simple, passé antérieur e passé surcomposé. Ainda estudamos a debreagem de segundo grau e o modo subjuntivo. Culminamos na ação intencional do enunciador e suas neutralizações verbais, isto é, as embreagens temporais. Esperamos contribuir para a conceituação da categoria de tempo da língua francesa, auxiliando no ensino/aprendizagem dessa língua / Jose Luiz Fiorin, in his Astucias da Enunciação, analyses the categories of the expression of time, space and person. This is the theoretical basis of this study. The dissertation analyses the French language and deals only with the tense category, verifying how its collocation establishes temporal references in discourse by means of concomitance vs non-concomitance categories (anterior/posterior). It is possible to use this as a basis for the Portuguese language because there are many parallels between French and Portuguese in terms of the word classes which express tense (verb, preposition and conjunction), although there are also some points that do not have parallels , as we shall see. The corpus used in carrying out this work is the most quoted newspaper in France: Le Monde, and the daily newspapers of the first five months of 2006 are the basis for the corpus. Firstly, time is considered, and then systematized, examining the enuncive and enunciative systems and the topographical categories of concomitance vs nonconcomitance in relation to the present, past and future. Certain tenses with no equivalents in Portuguese have been recognised, such as the passé simple, passé antérieur and passé surcomposé. Second degree \"debreagem\" and the subjunctive mood are also analysed, and the dissertation ends with an analysis of the writer\'s intentional action and his verbal neutralizations. Hopefully, this study will contribute to the conceptualisation of the tense category in French, helping the teaching and learning of this language

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José Luiz Fiorin, em suas Astúcias da Enunciação (2001), analisa as categorias da enunciação de tempo, pessoa e espaço na língua portuguesa. Esse é o fundamento teórico no qual se baseia o presente trabalho. Nossa pesquisa concentra-se na língua francesa e nela trabalhamos somente a categoria de tempo, verificando a maneira pela qual a sua colocação estabelece referências temporais no discurso por meio das categorias concomitância vs. não-concomitância (anterioridade e posterioridade). É possível basearse em uma teoria para a língua portuguesa pelo fato de que há muita correspondência entre o francês e o português no que concerne as classes de palavras que expressam tempo em francês (verbo, advérbio, preposição e conjunção), embora haja também alguns pontos em que não existem equivalências, como veremos. O corpus utilizado para a realização desse trabalho é o jornal de maior referência na França: Le Monde; ele tem várias versões, mas utilizamos a mais lida: o quotidiano. Foram lidos somente jornais dos primeiros cinco meses de 2006. Na pesquisa, primeiramente, conceituamos o tempo, em seguida o sistematizamos, considerando os sistemas enuncivo e enunciativo e as categorias topológicas de concomitância e não- concomitância em relação aos momentos de referência presente, pretérito e futuro. Reconhecemos alguns tempos verbais franceses sem equivalentes no português e especiais na língua francesa: passé simple, passé antérieur e passé surcomposé. Ainda estudamos a debreagem de segundo grau e o modo subjuntivo. Culminamos na ação intencional do enunciador e suas neutralizações verbais, isto é, as embreagens temporais. Esperamos contribuir para a conceituação da categoria de tempo da língua francesa, auxiliando no ensino/aprendizagem dessa língua / Jose Luiz Fiorin, in his Astucias da Enunciação, analyses the categories of the expression of time, space and person. This is the theoretical basis of this study. The dissertation analyses the French language and deals only with the tense category, verifying how its collocation establishes temporal references in discourse by means of concomitance vs non-concomitance categories (anterior/posterior). It is possible to use this as a basis for the Portuguese language because there are many parallels between French and Portuguese in terms of the word classes which express tense (verb, preposition and conjunction), although there are also some points that do not have parallels , as we shall see. The corpus used in carrying out this work is the most quoted newspaper in France: Le Monde, and the daily newspapers of the first five months of 2006 are the basis for the corpus. Firstly, time is considered, and then systematized, examining the enuncive and enunciative systems and the topographical categories of concomitance vs nonconcomitance in relation to the present, past and future. Certain tenses with no equivalents in Portuguese have been recognised, such as the passé simple, passé antérieur and passé surcomposé. Second degree \"debreagem\" and the subjunctive mood are also analysed, and the dissertation ends with an analysis of the writer\'s intentional action and his verbal neutralizations. Hopefully, this study will contribute to the conceptualisation of the tense category in French, helping the teaching and learning of this language

Deng, Xiangjun. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 179-184). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.iv / Table of Contents --- p.vi / List of Tables --- p.ix / List of Figures --- p.x / Abbreviations --- p.xi / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Resultatives and the resultative verb compound in Mandarin --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Compositionality and event structure --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Compositionality --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Event structure --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3 --- Linguistic representation of the Mandarin RVC --- p.10 / Chapter 1.4 --- Issues of language acquisition --- p.11 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Acquisition of the resultatives and complex morphological forms --- p.11 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Issues addressed by previous studies on the acquisition of Mandarin RVCs --- p.14 / Chapter 1.5 --- Objectives of the present study --- p.16 / Chapter 1.6 --- Organization of the thesis --- p.18 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- The Resultative Verb Compound in Mandarin and Acquisition Issues --- p.20 / Chapter 2.1 --- RVC typology --- p.20 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- The result-state RVC --- p.23 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- The directional RVC --- p.24 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- The completive RVC --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2 --- The lexicalist approach to the RVC --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- The syntactic vs. lexicalist approaches --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- In defense of the lexicalist analysis of RVCs --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Lexical formation rules and acquisition --- p.46 / Chapter 2.3 --- Compositionality and event structure --- p.48 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Compositionality --- p.48 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- "Event structure, aspect and headedness" --- p.55 / Chapter 2.4 --- Issues in the acquisition of Mandarin RVC --- p.68 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Rule-based vs. usage-based learning --- p.68 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Event structure and aspect --- p.73 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Predictions --- p.76 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- RVCs in the Naturalistic Speech of Two Mandarin-speaking Children --- p.78 / Chapter 3.1 --- Methodology --- p.78 / Chapter 3.2 --- Overview of the results --- p.83 / Chapter 3.3 --- Types of RVCs used by children --- p.84 / Chapter 3.4 --- Compositionality --- p.89 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- ZTX's data --- p.90 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- CY's data --- p.95 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Discussion --- p.98 / Chapter 3.5 --- Event structure and aspect --- p.109 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Children's use of aspect markers --- p.109 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Children's use of the RVC with le --- p.113 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- V1-only uses --- p.120 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Children's Comprehension and Production of Novel RVCs --- p.124 / Chapter 4.1 --- Methodology --- p.124 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Rationale --- p.124 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Subjects --- p.125 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Materials --- p.126 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- Testing procedure --- p.130 / Chapter 4.1.5 --- Data analysis --- p.135 / Chapter 4.2 --- Experimental results --- p.138 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Child performance on novel RVCs --- p.138 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Adult performance on novel RVCs --- p.140 / Chapter 4.3 --- Error analysis --- p.142 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Errors in children's comprehension and use of RVCs --- p.142 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Errors in adults' comprehension and use of RVCs --- p.145 / Chapter 4.4 --- Summary of findings --- p.147 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Discussion and Conclusions --- p.152 / Chapter 5.1 --- "Children's use of RVCs: productivity, compositionality and event structure" --- p.152 / Chapter 5.2 --- Theoretical implications --- p.155 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- The lexicalist vs. syntactic approaches --- p.155 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- The rule-based vs. usage-based accounts --- p.156 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Compositionality and event structure --- p.160 / Chapter 5.3 --- Conclusions --- p.162 / Appendices --- p.166 / Appendix 1 Subjects of the experiment --- p.166 / Appendix 2 Test items in the experiment --- p.168 / Appendix 3 Compositional and non-compositional RVCs used by children --- p.171 / References --- p.179

The growth of a child’s early vocabulary is one of the most salient indicators of progress in language development, but measuring a young child’s comprehension of words is non-trivial. Parental checklists are prone to underestimation of a child’s vocabulary (Houston-Price et al., 2007; Brady et al. 2014), so it may be that more direct measures, such as measuring a child’s eye movements during comprehension, may provide a better assessment of children’s vocabulary. Prior research has found relationships between gaze patterns and vocabulary development (Fernald et al. 2006), and the present exploratory study investigates these relationships with verbs, along with a number of methodological considerations. In addition, recent research supports the idea that verbs may differ in difficulty of acquisition based on word class, with manner verbs being easier to learn than result verbs (Horvath et al. 2015). The present study has two aims: 1) investigate the effect of dynamic stimuli on correlations with vocabulary scores and 2) experimentally investigate the notion that manner verbs are easier to learn than result verbs. Forty children (Mean age = 22.97 months) were recruited for participation and shown a vocabulary test. While no significant correlations were found between vocabulary measures and accuracy and latency, several experimental measures proved to be related to vocabulary development, including fixation density and length of first fixation to the non-target. Additionally, results indicate that children knew the same number of manner and result verbs. Finally, these results could inform vocabulary tests using eye-tracking measures that specifically target verb knowledge.

Much recent attention has been devoted to the semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic properties of phrasal verbs--those two-part lexical items like "put on" and "tighten up", along with suggestions regarding effective methods of teaching them to non-native speakers. According to Cornell (1985), phrasal verbs, "have been 'discovered' as an important component in curricula for English as a Foreign Language" (p. 1). However, it is very possible that they have become objects of current research primarily because of their complexity: their polysemy, their idiomaticity, their syntactic restraints, a complexity that means covering phrasal verbs in an ESL/EFL course can be a time-consuming process.

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This paper presents the lexical component of the START Question Answering system developed at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. START is able to interpret correctly a wide range of semantic relationships associated with alternate expressions of the arguments of verbs. The design of the system takes advantage of the results of recent linguistic research into the structure of the lexicon, allowing START to attain a broader range of coverage than many existing systems.