Comments and Discussions : Yuko ARAYAMA (荒山裕行)

One aim with the Swedish non-confessional religious education is to increase students’ understanding and respect for different ways of thinking and behaving. One opportunity to reflect upon other people's interpretations of life, are field visits. Many teachers and students want to make field visits but few actually do. This thesis explores educational opportunities and challenges generated by field visits as part of religious education. This is a classroom study in an upper secondary school (the students were 17 years old), during the teaching sequence about Islam where one part was a field visit to a mosque. Data were produced by classroom observations and observations from a mosque visit, students’ journal writing’s before and after the visit and student interviews. The students’ utterances about Islam are analysed using Michael Bachtin’s dialogue theory and Robert Jackson’s interpretive approach. The analysis shows that students apply a speech genre, which in this study is denoted genre of politeness. In some cases the genre of politeness affect the students such that they do not dare to ask all questions, in particular questions about Islam and gender. Another result is that students more widely apply a self-reflexive speech genre during and after the mosque visit as compared to before the visit. By self-reflexive speech is meant that the students mirror what they have met in the mosque with their own interpretations of life. The analysis also shows that the several students express critical opinions about Islam both before and after the mosque visit and the teaching sequence. The study explores educational opportunities and challenges generated by the mosque visit. Some of the themes that are discussed in the thesis are: 1) questions about representations of religion, for instance in what way “lived religion” and religion as a “philosophical ideal” can be combined, 2) the students’ different ways of reflection, 3) how do students relate and rely on the faith representative’s utterances, and 4) how students formulate questions to the faith representative. / Baksidestext Studiebesök är en metod i religionskunskapsundervisningen som förefaller vara uppskattad av både lärare och elever. Trots det visar det sig att det är relativt få lärare som verkligen gör besök, vilket delvis kan bero på en osäkerhet vad som händer ur ett elevperspektiv i mötet med en ny kontext. Den här studien har undersökt religionsdidaktiska utmaningar och möjligheter som aktualiserats genom ett moskébesök. Empirin utgörs av gymnasielevers yttranden om islam i loggar, elevintervjuer, klassrummet och under ett moskébesök. Analysen visar bland annat att elevernas tal under besöket påverkas av en ”artighetsgenre” som både kan underlätta och försvåra för eleverna. Vidare framkommer det att elever i större utsträckning under och efter besöket speglar det de möter i moskén i sina egna livstolkningar. Analysen visar också hur elever uttrycker att deras inställning till islam påverkas på olika sätt av besöket. Några religionsdidaktiska områden som aktualiserats av besöket och diskuteras är frågor om religioners representation, hur trosrepresentanten ska behandlas som källa samt olika sätt att ställa frågor till representanten.

This study explores the phenomenon of a personal exploratory field visit to HIV programmes in Malawi and how that informs my future plans to work cross-culturally with HIV. I use hermeneutic phenomenology with the guidance of Heidegger and Gadamer, and draw on Ackermann, Hill, Maluleke, Moltmann, and Thielicke for theological direction. This study analyses how personal formation takes place and how the meaning of that experience can inform future cross-cultural interaction. The data of this study is drawn from a range of people interviewing ‘me’. This includes a pre and post interview in relation to my three week exploratory visit to Malawi, and recorded daily reflections during the visit. Upon return I was interviewed about my experience by ten people from the following areas: nursing, counselling, development, theology, business, medicine, clergy, an Expatriate Malawian, and a women working from a Maori paradigm. These interviews focused on my experience with questions framed from the interviewer’s specialty area. The transcripts become further data for my study. The findings of this thesis suggest that people wishing to work cross-culturally need to understand their motivation for their work, and understand who they are before entering a foreign land. This transformative journey also needs to continue as part of the process of working with people because we can only be effective with change if we are listening and hearing the other’s perspective. It is in being open to this difference between persons that we continue to find ourselves. While perhaps we have a tendency to want to make everybody like us, we can only grow into our full potential in relationship with truly different others. Tensions I experienced demonstrate that there is a complex need to understand how the context controls how HIV is perceived. This requires uncovering some of the deeper issues of HIV and culture, and knowing how to conceptualise these in both positive and informative ways. This thesis asks four key questions for the global-co-worker to work through before embarking on cross-cultural mission: 1. How do you know you should go?; 2. How are you going to make a difference?; 3. Who are you going to be?; and 4. What will sustain your involvement? My own experience has drawn me into a deeper awareness of the need for a vital connectedness of faith, hope and love underpinning the everydayness of such an experience.

The theme of this diploma thesis will be an introduction of a process of municipalities involvement in international relationships for which a term paradiplomacy has been established. The aim of the thesis is to point out the origins of formation of intercommunal cooperation between the villages of canton Bern and South Bohemia. A case study of a chosen South Bohemian city Sezimovo Ústí and Swiss village Thierachern will be used. Mapping of the first steps in the nineties of the twentieth century which lead to relationship establishment and its progressive development until now will be necessary. Interviews with representatives of both municipalities using an oral history method will become an integral part of this thesis. Methods of politology, history and sociology will be used to write this diploma thesis.

The main aim of the thesis was to assess the current situation of tourism in the northern part of the Písek region. Intermediate aims is to assess the structure of conditions for the tourism development in the selected area, assessment of the current structure of the study area visitors and to propose the project of the tourism development in the region. The intention is to propose a project of tourism development so it will enrich the current tourism product and make more attractive the defined area.

My diploma thesis is focused on the use of numerical computer codes for simulation in plasma astrophysics. They will learn the basic characteristics of the Sun, a closer focus on the solar corona and the solar corona heating problem. The following section is devoted to simulation software in plasma astrophysics, their installing and displaying the results using the visualization software. In the conclusion is demonstrated using this software on a model example and a simulation that performs simulation of impulsively generated waves in solar coronal loops.

Esta tese visa a responder à indagação sobre a existência do Direito Cosmopolita não apenas como categoria filosófica, mas também como regime jurídico propriamente dito. Para tal, investiga seus pressupostos teóricos e seus pressupostos materiais, concluindo pela sua existência, tanto abstrata quanto concreta, enquanto regime jurídico stricto sensu. Com base nas premissas encontradas, o Direito Cosmopolita é traduzido da linguagem filosófica para a jurídica, sendo: (a) definido; (b) diferenciado do Direito Natural, do Direito Internacional, do Direito Comunitário e do Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos; e (c) sistematizado em torno de algumas categorias relevantes para o estudo jurídico (fontes, objeto, sujeitos, sanções e limites). Finalmente, a esquematização do Direito Cosmopolita abstratamente elaborada é testada no caso concreto do direito de visita a território estrangeiro, resultando em conclusões mais favoráveis à efetivação dos direitos humanos em âmbito mundial. / This thesis aims at questioning the existence of the Cosmopolitan Law not only as a philosophical category, but also as a legal regime itself. To achieve so, this study investigates the Cosmopolitan Laws theoretical and material assumptions, agreeing with both its abstract and empiric existence as a proper legal regime. Under these assumptions, the Cosmopolitan Law is translated from a philosophical discourse to a legal one, being: (a) defined; (b) distinguished from the Natural Law, International Law, Community Law, and the International Law of Human Rights; and (c) systematized in accordance with certain categories which are relevant to the Law studies such as sources, object, subjects, sanctions and limits. Finally, a conceptually-elaborated outlining of the Cosmopolitan Law is verified in the concrete case of the right of visit to a foreign territory. This experiment leads to conclusions that favour the human rights effectiveness worldwide.

Esta tese visa a responder à indagação sobre a existência do Direito Cosmopolita não apenas como categoria filosófica, mas também como regime jurídico propriamente dito. Para tal, investiga seus pressupostos teóricos e seus pressupostos materiais, concluindo pela sua existência, tanto abstrata quanto concreta, enquanto regime jurídico stricto sensu. Com base nas premissas encontradas, o Direito Cosmopolita é traduzido da linguagem filosófica para a jurídica, sendo: (a) definido; (b) diferenciado do Direito Natural, do Direito Internacional, do Direito Comunitário e do Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos; e (c) sistematizado em torno de algumas categorias relevantes para o estudo jurídico (fontes, objeto, sujeitos, sanções e limites). Finalmente, a esquematização do Direito Cosmopolita abstratamente elaborada é testada no caso concreto do direito de visita a território estrangeiro, resultando em conclusões mais favoráveis à efetivação dos direitos humanos em âmbito mundial. / This thesis aims at questioning the existence of the Cosmopolitan Law not only as a philosophical category, but also as a legal regime itself. To achieve so, this study investigates the Cosmopolitan Laws theoretical and material assumptions, agreeing with both its abstract and empiric existence as a proper legal regime. Under these assumptions, the Cosmopolitan Law is translated from a philosophical discourse to a legal one, being: (a) defined; (b) distinguished from the Natural Law, International Law, Community Law, and the International Law of Human Rights; and (c) systematized in accordance with certain categories which are relevant to the Law studies such as sources, object, subjects, sanctions and limits. Finally, a conceptually-elaborated outlining of the Cosmopolitan Law is verified in the concrete case of the right of visit to a foreign territory. This experiment leads to conclusions that favour the human rights effectiveness worldwide.

Introdução: O objeto desta pesquisa é a Visita Domiciliar (VD), um dos instrumentos da prática do enfermeiro na Atenção Básica (AB). Práticas em saúde foram compreendidas como trabalho, ou seja, uma atividade previamente intencionalizada para transformar as necessidades de saúde, com a finalidade de aprimorar respostas a elas. Necessidades de saúde foram compreendidas como necessidades de reprodução social dos grupos sociais que conformam a área de abrangência das Unidades de Saúde. A VD na AB é uma prática dirigida à população socialmente marginalizada, com vistas a fiscalizar e controlar comportamentos e hábitos considerados não saudáveis. Pressupõe-se que a VD pode constituir-se como prática emancipatória, ou seja, pode ser implementada a partir da reflexão sobre a origem das necessidades de saúde, para instrumentalizar os sujeitos para acessar seus direitos e lutar por eles, incentivar valores de solidariedade e resgatar a condição humana como condição social. Objetivo: Apresentar a VD, como prática emancipatória na AB. Método: Pesquisa-ação emancipatória, realizada com 12 enfermeiras da Coordenadoria de Saúde Centro Oeste, do município de São Paulo, que participaram de 12 oficinas para a elaboração de um roteiro de VD, que se constituirá em material pedagógico. O processo de elaboração conjunta do roteiro teve início com o aprimoramento conceitual e a reflexão sobre as práticas desenvolvidas pelo enfermeiro na AB. O conteúdo das oficinas, gravado em áudio, foi transcrito e analisado à luz das categorias analíticas processo de trabalho em saúde e necessidades de saúde, propostas pelo campo da Saúde Coletiva. Resultados: O processo de elaboração do roteiro de VD promoveu reflexão e análise crítica das práticas tradicionais da AB, que reduzem a complexidade das necessidades de saúde a problemas e agravos clínicos. Apreenderam as necessidades de saúde como objeto das práticas na AB e expressaram a possibilidade de ampliação dessas, mediante a incorporação dos determinantes sociais do processo saúde-doença ao objeto do trabalho. As participantes identificaram que na AB a finalidade das práticas tem respondido a interesses alheios às necessidades de saúde da população, privilegiando o cumprimento de metas e indicadores pré-estabelecidos por programas ministeriais. O processo foi concluído com a elaboração de um roteiro para VD, como prática emancipatória Conclusão: A pesquisa-ação emancipatória efetivou a elaboração do roteiro de VD emancipatória pelas enfermeiras, por meio da reflexão das práticas tradicionais hegemônicas na AB à luz de conceitos da Saúde Coletiva / Introduction: The aim of this research is the Home Visit (HV), one of the instruments for nursing practice in Primary Health Care (PHC). Health practices were understood as work, meaning a previously intended activity to transform health needs, with the goal of improving the response to them. Health needs were understood as the social reproduction needs of the social groups which conform to the range of the Health Units. The HV in PHC is a practice directed to the socially marginalized population, aiming to monitor and control behaviors and habits considered unhealthy. It is assumed that HV can be an emancipatory practice, meaning that it can be implemented through the reflection on the origin of the health needs, to aid subjects in accessing their rights and fight for them, incentive the solidarity values and restore the human condition as a social condition. Aim: To present HV as an emancipatory PHC practice. Method: Emancipatory research-action done with 12 nurses from the West Central Health Coordination, in the city of São Paulo, who participated in 12 workshops to elaborate a HV script, which will constitute pedagogical material. The group elaboration process for the script began with the conceptual improvement and reflection on the practices developed by nurses in PHC. The content of the workshops, recorded in audio, was transcribed and analyzed in light of the analytical categories of the work process in health, and health needs, proposed by the Collective health field. Results: The process to elaborate the HV script promoted reflection and critical analysis of the traditional HV practices, which reduce the complexity of health needs to clinical problems and aggravations. The health needs were raised as an object of the HV practices and these expressed the possibility of expansion, with the incorporation of social determinants to the health-sickness process for the object of the work. The participants identified that in HV the aim of the practices has responded to interests foreign to the health needs of the population, privileging the fulfillment of goals and pre-established indicators from ministerial programs. The process was concluded with the elaboration of a HV script, as an emancipatory practice. Conclusion: The emancipatory research-action made possible the elaboration of the emancipatory HV script by the nurses, through reflection on the traditional hegemonic practices in PHC in light of Collective Health concepts.

Introdução: Os primeiros 1000 dias de vida representam uma janela de oportunidade para que a criança possa atingir o seu potencial máximo de crescimento e desenvolvimento na vida adulta. Diversas iniciativas no mundo reúnem estratégias para proteger a primeira infância. Às experiências acumuladas em países como os Estados Unidos e Inglaterra mobilizaram um grupo de pesquisadores da Universidade de São Paulo a construir o Programa Jovens Mães Cuidadoras. Este programa foi adaptado e validado para a realidade brasileira e vem sendo aprimorado em fase piloto. Um dos desafios do Programa Jovens Mães Cuidadoras relaciona-se à complexidade das visitas domiciliares realizadas e o instrumento de trabalho das enfermeiras visitadoras. Desafios que se não forem superados comprometem a escalabilidade e a gestão de resultados do programa. Objetivo: Reestruturar a forma do principal instrumento de trabalho das enfermeiras visitadoras para a fase de gestação. Método: Este é um estudo exploratório de desenvolvimento tecnológico por prototipação através da abordagem Design Thinking (DT). Resultado e Discussão: A partir de uma mentalidade digital foi prototipado um novo protocolo de visitas que recebeu recursos de atratividade, ganhou uma identidade visual, adotou um padrão de organização e de quantificação dos resultados. Isso tudo para contribuir com a gestão, a comunicação e a escalabilidade do Programa Jovens Mães Cuidadoras. Considerações finais: O desafio da enfermagem na era digital consiste na inovação da maneira de pensar e planejar os processos de cuidado. Empregar uma lógica digital ao principal instrumento de trabalho das enfermeiras visitadoras se configurou num ato de cuidar da comunicação e investir na gestão do cuidado destinado as gestantes e à primeira infância. Espera-se que as contribuições deste estudo reflitam na qualidade da atenção à primeira infância através da possibilidade de escalabilidade do mesmo para o Brasil. Produto final: Protocolo Renovado de Intervenção da Fase Gestação / Introduction: The first 1000 days of life represent a window of opportunity for the child to reach his full potential for growth and development in adult life. Several initiatives around the world bring together strategies to protect early childhood. The experiences accumulated in countries such as the United States and England mobilized a group of researchers from the University of São Paulo to build the \"Young Mothers Caregivers Program\". This program has been adapted and validated for the Brazilian reality and has been improved in the pilot phase. One of the challenges of the \"Young Mothers Caregivers Program\" relates to the complexity of home visits and the working instrument of visiting nurses. Challenges that are not overcome compromise the scalability and results management of the program. Objective: To restructure the form of the main working instrument of the visiting nurses to the gestational phase. Method: This is an exploratory study of technological development by prototyping through the Design Thinking (DT) approach. Outcome and Discussion: From a digital frame, a new protocol of visits was introduced that received resources of attractiveness, gained a visual identity, adopted a pattern of organization and quantification of the results. All this to contribute to the management, communication and scalability of the \"Young Mothers Caregivers Program. Conclusions: The challenge of nursing in the digital age is to innovate the way of thinking and to plan care processes. Employing a digital logic to the main instrument of work of visiting nurses was configured in an act of taking care of communication and investing in the management of care for pregnant and early childhood. The contributions of this study are expected to reflect on the quality of early childhood care through the possibility of scaling the same to Brazil. Final product: Prototype version of the Intervention Protocol for the Gestational Phase