The purpose of our study was to investigate how leisure educators at two different leisure homes work with inclusion and exclusion in the indoor environment. In order to answer the purpose, the study was based on the following questions: How do leisure educators work with inclusion and exclusion? What opportunities and obstacles do leisure educators see in their work on inclusion and exclusion? How do children include and exclude each other in the leisure home? What significance does the environment have for inclusion and exclusion in the leisure home? The empirical study is conducted at two different leisure centers where interviews and observations have been used as a method. Two educated leisure educators were interviewed to find out how they view inclusion and exclusion and how they work on this. The analysis has been done from a socio-cultural perspective. The study found that inclusion is about belonging, security and community in which all students are involved. The educators explained how important it is to see all students and create a good climate in the group where everyone can be heard and seen. The study found various reasons that lead to exclusion that it may depend on hierarchy in the children's group. Exclusion can also occur in the game where some students do not belong to a community or are involved. Obstacles that have been highlighted by leisure educators to achieve an inclusive way of working are staff shortages, time, local design, large groups of children and that they need access to more tools. The result shows that the educators work inclusively by, among other things, taking advantage of the students' interest and needs in planning to make the students want to participate in the activities. The results also show that there are educators who believe that exclusion is complex. There are varying views on the concept of exclusion.

本研究以女性主義觀點，從女性生活空間,女性主觀的經驗感受以及彼此不同屬性間差異所反應的社會脈落價值觀問題等角度來探討女性休閒課題。在滿足女性休閒期望的前提下，考慮阻礙女性參與休閒的影響因子，探討女性的休閒認知, 休閒活動, 休閒設施三者間的特性及相互關係，作為建立女性休閒環境架構之基礎研究。 　本研究受限於個人時間, 人力, 財力等因素，問卷抽樣限於居住在臺北市及臺北縣的二十歲以上女性為研究對象，僅針對女性日常休閒活動及日常使用之休閒設施做調查研究，不涉及較長時間長距離之國內外休閒遊憩活動。本研究透過相關理論文獻回顧與評述，由心理學，社會學，休閒學，女性學，地域設施論等各種不同角度來探討女性休閒概念，女性休閒設施計畫，女性休閒相關研究與議題，並對臺灣女性生活時間及休閒狀況做一回顧。 　基於對研究主題，問題內涵，及個人認知觀念之考量，主要調查分析方法是並用焦點團體訪談的質性研究與問卷調查的量化統計二種研究方法。由女性自身角色認知及女性休閒認知來解析女性休閒目的，休閒選擇主動權及休閒訊息來源。並由區位，頻率，交流性等三指標分析休閒活動特性，掌握阻礙女性參與休閒因素及對休閒活動的期望。將女性休閒設施特色依區位，性質，類型等指標做解析，並分析女性對休閒設施的考慮因素，休閒設施區位及增設類型等的期望。 　從研究結果得知，不同屬性之女性對休閒目的，休閒活動，休閒設施的需求不同，休閒環境所呈現的特質亦不同。休閒目的與休閒活動間具有互換性，兩者關係屬於行為科學研究範疇。休閒活動與休閒設施間關係屬於環境行為學研究範疇，具有規範性。而休閒設施與休閒目的間具有觸發性，屬於環境認知之研究範疇。 / The suqeject of this paper is to survey leisure issues of women from a feminist perspective,to satisfy wonen`s leisure expectation as a prerequisite,also to consider the facrtors which influence wonen`s leisure activity patterns and priorities,I try to survey the characters and the relationshipw of women leisure consciousness,women leisure activity patterns and the leisure facility;to build a framework of wonen leisure environmental structure,Due to the limitaion of time,manpower and moneuy, this study focus on women Whose age are above20-year-old and live in Taipei city. the research range is not include long-time＆long－distance recreation activity but focus on wom'ens daily leisure activity. According to the previous studies, I defined three meanings of leisure and various leisure activities Were divided into three leisure categories depending on the tendency of their meaning. In order to analyze the leisure characteristics,frequencies, site are used as indexes. Leisure activities were analyzed and categorized into the following four types of leisure activitiey;regional activity; urban activity and natural activity The spatial characteristics of the leisure facilities based on physical characteristics were examined. The conclusion reaches that three aspects of leisure were clearly found and these aspects strongly influence each other Women had different needs of leisure consciousness,leisure activities and leisure facilities within different clusters.Also there were different characteristics appeared in women leisure environment.

This study investigated leisure interests and leisure participation of executives in the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex. The Leisure Activities Blank and a questionnaire designed to collect demographic information were administered to twenty-five randomly selected executives. Five hypotheses were tested. Four were retained; one was rejected. Gold was found to be the favorite leisure interest of the respondents. They are currently engaged in eighteen leisure interests, and indicated a desire to participate in thirty-six leisure activities at some future time. Leisure interests which the respondents participated in during their past, or are currently engaged in, appear to be those they hope to continue in the future.

"The study will attempt to show how the boys and girls of Waxahachie spend their leisure time. It will also indicate the need for more direction in the proper use of leisure time. Furthermore, it will show that much should be done by the adults of Waxahachie to help these boys and girls live a fuller, happier life, and prepare healthy minds and bodies to carry on life in a democratic society."-- leaf 3.

The diploma thesis deals with the leisure time of children at second stage of elementary school. It identifies differences in leisure time of children living in the city and in the countryside. In the theoretical part the leisure time is processed, functions of leisure time and function of education in the leisure time. Further there are defined leisure time interest activities, there is explained the organization and disorganization of leisure time. There are also described places where children can spend their leisure time. In the thesis there is briefly described the physical and mental development of the child´s older school age. For the practical part it was chosen the questionnaire method. There are set goals and assumptions of the research. The investigation was attended by pupils from three schools, one school of urban and two rural schools in the district of Sušice. The identified differences in leisure time of children in the city and in the countryside are summarized in the conclusion of the thesis.

The purpose of this study was to compare marital satisfaction among serious leisure participants in partner dancing and their spouses based on their participation patterns in dance (both dancers or only one dancer), with covariates of spousal support, satisfaction with leisure, and leisure-family conflict. This study not only found a significant relationship between marital satisfaction and participation patterns for dancers (participating together β =.2125), but the averages for joint and individual participation patterns fell on either side of the non-distressed versus distressed cut-off score for marital satisfaction, suggesting that participation in a serious leisure activity, like partner dancing, without your spouse was associated with marital distress, and participating with your spouse can help reduce or avoid that stress. Results also suggest that it is role support felt for a specific leisure activity (in this case, dance) that was related to marital satisfaction (β =.4925), but not support felt for general leisure activities or levels of support given. Finally, retiring to bed at the same time was confirmed as an important couple ritual that positively relates to marital satisfaction (β =.1548).

Sports stadiums have a considerable impact on the urban, environmental and social context. In particular, where several new stadiums are built within the same city for a single mega-event like the Olympic Games, Commonwealth Games or Soccer World Cup the implications are significantly higher. Therefore the requirements for operation of each stadium after the mega-event are of great importance to ensure sustainable integration into the urban, environmental and social context as well as maximized utilization on a long-term basis. In the first part of this thesis a review of the subject is presented. A brief history of the development of stadium design in the Olympic context, evolving requirements for staging Olympic Summer Games, the structure of organizations involved, existing literature research and certification methods are summarized. In the second part the methodology and development of the bespoke research tool based on existing certification systems such as BREEAM, LEED and DGNB is described. Subsequently, case studies for three different stadium types (Olympic Stadium, Indoor Stadium and Football Stadium) used for the Olympic Summer Games in Sydney (2000), Athens (2004) and Beijing (2008) are analysed based on literature research, field surveys and interviews. The comparative assessment of each stadium type is conducted with an evaluation matrix in three denominations: urban category, environmental category and social category. In each category two indicators with two respective parameters are evaluated based on a five-point score system. Subsequently the general applicability of the research tool is verified with an example appraisal of Wembley Stadium which was used for the Olympic Summer Games in London (2012). Conclusions are drawn in the third part of the thesis, separately for each of the three denominations urban category, environmental category and social category. In the urban category sports stadiums built on a site previously used for sports venues or adjacent to other existing venues are rated significantly higher, because existing sites are already integrated into the urban context and located in proximity to the city centre as well as other mixed-use areas resulting in synergy effects with extended catchment areas and good connectivity. In the environmental category sports stadiums are rated higher if specific requirements for operation of the sports stadium after the Olympic Games are already considered in the design to ensure maximised adaptability and flexibility. Dismantle of the overlay (tailor-made structures/installations required for staging the event) after the Olympic Games reduces energy consumption in subsequent operation. Overlay designed for permanent usage or reuse at a different venue further increases the level of sustainability. Usage of energy efficient systems with power generation and water conservation preserves resources. In the social category sports stadiums are rated higher if a balanced proportion of sport usage and other usages is achieved. The long-term utilization of a sports stadium correlates with the level of urban integration, urban context, building type and usage mix. Sports stadiums utilized by more than one home team and integration of other usages (e.g. retail, commercial, recreation, etc.) achieve a significantly higher level of utilization. The last chapter summarizes recommendations for stadium design in the Olympic context. To ensure a long-term utilization of each sports stadium after the Olympic Games it is suggested that applicant/candidate cities carry out comprehensive feasibility studies in collaboration with an operator to develop a bespoke project brief and business plan for operation of each venue at bidding stage. In order to enhance the existing knowledge base it is further recommended to collect and compare operational data (e.g. water, energy consumption etc.) from the different venues of the hosting cities to allow an independent assessment of the level of sustainability during long-term operation. Additional data to verify indicators relating to design efficiency such as average construction area per seat as well as dead loads of spectator stands and roof structures should be compared for establishment of benchmarks to verify the efficiency of the structural elements for an even more sustainable design of sports stadiums.

No description available.

In this essay we will highlight the professional role and development of teachers and recreation centers during the 20th century. We will use the research of, among others, Finn Calander and Ann Pihlgren who have investigated and discussed the development of the recreation centers throughout the 20th century. The theoretical basis for the work is social constructivism and the socio-cultural perspective. By using this theories, we will attempt to explain how the recreation center and the recreations center teachers work has evolved and what has driven this development. Furthermore, we will discuss the impact that the teachers’ certification has on the school centers’ teachers and their work. The teachers’ certification has caused some confusion regarding the purpose of the recreation center teachers' mission, both in the universities where the new recreation center teachers’ are trained and among the recreation teachers. We will compare our reasoning to Lgr 11 to see what the governing documents provides in terms of guidelines and guidance for the recreation center teacher profession. The informants who have been interviewed in this work are four recreation center teacher with several years of experience in the profession. The schools where we conducted the interviews, were chosen on the basis of our prior internships there, and due to their geographical locations. The informants were interviewed about the schools they had previous experience of the profession and any disparity they experienced between their assigned work and the actual work, as well as, whether this had changed significantly during their time in the profession. The interviewed informants described that they are no longer comfortable in the professional role they serve at schools as they feel more like extra teachers, something which they have not at all received training for, rather than the recreation center teachers that they are.

The aim of the research was, essentially, to clarify the nature and dimensionally of intrinsic motivation in competitive sport. A working definition of intrinsic motivation was established, narrowing the field of inquiry down to the feelings of subjects at the actual point of participation in a sporting event. The findings have important implications for research and practice. Firstly, it has been shown that the way in which competitive sportspeople rate their own intrinsic motivation varies according to the point in time at which they are asked about it. The in-situ questionnaire should prove to be a useful addition to the armoury of the sport psychologist in providing a means of measuring levels of intrinsic motivation in sport at the actual time of participation. Secondly, specific recommendations are provided as to the timing of questions about intrinsic motivation in a sporting context. Depending on the type of information that is being sought, asking questions at the end of an event may not provide an accurate reflection of the way subjects feel when they are actually taking part. Thirdly, the multi-dimensional model and the diagnostic IIMS will be of use in applied settings. An awareness of the motivational profiles of individual sportspeople will be invaluable in planning training and competition programmes. Finally, the research poses questions about what it is that people actually get out of sport. The findings suggest that the most important aspect of sport participation is the interaction with other people, whether they be team mates or opponents. Self-efficacy plays a less important part than was originally predicted. It is argued that this is because athletes have a particular need to have their achievements socially approved and admired.