This study explores the use of the doctrine of the offices of Christ (prophet, priest, and king) in the literature of the English separatists Henry Barrow (c.1550-1593) and Henry Ainsworth (1569-1622). No study to date explores the English separatists’ use of the doctrine in ecclesiological debates. During the period 1580 to 1620 the doctrine was more commonly referenced when discussing soteriology. Barrow and Ainsworth provide some of the clearest expressions of the doctrine of the offices of Christ in separatist works and their steadfastness in those beliefs in light of opposition make them good candidates for this research. This study sets out to answer the question: what was the significance of participation by the elect in the offices of Christ as used in Barrow and Ainsworth’s writings? This research focuses on the theology of Barrow and Ainsworth and does not consider the social or experiential aspects of their professed beliefs. This study provides a detailed analysis of the writings of Barrow and Ainsworth particularly noting their use of the offices of Christ in discussions of the visible church. It then examines the relationship of Barrow and Ainsworth’s Christology and ecclesiology, expressed through the offices of Christ, in their understanding of the visible church. Finally, this research compares their usage with works published in England from 1580 to 1620, considering whether their usage was distinct. Its findings challenge the traditional historiographical suggestions that purity, polity, discipline, and covenant were the central themes of Barrow and Ainsworth’s ecclesiology. This research suggests that, for Barrow and Ainsworth, the visible church was the visible expression of Christ on earth and the continuation of his earthly ministry begun at the incarnation. They believed that the visible church was the result of union with Christ, not the means of it. Through union with Christ, all the elect participated in Christ’s offices. Barrow and Ainsworth’s understanding of the visible church incorporated their understanding of Christ’s continuing work expressed in his offices of prophecy, priesthood, and kingship. Christ was immediately present in his visible church, working in the elect and through the elect as prophets, priests, and kings. The visible elect, when gathered, became the body of Christ on earth and as his body they continued the work of prophecy, priesthood, and kingship that he had begun.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T17:27:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabiano Incerti.pdf: 1157907 bytes, checksum: 59797543fc6157fd37405ab6cea01af2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The goal of this paper is to analyze, from the interpretations made by Michel Foucault, how visual and sound are crucial for the discovery of truth (manifestation de la vérité) tragedy Oedipus the King by Sophocles. These elements are problematized, first of all, on what the French thinker understands, it is one of the central themes of the play: the plot involving Oedipus develops in terms of a legal process. In this sense, looking and listening become key elements of the outcome of the issues involving the play: the investigation and discovery of the perpetrator of a crime and the punishment of the criminal. There is no revelation of truth in the story of the hero of the Greek poet despite the different and complementary ways of seeing and listening. And second, with regards to the figure of Oedipus. For Foucault, it is the subject of power-knowledge, over knowledge and over power. And it is precisely for this Power-Knowledge in excess, for that rude awakening and denial to hear the truth that is presented before him, he falls into the trap of his own destiny. Oedipus, the subject of knowledge and power, but also the subject of looking and listening / O objetivo deste trabalho de pesquisa é analisar, a partir das interpretações realizadas por Michel Foucault, de que forma o visual e o sonoro são decisivos para a descoberta da verdade (manifestation de vérité) na tragédia Édipo-Rei de Sófocles. Esses elementos são problematizados, em primeiro lugar, no que o pensador francês compreende ser um dos eixos centrais da peça: a trama que envolve Édipo se desenvolve em termos de um processo jurídico. Nesse sentido, olhar e escuta se tornam elementos primordiais para o desfecho dos pontos que envolvem a peça: a investigação e a descoberta do autor de um crime e a punição do criminoso. Não há revelação da verdade, na história do herói do poeta grego, que não esteja atravessada por maneiras diferentes e complementares de ver e de escutar. E, num segundo momento, no que diz respeito à própria figura de Édipo. Para Foucault, ele é o sujeito do saber-poder; do saber em excesso e do poder em excesso. E é precisamente por esse saber-poder em demasia, por esse abrir os olhos ao que está acontecendo e se recusar a escutar a verdade que se apresenta a sua frente, que ele cai na armadilha de seu próprio destino. Édipo, sujeito do saber e do poder, mas também sujeito do olhar e da escuta

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T18:11:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alexandre Costa.pdf: 13314749 bytes, checksum: 098b9f040a146c8d72f73c73b2fb544d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This thesis aims at understanding and presenting the image open, phenomenological, founding in his perception, which updates its full potential embodied in the means of visibility, which culminates in the process of representation and validation of the perceived real, where the image gains strength and takes the position of mediation between man and the world, adopting the assumptions of Flusser. This work is justified when it exposes the impossibility of viewing the real, or rather, points to the invisibility of the image that simulates the real perceived, given his acknowledged inability to naturally present to the world, according to the precepts of Merleau-Ponty. We try to track one of the most prolific and problematic of philosophy and Communication Sciences, feeling the concepts and functions of the image. For this, we use two types of approaches. An anthropological (empirical), history and culture, which describes the image "artefactum," propagated by the many supporters and media at the same time, the mediator of the ways of perceiving the man in the world. An introductory way, discusses the origin, evolution and characteristics of dialectical exchange with other languages and their hunger contemporary media. Another, on the epistemological approach (theoretical), examines the essence of the image function as an interface between the possibilities of sensible and intelligible subject, present and aware of their cognitive amplitudes. The analysis of the mechanisms of representation and language, representationalist presented by the studies of art history and media, where the image takes up space as a fundamental means of existence and visibility, a wide fertile reflection, that in contrast to studies of the phenomenology of perception and the principles of contemporary semiotics are examined, mainly in the assumptions and contributions of Merleau-Ponty, Flusser, Mitchell, Baitello, Belting and Català Domènech. The hypothesis search visibility for the phenomenological status of the image, in order to legitimize the proposal for a "reading" open the image without the proper supports media in which it takes shape and becomes visible. Regardless of your need to "embodiment" to support, knowledge "theoretical" and phenomenological characteristics of their epistemological and cultural image prior to "physical" noticeable, contribute to a better understanding of media studies and art, which is intrinsically present through the visible image. The idea that perception puts us in touch with an experience that keeps an inherently vital and at the same time, a cultural and rational intention that presents itself as our point of view about the world, expands this thesis / Esta tese objetiva a percepção e apresentação da imagem aberta, fenomenológica, fundante na sua percepção, onde atualiza seu amplo potencial de visibilidade encarnado nos meios, e que culmina no processo de representação e validação do real percebido, onde a imagem ganha força e ocupa o posto de mediação entre o homem e o mundo, adotando as premissas de Flusser. Este trabalho se justifica quando expõe a impossibilidade da visualização do real, ou melhor, aponta a invisibilidade da imagem que simula o real percebido, haja vista sua reconhecida incapacidade de se apresentar naturalmente ao mundo, conforme os preceitos de Merleau-Ponty. Procuramos rastrear um dos pontos mais fecundos e problemáticos da filosofia e das Ciências da Comunicação, tateando os conceitos e funções da imagem. Para isso, utilizam-se duas formas de abordagem. Uma antropológica (empírica), histórica e cultural, que descreve a imagem artefactum , propagada pelos inúmeros suportes midiáticos e ao mesmo tempo, mediadora das formas de percepção do homem no mundo. De forma introdutória, aborda a origem, evolução e características do intercâmbio dialético com outras linguagens e sua voracidade midiática contemporânea. Outra, na abordagem epistemológica (teórica), examina a essência, função da imagem como interface entre as possibilidades do sensível e inteligível do sujeito, presente e consciente de suas amplitudes cognitivas. A análise dos mecanismos da representação e da linguagem, apresentada pelos estudos representacionistas da história da arte e da mídia, onde a imagem ocupa espaço fundamental como meio de visibilidade e existência, fecunda uma ampla reflexão, que em contraposição aos estudos da fenomenologia da percepção e aos princípios da semiótica contemporânea são examinadas, principalmente, nos pressupostos e colaborações de Merleau-Ponty, Flusser, Mitchell, Baitello, Belting e Català Domènech. A hipótese busca a visibilidade para o estatuto fenomenológico da imagem, com a finalidade de legitimar a proposta de uma leitura aberta da imagem sem os devidos suportes midiáticos na qual ela ganha forma e se torna visível. Independentemente de sua necessidade de encarnação ao suporte, o conhecimento teórico e epistemológico de suas características fenomenológicas e culturais, que antecedem a imagem física percebível, colabora para uma melhor compreensão dos estudos da mídia e da arte, que intrinsicamente se apresentam por meio da imagem visível. A ideia de que a percepção nos coloca em contato com uma experiência que guarda uma inerência vital e, ao mesmo tempo, uma intenção cultural e racional que se apresenta como nosso ponto de vista sobre o mundo, amplia esta tese

In this thesis, we show that it is possible to design a battery-free light sensing system that can sense and communicate hand gestures while operating fully on harvested power from indoor light. We present two main innovations that push our system to tens of microwatts of power to enable battery-free operation. First, we introduce a novel visible light sensing system that can track variations in light intensity by using a solar cell as a sensor. Solar cells are unlike photodiodes optimized for energy yield in the visible light region and hence do not require any power hungry active components such as an operational amplifier. Furthermore, solar cells can operate under more diverse light conditions as they are not susceptible to saturation under bright light. Second, we devise two ultra-low power communication mechanisms based on radio frequency backscatter to transmit sensor readings at various resolutions without the need of any energy-expensive computational blocks.  We design two battery-free and self-powered hardware prototypes that are based on these two innovations. Our first design utilizes an on-board comparator based circuit to perform a 1-bit digitization of changes in light readings, consuming only sub-microwatt of power for digitization. For our second prototype, we design an analog backscatter mechanism that can map raw sensor readings directly to backscatter transmissions. We demonstrate the feasibility of our designs when sensing significant changes in light intensity caused by shadows from hand gestures, and reconstruct these at a receiving device. Our results demonstrate the ability to sense and communicate various hand gestures at a peak power of 20 microwatts when performing 1-bit digitization, and a mean power of 60 microwatts when performing analog backscatter. Both designs represent orders of magnitude improvement in terms of power consumption over state-of-the-art visible light sensing systems. / Battery-free Visible Light Sensing / MobiCom: G: Battery-free Visible Light Sensing

Tendo em vista que a radiação ultravioleta A (UVA) e a luz visível (VIS) apresentam alto potencial para gerar oxigênio singleto (1O2) e provocar estresse oxidativo, é importante buscar substâncias capazes de prevenir ou minimizar o impacto desse evento sobre a pele, já que atualmente, há poucos filtros solares orgânicos no mercado que oferecem ampla proteção contra a UVA I e não há filtros orgânicos que ofereçam proteção contra a luz VIS. Estudos da literatura indicam que alguns antioxidantes, tais como a apigenina (API), a crisina (CRI) e o beta-caroteno (BTC), podem neutralizar o 1O2 e apresentam potencial de uso na fotoproteção. Deste modo, o objetivo do presente projeto foi avaliar a segurança da API, da CRI e do BTC, por meio dos ensaios de fotoestabilidade, fotorreatividade e fototoxicidade, e também sua eficácia, através de ensaios para determinar a proteção contra a morte celular induzida pela fotossensibilização da melanina, que gera 1O2, e a proteção de membrana contra danos fotooxidativos. Inicialmente, foi avaliada a fotoestabilidade da API, da CRI e do BTC quando submetidos à radiação UVA e luz VIS, por meio de CLAE. A fototoxicidade das substâncias em estudo frente à radiação UVA e luz VIS, empregando-se cultura de fibroblastos (Balb 3T3 clone A31), de melanócitos (Melan-a) e de melanoma (B16F10) também foi realizada. Para avaliar a eficácia, o efeito da API, da CRI e do BTC sobre a viabilidade das células B16F10 com níveis basais de melanina e após indução da melanogênese, bem como seu efeito sobre a proteção de membrana em modelo mimético de lipossomas, foram avaliados frente à luz VIS. Os resultados do estudo de fotoestabilidade mostraram que os antioxidantes, isolados ou em associação, foram considerados fotoestáveis em ambas as faixas de radiação avaliadas (UVA/VIS e VIS). No estudo de fotorreatividade, a API, a CRI e a associação (API+CRI+BTC) se mostraram fracamente fotorreativas após exposição ao UVA/VIS. No entanto, na presença de VIS, nenhum dos compostos apresentou fotorreatividade. No estudo de fototoxicidade, foi observado potencial fototóxico após irradiação por UVA/VIS para a CRI, BTC e a associação (API+CRI+BTC) nas três linhagens celulares avaliadas. Já a API, não apresentou potencial fototóxico apenas no ensaio realizado com fibroblastos. Na faixa da luz VIS, o BTC apresentou potencial fototóxico nas três linhagens celulares avaliadas; entretanto, para os demais antioxidantes (API e CRI) e sua associação (API+CRI+BTC) houve variação na resposta entre as diferentes linhagens. Os resultados dos estudos para avaliação da eficácia mostraram que os antioxidantes foram capazes de proteger as células contra morte induzida pela fotossensibilização da melanina, sendo que o efeito da API foi superior ao da CRI e do BTC. No estudo de proteção de membrana apenas a API foi capaz de conferir proteção contra os danos fotooxidativos induzidos pela luz VIS. A investigação do potencial de uso da API, da CRI e do BTC na proteção contra a radiação UVA e luz VIS mostrou que o uso de tais antioxidantes e da sua combinação visando a fotoproteção da pele é mais seguro na faixa da luz VIS. Além disso, concluiu-se que API é o mais promissor entre os antioxidantes estudados em relação à segurança e à eficácia, e apresenta elevado potencial de uso na proteção contra a luz VIS. / Considering that ultraviolet A (UVA) radiation and visible light (VIS) present high potential to generate singlet oxygen (1O2) and cause oxidative stress, it is important to search for substances that are able to prevent or minimize the impact of such event on the skin, since currently, there are few organic UV-filters on the market that offer broad protection against UVA I and there is no organic UV-filter which provide VIS light protection. Previous studies showed that some antioxidants, such as apigenin (API), chrysin (CRI) and beta-carotene (BTC) can neutralize 1O2 and exhibit potential for use in photoprotection. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the safety of API, CRI and BTC, by performing photostability, photoreactivity and phototoxicity assays, and also its efficacy, through the determination of the protection against cell death induced by melanin photosensitization, which generates 1O2, and also the assessment of membrane protection against photooxidative damage. Firstly, API, CRI and BTC photostability was evaluated after exposure to UVA and VIS light by using HPLC. The phototoxicity of the antioxidants subjected to UVA and VIS light, using cultured fibroblasts (Balb 3T3 clone A31), melanocytes (melan-a) and melanoma (B16F10) was also performed. In order to assess efficacy, API, CRI and BTC effect on the viability of B16F10 cells with melanin basal levels and after melanogenesis induction as well as their effect on membrane protection using mimetic liposome model were evaluated after VIS light exposure. Results of photostability studies showed that the antioxidants, isolated or combined, were considered photostable in both ranges (UVA/VIS and VIS). In the photoreactivity study API, CRI and the combination (API + CRI + BTC) were considered weakly photoreactive after UVA/VIS exposure. However, in the presence of VIS light, none of the compounds exhibited photoreactivity. In the phototoxicity study, phototoxic potential was observed for CRI, BTC and the combination (API + CRI + BTC) after UV/VIS irradiation in the three studied cell lines. API showed no phototoxic potential only in the assay performed with fibroblasts. In the VIS range, BTC showed phototoxic potential in the three cell lines; however, for the other antioxidants (API and CRI) and their combination (API + CRI + BTC) there was variance in response among different cell lines. Efficacy studies showed that the studied antioxidants were able to protect cells from death induced by melanin photosensitization, and API effect was superior to that of CRI and BTC. In membrane protection study, only API provided protection against VIS photooxidative induced damage. The investigation of the potential use of API, CRI and BTC for protection against UVA and VIS light showed that the use of such antioxidants and their combination aiming skin photoprotection is safer in the VIS range. Furthermore, it was concluded that API is the most promising antioxidant regarding safety and efficacy and presents high potential for use in protection against VIS light.

Femme, Eau et Développement Durable est un discours construit qui renvoie à des pratiques et des discours pour répondre aux objectifs de la Gestion Intégrée des Ressources en Eau (GIRE). Au fil des textes se tissent les liens concrets des trois discours sur la Femme, l’Eau et le Développement Durable s’insérant dans les discours plus globaux sur le droit à l’eau et le contexte de la bataille de l’eau. Ce discours s’est institué comme une promesse pour atteindre le Développement Durable. Cette thèse questionne comment le discours sur Femme, Eau et Développement Durable émerge, se construit, devient visible et se diffuse en utilisant l’approche genre au service de la concrétisation du Développement Durable. Le genre, approche conceptuelle et outil pour promouvoir l’égalité, a introduit une dimension très concrète pour appliquer des principes d’égalité pour améliorer la gouvernance de l’eau. Nous postulons que le discours a opéré un « resserrement discursif » sous l’influence de la « force » des organisations présentes dans la sphère publique. La visée de cette thèse est d’interroger cette visibilité, concept clé en matière de Sciences de l’Information et de la Communication à partir d’une approche multidisciplinaire et comparative. La visibilité cible l’émergence d’un discours au cœur de l’Espace public, ses jeux, et le rôle de chacun sur l’évolution du discours. Cette étude se base sur la comparaison entre deux pays, la France et le Maroc, et entre plusieurs organisations de l’eau. Nous avons rassemblé un large corpus de discours émis par SUEZ, SUEZ Environnement, Lyonnaise des Eaux et LYDEC pour comparer l’entreprise privée avec l’UNESCO, le ps-EAU, ALMAE, l’ONEP et Eau de Paris sur une période datée de 1972 à 2009. / Water, Women and Sustainable Development is a discursive constructs revealing practices and discourses of water organisations debating how to answer the challenges and goals of an Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM). From official declarations and throughout the years, the three discourses related to Women, Water and Sustainable Development have became more visible in the global water activities related on one hand, to the right to water for all, and on the other hand, on dialogues and oppositions to better the water management.This Ph D aims at questioning how the discourse on Water, Women and Sustainable Development has emerged, became visible and evolved within the public sphere particularly through the gender approach. This promising tool aims at promoting equity and concrete methodologies to reach Sustainable Development but also, improving the water governance in particular. This study is based on a comparative approach of two countries; France and Morocco.We gathered a large corpus of discourses from various water stakeholders for a period from 1972 to 2009. For the private operator, we collected data from SUEZ, SUEZ Environnement, Lyonnaise des Eaux and LYDEC. For other water organisations, we pulled together information from the UNESCO, the pS-Eau, ALMAE, ONEP and Eau de Paris.

With data throughput increasing exponentially in wireless communication networks, the limited radio frequency (RF) spectrum is unable to meet the future data rate demand. As a promising complementary approach, optical wireless communication (OWC) has gained significant attention since its licence-free light spectrum provides a considerable amount of communication bandwidth. In conventional OWC systems, the information-carried signal has to be real-valued and non-negative due to the incoherent light output of the conventional optical transmitter, light emitting diode (LED). Therefore, an intensity modulation and direct detection (IM/DD) system is used for establishing the OWC link. Some modified orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) schemes have been proposed to achieve suitable optical signals. In previous research, three OFDM-based schemes have been presented, including DC-biased optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DCO-OFDM), asymmetrically clipped optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (ACO-OFDM) and unipolar orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (U-OFDM). Basic concepts of SPAD receivers are studied and a novel application in OWC is proposed for a permanent downhole monitoring (PDM) system in the gas and oil industry. In this thesis, a complete model of the SPAD-based OWC system is presented, including some related SPAD metrics, the photon counting process in SPAD and a specific nonlinear distortion caused by passive quenching (PQ) and active quenching (AQ) recharged circuits. Moreover, a practical SPAD-based visible light communication (VLC) system and its theoretical analysis are presented in a long-distance gas pipe with a battery-powered LED and a basic on-off keying (OOK) modulation scheme. In this thesis, two novel optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (O-OFDM) technologies are proposed: non-DC-biased orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (NDCOFDM) and OFDM with single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD). The former is designed for optical multiple-input multiple-output (O-MIMO) systems based on the optical spatial modulation (OSM) technique. In NDC-OFDM, signs of modulated O-OFDM symbols and absolute values of the symbols are separately transmitted by different information carrying units. This scheme can eliminate clipping distortion in DCO-OFDM and achieve high power efficiency. Furthermore, as the indices of transmitters carry extra information bits, NDC-OFDM gives a significant improvement in spectral efficiency over ACO-OFDM and U-OFDM. In this thesis, SPAD-based OFDM systems with DCO-OFDM and ACO-OFDM are presented and analysed by considering the nonlinear distortion effect of PQ SPAD and AQ SPAD. A comprehensive digital signal processing of SPAD-based OFDM is shown and theoretical functions of the photon counting distribution in PQ SPAD and AQ SPAD are given. Moreover, based on Bussgang theorem, a conventional method for analysing memoryless distortion, close-formed bit-error rate (BER) expressions of SPAD-based OFDM are derived. Furthermore, SPAD-based OFDM is compared with conventional photo-diode (PD) based OFDM systems, and a gain of 40 dB in power efficiency is observed.

In enzymatic and synthetic catalytic oxidations, high-valent iron-oxo intermediates play a vital role as the active oxidant. In this regard, many synthetic metal catalysts are designed as biomimetic models to resemble the active site of Cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450) which are the predominant oxidation catalysts in nature. Vitamin B12 cofactors, with a corrole-like structure corrin, are also utilized in some of the more difficult reactions in nature such as rearrangement and reductase reactions. In this work, application of the promising photochemical method to corrolecontaining ligands systems showed much success in the generation of manganese(V)-oxo corrole intermediates using two electron-deficient corrole ligands 5,10,15-tris-(4- trifluoromethylphenyl) corrole (4-CF3)TPC and 5,10,15-tris-(4-nitrophenyl) corrole (4- NO2)TPC. Homolytic cleavage of the O-N or O-ClO2 bond led to generation of the detectable manganese(V)-oxo corroles which were found to act as a competent oxotransfer agent in the presence of various organic reductants. The reaction was marked by the return to a low-valent manganese(III) corrole through a direct oxygen atom transfer (OAT) pathway or formation of manganese(VI)-oxo corrole and manganese(IV) product through a disproportionation pathway. The photo-generated manganese(V)-oxo corrole intermediates were tested as the oxidizing agent for substrate oxidation reactions. More importantly, accomplished within this work is the synthesis for a novel porphyrin complex with light-harvesting functionalities. The light harvesting porphyrin complex (L-Por) exhibits remarkable spectral absorption properties within the range of 400-550 nm allowing for the efficient harvesting of a broad spectrum of light. It is expected that the attached antennae chromophores and metalloporphyrin core will absorb visible light and, at the same time, the antennae could transfer energy to the metalloporphyrin core. Ruthenium(II)(L-Por)(CO) was found to efficiently photo-eject the carbonyl ligand when subjected to visible light. Generation of ruthenium(VI)(LPor)( O)2 was achieved through application of sacrificial oxidant iodobenzene diacetate (PhI(OAc)2). Stoichiometric oxidation of ruthenium(VI)(L-Por)(O)2 formed ruthenium(IV)(L-Por)(O) and cis-cyclooctene oxide with observed rate constants that were 10-fold greater under visible light irradiation. Future investigations will employ a bis-porphyrin-diruthenium(IV)-μ-oxo dimeric complex as a potential catalyst in photocatalytic aerobic oxidation reactions.

Every individual associates him/herself with a specific and sometimes a unique identity. In a workplace setting individuals may choose to either openly display and/or speak about their identity or they may choose to conceal it. Research shows that manifestation and/or suppression of an identity in the workplace can affect individual outcomes such as perceptions of discrimination, job satisfaction, and turnover intentions. The present study investigated whether an identity characterized as visible and/or invisible would affect an individual’s decision to either manifest and/or suppress his/her identity. The study further examined the effects of identity management techniques used by individuals on their perceptions of discrimination in the workplace, job satisfaction, and intentions to leave the organization. The sample included 369 individuals who were at the time of the survey at least half time employed. Independent-samples t-tests were used to test the relationship between identity characteristics and identity management. Path analyses was used to analyze the hypothesized relationship between identity management, perceptions of discrimination, job Satisfaction, and turnover intentions. The study found that individuals with an invisible identity are more likely to suppress their identities. It was also found that identity suppression had a direct positive relationship with perceptions of discrimination. Perceived discrimination was found to have a negative correlation with job satisfaction and a positive relationship with turnover intentions. Additionally, the study found that Job satisfaction is negatively correlated with Turnover Intentions. The importance of proper diversity management strategies and the role of an inclusive work environment on employees’ decision to either manifest and/or suppress their identities are discussed.

As far as we know, we only have one planet to live on, with a delicate atmospheric system providing us safety and life. Global CO2 emissions continue to plague the environment of Earth, primarily due to the processing of fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrialization. There are several avenues of pursuing CO2 reutilization, each having their own benefits and limitations. Direct and indirect thermochemical approaches of CO2 conversion boast of efficient CO2 conversion rates but have limitations associated with the use of renewable hydrogen and high temperatures of operation. The work in this dissertation investigates low temperature photocatalytic CO2 conversion, a simple principle, which provides opportunity for fuel production while harvesting solar energy. Large scale implementation of this process has been plagued by limitations such as fast electron/hole recombination rates, poor quantum efficiency, product selectivity, catalyst stability, and the band gap energy (Eg) being too large to harvest solar light. Our long term goals and applications look to utilize sustainable fuel generation in-situ on Mars for human exploration. We must use available Mars resources to generate fuel to save launch and resource costs from Earth, utilizing the Sun, Mars atmospheric CO2 (95%), and H2O that can be harvested from subsurface ice. Visible light activated catalysts are needed for applications of CO2 conversion on Earth and Mars due to the intensity and abundance of visible light available in the solar spectrums. The dissertation presents the development of photocatalysts for CO2 reduction in the presence of H2O under visible light irradiation. Detailed chemical analysis and characterization were performed on the photocatalysts for improved understanding of material design, including optical and elemental properties, charge transport, stability, catalytic function and scalability. Induced defects and impurities were implemented to understand Eg tunability. Introducing defects through impurities reduced the electron confinement effects in some cases, increasing the photocatalytic activity. Three material regimes were synthesized, tuned, and tested for catalytic function. The first was a series of (ZnO)1-x(AlN)x, materials that had not been synthesized previously, nor ever demonstrated in CO2 and H2O under solar irradiation. The Zn:Al materials were derived from layered double hydroxides. The second material set was (ZnO)1-x(GaN)x, also derived from layered double hydroxides. To the best of our knowledge, these Zn:Ga materials were demonstrated for the first time in CO2 reduction to CO under visible light without the use of any noble metal co-catalysts or dopants. The third set of materials were MoS2 nanoflowers synthesized via chemical vapor deposition that, to our pleasant surprise, produced thinly stacked sheets in the form of nanoflowers that contained large edge-site exposure, which was vastly different from the morphology of commercially purchased MoS2. The preliminary results from this work have demonstrated that tunable band gap energy is achievable. The (ZnO)1-x(AlN)x Eg ranged from 2.84 to 3.25 eV. The Zn:Al solid solution materials were tuned by increasing nitridation time, and varying the cationic ratio. Increasing the cationic ratio in this study more than tripled CO production under solar light irradiation compared to lower cationic ratios. The (ZnO)1-x(GaN)x, materials had a Eg range from 2.33 eV to 2.59 eV. The Eg was also easily tunable from varying nitriding time and cationic ratio. The highest CO production rate was the Zn:Ga cationic ratio of 3:1 at 20 min of nitriding time at 100 °C, which produced 1.06 µmol-g-1-h-1. This production was higher than both of our controlled TiO2 experiments, and other reported pure TiO2 solar photoreaction experiments. The results indicate a delicate balance of nitridation and Zn:M3+ ratio should be selected, along with precursor material cation ratios in order to obtain the desired final product and crystal structure. The controlled introduction of imperfections or crystal defects through MoS2 synthesis variations also revealed the tuning ability of flake edge morphology, nanoflower diameter, stacked-sheet thickness, optical Eg and catalytic activity. The nanoflower Eg ranged from 1.38 to 1.83 eV, and the production rates of CO nearly doubled when post treating the nanoflowers in a reduction step. These developments support tunable gas phase photocatalytic activity and can be enhanced further for further photocatalytic reactions, optoelectronics and field emitter applications. The photoreactor studies indicated that careful tuning of the parent material is imperative to understand before adding a co-catalyst or doping process, as the edge site morphology, crystal phase stability, and strain-induced defects impact the photocatalytic performance.