Neste trabalho é reportado o estudo de degradação do fenol via processo de fotocatálise heterogênea pelo uso de radiação eletromagnética visível em duas classes de fotocatalisadores: os baseados no TiO2 e os baseados na Ag. Os materiais baseados no TiO2 foram modificados com Ag2O e Ag3PO4 e foram preparados por meio do tratamento hidrotérmico de TiO2 comercial em meio altamente alcalino. Já os materiais baseados na Ag foram obtidos via reações de precipitação química, tendo sido preparados os seguintes compostos: Ag2O, Ag2CO3, Ag3PO4 e Ag2CrO4. A caracterização dos fotocatalisadores obtidos foi feita por meio das técnicas de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), difração de raios &#8722;X, DRX, fisissorção de N2, espectroscopias no ultravioleta &#8722; visível por refletância difusa, UV-Vis e no infravermelho, IV. Os resultados mostraram a obtenção de estruturas com morfologia associada a fios de TiO2 anatase modificados superficialmente com partículas esféricas de Ag2O e Ag3PO4, com elevado grau de cristalinidade e pureza de fase. O estudo fotocatalítico revelou que os materiais modificados com Ag2O e Ag3PO4 apresentaram melhor desempenho na fotodegradação do fenol em comparação com TiO2 puro, com eficiência de 60% de degradação em 5 horas de irradiação de fótons na região do visível. Em relação aos fotocatalisadores a base de Ag, foram obtidas partículas com boa distribuição de tamanho e morfologias associadas a cristais octaédricos de Ag2O, bastões de Ag2CO3, poliedros de Ag3PO4, bem como partículas multifacetas de Ag2CrO4. Os resultados indicaram que estes fotocatalisadores apresentaram elevada eficiência na fotodecomposição do fenol. Dentre eles, o Ag2O e o Ag3PO4 foram mais efetivos na remoção do poluente, com eficiência de 90% em apenas 2 horas de tratamento. Adicionalmente, avaliou-se a formação de radicais hidroxila durante a reação de oxidação, por meio da técnica da fotoluminescência utilizando a cumarina (COU) como uma molécula sonda. Como resultado foi observado que, com exceção do TiO2 puro,não houve formação da 7-hidroxicumarina (7HC) como produto fluorescente da reação da cumarina com os radicais &#8226;OH. Além disso, estes fotocatalisadores foram avaliados em relação à estabilidade e desempenho catalítico no reuso. A análise dos resultados obtidos por DRX e MEV dos fotocatalisadores após o uso em estudo fotocatalítico de degradação mostrou que houve a formação de prata metálica na estrutura dos mesmos. No entanto, os fotocatalisadores Ag2O e Ag2CO3 revelaram um aumento na atividade fotocatalítica após o reciclo catalítico, sugerindo que a modificação da estrutura contribuiu positivamente na eficiência da degradação do fenol. / In this, work it is reported the study of phenol degradation by heterogeneous photocatalysis process using TiO2-based and Ag-based photocatalysts materials, irradiated by visible light. TiO2-based catalysts were modified with Ag2O and Ag3PO4 and prepared by the alkaline hydrothermal treatment of commercial TiO2, while the Ag-based materials were obtained by chemical precipitation. It was prepared the following compounds: Ag2O, Ag2CO3</sub, Ag3PO4 and Ag2CrO4. Photocatalysts characterization was made by microscopy electron scanning (SEM), x ray diffraction (XRD), physisorption N2 method, UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Anatase TiO2 materials showed wire-like morphology superficially modified with spherical particles of Ag2O or Ag3PO4, with high crystallinity and phase purity. The photocatalytic study found that the materials modified by Ag2O and Ag3PO4 showed better performance in phenol photodegradation than pure TiO2, with a degradation of 60% after 5 hours of irradiation by visible light. On the other hand, Ag-based catalysts exhibited particles with morphology associated to: Ag2O octahedrons crystals, Ag2CO3</sub rods, Ag3PO4 polyhedrons, and Ag2CrO4 multifaceted particles. Ag-based photocatalysts showed high efficiency in the phenol photocatalytic degradation by visible light. Among them, Ag2O and Ag3PO4 were the most effective, with 90% of pollutant degradation after only 2 hours of treatment. Moreover, the hydroxyl radicals production/role during the oxidative process was investigated by the photoluminescence technique (PL) using coumarin (COU) as a probe molecule. It was found that there was no formation of 7-hydroxycoumarin (7HC) as fluorescent product of the reaction of COU with radicals &#8226;OH, except using pure TiO2. Furthermore, the stability and catalytic performance during the reuse of these photocatalysts were evaluated. XRD and SEM analysis after catalyst use in the phenol photodegradation showed that metallic silver formation at their structures surface. Ag2O and Ag2CO3 photocatalysts showed an increase in photocatalytic activity after therecycle, suggesting that the structure modifications could contribute positively for phenol photodegradation efficiency.

Changes have occurred within educational settings over the past 30 years, creating a more equal learning environment for women. Despite the fact that women aged 18-39 years now outnumber men within New Zealand universities, there is still evidence of inequality for pregnant university students.A qualitative case-study approach was used to explore and describe the stages and patterns of transition from being a university student to becoming a pregnant university student. Each woman demonstrated the complexity of the transitions. The pregnant body and becoming visible were factors that impacted on all five women who participated in this study. The case studies describe how pregnancy intervened in the experience of being a student.Various coping mechanisms were employed by these pregnant university students. The research suggests that they find balance through compartmentalizing aspects of their lives. They attribute educational and personal outcomes to luck. These strategies have enabled these women to aim for educational or personal success. Yet it remains clear that the university does not provide adequate support for these pregnant university students. Policies and resources need to be established to aid pregnant university students in this process of transition.

This paper addresses the aesthetic encounter from the perspective of the writings of Maurice Merleau-Ponty on the visible and the invisible. It begins with the premise that from time to time we encounter situations which precipitate a sense of slippage in our experience of the world. The paper proceeds to argue that the arts can provide a point of access to this experience, and that aesthetic theory has, for example, responded to it through the development of the notion of 'the sublime'. The writings of Maurice Merleau-Ponty and, in particular, aspects of his text The Visible and the invisible, are presented with a view to augmenting this aspect of aesthetic theory. Proceeding from a 'Merleau-Pontian' perspective, the paper explores how the arts can serve to disrupt our conventional sense of space and time - creating ripples in the substance Merleau-Ponty names as 'flesh' - so as to expose the chiasm or blind spot in our experience of the world. The methodology adopted is an experiential one, which draws on the writer's interaction with the selected works of various artists as well as her own practice in glass.

L'optique adaptative équipe de plus en plus de grands télescopes à travers le<br />monde, mais reste un système coûteux et long à mettre en oeuvre. Il y a<br />quelques années commençait le projet d'équiper l'interféromètre GI2T de<br />l'observatoire de Calern (France) d'une optique adaptative à correction<br />partielle fonctionnant dans le visible. Les spécifications ont conduit à la<br />réalisation d'un système à 31 sous-pupilles analysant avec une fréquence<br />d'échantillonnage de 2500Hz. Pour respecter l'enveloppe budgétaire il a été<br />développé un nouvel analyseur de front d'onde à courbure d'un coût bien<br />inférieur aux analyseurs habituellement utilisés.<br /><br />Des études préliminaires avaient été faites pour les choix des différents<br />éléments du système et nous présentons dans ce mémoire les tests de<br />caractérisation. Après avoir décrit et caractérisé le système, nous présentons<br />les mises au point nécessaires au démarrage du système de contrôle concluant au<br />bon fonctionnement du nouvel analyseur de surface d'onde.<br /><br />Le calculateur en temps réel a été hérité d'un développement conjoint de l'ONERA<br />et de la société Shaktiware. Nous avons dû apporter un certain nombre de<br />modifications à ce contrôleur pour le faire fonctionner avec 31 sous-pupilles.<br />Nous proposons une étude de la fonction de transfert de notre système et des<br />optimisations envisageables pour le choix des algorithmes de contrôle.<br /><br />Notre optique adaptative n'est pas limitée à une utilisation sur<br />l'interféromètre GI2T et nous avons étudié et commencé son installation sur le<br />télescope de 1,5 mètre du Laser-Lune de l'Observatoire de Calern.<br /><br />La série de tests en laboratoire a pu montrer le bon fonctionnement de notre<br />système, mais nous n'avons pu évaluer les performances de l'asservissement à<br />haute fréquence. Des simulations nous prédisent cependant des corrections<br />permettant d'obtenir un rapport de Strehl de 0,15 à 635nm pour un télescope<br />de 1,5 mètre dans des conditions moyennes.

L'interférométrie astronomique est une technique observationnelle qui forme des interférences avec le rayonnement d'une source à la sortie de différentes ouvertures indépendantes. L'interférométrie monomode (optique fibrée ou optique intégrée) est une catégorie importante de l'interférométrie pour laquelle les faisceaux se propagent à l'intérieur des guides d'onde, les plus populaires étant les fibres optiques. Les guides d'ondes ne sont pas très bien connus de la communauté astronomique. Ils sont souvent présentés comme des entonnoirs à photons, où le nombre de photons injectés est simplement calculé à partir d'un taux de couplage. Ni la propagation dans la fibre, ni l'effet du guide sur le spectre spatial de la source ne sont considérés. Le but de ce travail est de mieux comprendre comment marche le filtrage optique monomode. Après avoir rappelé pourquoi et dans quel contexte les guides d'ondes ont été introduits interférométrie, je vais présenter la physique du filtrage modal sous un angle théorique. Une attention particulière sera portée au problème de la normalisation des modes rayonnés dans une structure guidante. Une approche mathématique originale a été développée et permet de calculer les modes rayonnés de n'importe qu'elle structure multicouche fortement ou faiblement guidante. L'application de la méthode à la fibre optique circulaire bi-couche a permis de calculer la densité spectrale et dévaluer la réjection des modes rayonnés excités par une tâche d'Airy. Nous montrons que la dynamique de la réjection est rapide mais ralentit dans la longueur du guide. De plus des phénomènes interférentiels entre le mode guidé et le paquet d'ondes rayonnés conduisent à la notion d'optimum local pour la réjection en terme de taille de région d'intégration du flux dans le plan transverse du guide. La seconde partie de ce travail est dédiée à l'étude formelle de la relation objet-image dans un interféromètre fibré. Sur une base mathématique rigoureuse nous étudions comment se propage la cohérence partielle à travers le système optique. Nous montrons que les mesures de visibilité sont biaisées à cause de la réduction du champ de vue induite par la présence des guides.

<p><strong>Sammanfattning</strong></p><p> </p><p>Syftet med denna studie har varit att undersöka och beskriva ett ämnesövergripande arbete mellan slöjd och teknik med Visible Thinking som verktyg för att eleverna skall nå sina ämnesmål och ett fördjupat lärande. Studien har genomförts på Lemshaga Akademi en f-9 skola på Värmdö, i en aktionsstudie där enkät, intervjuer och observationer har använts. Med utgångspunkt i LPO 94, Visible Thinkings arbetsmetoder , olika forskares syn på ämnesövergripande arbete i skolan, intervjuer med fem lärare som alla arbetar med ämnesövergripande arbete, en enkät undersökning bland 49 elever, observationer i projektarbete kring energi och intervju med rektorer studerar jag en modell för den ämnesövergripande arbetsformen. I resultatet av undersökningen kring arbetet bland lärare och elever framkommer att man använder sig av Visible Thinking som ett verktyg för lärandet. Elever och lärare ser ämnesövergripande arbete som en bra form för lärande. Goda resultat från energiprojektet bekräftar att eleverna nått sina studiemål med ett fördjupat lärande.</p>

Sammanfattning   Syftet med denna studie har varit att undersöka och beskriva ett ämnesövergripande arbete mellan slöjd och teknik med Visible Thinking som verktyg för att eleverna skall nå sina ämnesmål och ett fördjupat lärande. Studien har genomförts på Lemshaga Akademi en f-9 skola på Värmdö, i en aktionsstudie där enkät, intervjuer och observationer har använts. Med utgångspunkt i LPO 94, Visible Thinkings arbetsmetoder , olika forskares syn på ämnesövergripande arbete i skolan, intervjuer med fem lärare som alla arbetar med ämnesövergripande arbete, en enkät undersökning bland 49 elever, observationer i projektarbete kring energi och intervju med rektorer studerar jag en modell för den ämnesövergripande arbetsformen. I resultatet av undersökningen kring arbetet bland lärare och elever framkommer att man använder sig av Visible Thinking som ett verktyg för lärandet. Elever och lärare ser ämnesövergripande arbete som en bra form för lärande. Goda resultat från energiprojektet bekräftar att eleverna nått sina studiemål med ett fördjupat lärande.

Diagnostic measurements play a vital role in experiments. Without them we would be in the dark with no way of knowing what was happening; of understanding the processes and behaviour occurring; or even of judging the success or failure of our experiments. The development of fusion plasma devices is no different. In this thesis we concentrate on visible spectroscopy based diagnostics: examining the techniques for measurement and analysis; the breadth of plasma parameters that can be extracted from the spectroscopic data; and how the application of these diagnostic techniques gives us a broader picture of the plasma and the events taking place within. Techniques are developed and applied to plasmas in three fusion experiments, EXTRAP T2R, ASDEX Upgrade and JET. The diagnostic techniques exploit different features of the measurements of the emitted photons to obtain various useful plasma parameters. Determination of the ion temperature and rotation velocity of oxygen impurity ions in the EXTRAP T2R plasma is achieved through measurement and analysis of, respectively, the Doppler broadening and the Doppler wavelength shift of visible wavelength atomic spectral lines. The evolution of the temperature and rotation is studied as a function of the discharge parameters, in particular looking at the effect of applying active feedback control schemes to the resistive wall modes and/or pulsed poloidal current drive. Measurements of multiple ionisation stages are used to estimate radial profiles of the toroidal rotation and the ion temperature and correlations between the ion rotations and the rotation velocities of tearing modes are also established. Radial profiles of the emissivity and density (or concentration) of the oxygen ions are obtained by means of measurements of the spectral line intensities on a small array of linesof- sight through the plasma. Changes to the profiles for different plasma schemes and the implications for particle transport are investigated. The derived emissivity profiles are used in the analysis for some of the other spectroscopic diagnostics. Spectral line intensity measurements (in this case of neutral ions) are also the basis for calculations of both the electron temperature and the particle fluxes at the plasma edge. The latter is an indicator of the degree and type of interaction between the plasma and the surrounding surfaces. Particle fluxes of the operating gas hydrogen and of chromium and molybdenum impurities are investigated in EXTRAP T2R for different operating scenarios, in particular changes in the metallic influx with the application of active feedback mode control are examined along with the correspondence between spectroscopic and collector probe results. In the ASDEX Upgrade divertor estimates of the particle flux of the deuterium operating gas are also made through analysis of spectral intensities. Molecular D2 band structure is explored in addition to the Balmer Dα spectral line intensity to acquire both atomic and molecular particle fluxes, investigate the contribution of the dissociating D2 to the Dα line and study the effect of changes in the divertor. Analysis of the D2 molecular band structure (the relative intensities of the rotational lines and vibrational bands) also enables calculation of the upper state rotational and ground state vibrational temperatures. The locations of emitting atomic ions in JET are estimated from Zeeman splitting analysis of the structure of their spectral lines. The measurement and analysis of visible wavelength light is demonstrated to be a sensitive diagnostic tool in the quest for increased knowledge about fusion plasmas and their operating scenarios. / QC 20100810

The network with its virtual business structure challenge the established vertical business structure. Part of the network theory that has developed focuses on relationships that forms B2Bnetworks. One way to create a B2B-network is for independent businesses to form a organization promoting co-operation. For co-operation to be successful it requires well thought-out actions, but a lack of how these actions are implemented have been noticed. This study explores how encouragement of co-operation can be done practically. Focus has been on a business network with a visible director since they are facing a challenge in coordinating co-operation. The study is descriptive and describes a real case, the empirism is based on memories and experiences. The object of study is a selected part of the network with a visible director and has been studied through four qualitative unstructured interviews, based in a inductive reasoning. The study reaches several conclusions on how co-operation in a network with a visible director can be implemented. Furthermore the study shows that there is a difference between what is said to support co-operation and what is actually done. Continued research should investigate this difference. / Nätverket med dess virtuella företagsstruktur utmanar den etablerade vertikala strukturen. Delar av nätverksteorin som utvecklats fokuserar på relationer som uppstår inom B2B-nätverk. Ett sätt att skapa B2B-nätverk är att fristående företag formar en samarbetsorganisation. Främjande av samarbete genom medvetna handlingar kan generera framgång inom dessa samarbetsorganisationer. Dock uppmärksammas en brist på hur de medvetna handlingarna realiseras. Studien söker därför kunskap om hur främjande av samarbete realiseras. Fokus är att studera ett orkestrerade affärsnätverk vilka står inför utmaning att koordinera samarbete. Studien är deskriptiv och beskriver ett fall som inträffat, det innebär att empirin grundas på minnen och erfarenheter. Studieobjektet är en utvald del av det orkestrerade affärsnätverket och har behandlats genom fyra kvalitativa ostrukturerade intervjuer grundat i ett induktivt förhållningssätt. Studien resulterar i exempel på hur samarbete i ett orkestrerande nätverk realiseras. Dessutom visar det finnas en skillnad mellan vad sägs främja samarbete och vad som faktiskt genomförs. Fortsatt forskning rekommenderas undersöka denna skillnad.

The principle of democratic governance is a defining feature of co-operative organizations. Members of the board of directors are the elected representatives of the membership, and as democratic organizations, there is an expectation that co-operatives should have adequate representation of member groups on their boards. However, empirical evidence indicates that many Canadian co-operative boards embody a diversity problem: there is little diversity in board representational characteristics. The main objective of this study is to identify key barriers and facilitators of representational diversity in co-operative leadership structures. To this end, two core research questions are posed. First, how do boards achieve diversity? Second, how do diverse boards maintain their diversity? Board diversity is defined as at least 30 per cent female representation on the board. Factors in four key areas believed to affect board diversity levels are identified: problem recognition; formal diversity policies; proactive recruitment strategies; and responsive governance. For each area, two specific theoretical propositions are posited and examined.<p>Two credit union boards of directors are selected as case studies. The first case is the Surrey Metro Savings Board of Directors between 1995 and 2002, which was homogenous in terms of its demographic composition. The second case is the Coast Capital Savings Board of Directors between 2001 and 2006, which was diverse in terms of its demographic composition. In view of the theoretical propositions that fall under the four main areas of inquiry, each case is examined separately, after which a cross-case analysis is conducted. <p>The case study findings support the view that, to achieve diversity, boards must recognize representational homogeneity as problematic, make diversity a priority issue, and take deliberate action towards increasing their diversity levels. These findings also support the view that, to maintain their diversity, diverse boards must have an inclusive governance approach and provide all board members with meaningful opportunities to participate in decision making processes. This study contributes to a greater understanding of how co-operative organizations can rectify the under representation of key groups within their own organizations and communities, and empower those who typically sit on the margins of economic, social and political power.