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Ověření vlivu MTCG na vytížení eNodeB v mobilní síti LTE-Advanced / Verification of MTCG's Influence on eNodeB Utilization in Mobile Network LTE-AdvancedBartal, Boris Unknown Date (has links)
This thesis is dealing with the problem of MTC (Machine Type Communication) devices accessing LTE (Long Term Evolution) network. First part of work contains theoretical description of MTC, LTE network and possibility of using QoS (Quality of Service) for this type of communication. Influence of simultaneous access of large number of MTC devices into LTE network is examined. A solution is proposed -- usage of MTCG. In simulation enviroment NS-3 (Network Simulator 3), two scenarios are created for simulation with and without MTCG. The results of these simulations are then compared.
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Detection algorithms and ASIC designs for MIMO–OFDM downlink receiversSuikkanen, E. (Essi) 07 March 2017 (has links)
Abstract
Future wireless systems will require high data rate with low transmit and processing power consumption. A combination of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transmission with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a promising approach for offering better performance in terms of the capacity and quality of service (QoS). The detector in the wireless receiver is one of the highest power consuming parts. In order to minimize the power consumption, it is desirable for the detector to be able to change the detection algorithm to suit the channel conditions.
In this thesis work, we study the suitability of different MIMO detection algorithms for adaptive operation. The selective spanning with fast enumeration (SSFE), K-best list sphere detector (LSD), linear minimum mean square error (LMMSE), and successive interference cancellation (SIC) detectors are compared to each other in terms of communications performance in the 4 × 4 and 8 × 8 MIMO–OFDM systems. The impact of least squares (LS) and minimum mean square error (MMSE) channel estimation methods, mobile speed, and transmit precoding at the base station on detector algorithm selection is also considered. The SIC detector is shown to suffer from error propagation in poor channel conditions. The SSFE detector is unable to outperform the K-best LSD and is occasionally outperformed by the LMMSE detector. The LMMSE detector is able to outperform the K-best LSD on the low signal-to-noise (SNR) regime when the mobile speed is high and the spatial channel correlation is low or moderate; it is also found to be more robust against channel estimation errors. Because a realistic adaptive detector is expected to support only two detection algorithms, the K-best LSD and LMMSE are selected based on the performance results for application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) architecture design and further comparison.
The chosen algorithms are evaluated by considering the performance and implementation results. The K-best LSD provides good performance under challenging channel conditions with the cost of high complexity and power consumption. The LMMSE detector is energy efficient but performs poorly in correlated channels. However, exceptions exist, and detailed results on when to use a simple detector and when to use a complex detector are provided. / Tiivistelmä
Tulevaisuuden langattomat tietoliikennejärjestelmät edellyttävät suurta datanopeutta ja vähäistä tehonkulutusta datan lähetyksessä ja käsittelyssä. Monitulo-monilähtötekniikan (MIMO) ja monikantoaaltomoduloinnin (OFDM) yhdistelmä (MIMO–OFDM) on lupaava lähestymistapa hyvän suorituskyvyn saavuttamiseksi, sekä kapasiteetin että luotettavuuden kannalta. Yksi langattoman vastaanottimen eniten tehoa kuluttavista osista on ilmaisin. Tehonkulutuksen minimoimiseksi tulisi ilmaisimen pystyä vaihtamaan ilmaisinalgoritmia radiokanavan olosuhteisiin sopivaksi.
Tässä väitöskirjatyössä tarkastellaan erilaisten MIMO-ilmaisinalgoritmien sopivuutta mukautuvaan ilmaisuun. Listapalloilmaisimen (list sphere detector, LSD), valikoivan laajennuksen listailmaisimen (selective spanning with fast enumeration, SSFE), lineaarisen pienimmän keskineliövirheen ilmaisimen (linear minimum mean square error, LMMSE) ja peräkkäisen häiriönpoistoilmaisimen (successive interference cancellation, SIC) suorituskykyjä verrataan toisiinsa sekä 4 × 4 että 8 × 8 MIMO–OFDM järjestelmissä. Pienimmän neliösumman (LS) ja pienimmän keskineliövirheen (MMSE) kanavaestimointialgoritmien, vastaanottimen nopeuden ja lähetyksen esikoodauksen vaikutus ilmaisinalgoritmin valintaan otetaan huomioon vertailussa. Haastavissa kanavaolosuhteissa SIC-ilmaisin kärsii virheen etenemisestä. SSFE-ilmaisimen suorituskyky on huonompi kuin K-best LSD-ilmaisimen, ja joissakin tilanteissa huonompi kuin LMMSE-ilmaisimen. LMMSE-ilmaisin pystyy parempaan suorituskykyyn kuin K-best LSD-ilmaisin kun signaali-kohinasuhde (SNR) on pieni, vastaanottimen nopeus on suuri ja radiokanavan korrelaatio on matala tai kohtalainen. LMMSE-ilmaisin myös kestää epätarkat kanavaestimaatit paremmin kuin LSD-ilmaisin. Realistisessa vastaanottimessa mukautuva ilmaisin tukee vain kahta ilmaisinalgoritmia, ja sen takia K-best LSD and LMMSE-ilmaisimet valittiin suorituskykytulosten perusteella toteutettaviksi ASIC-teknologialla.
Valittuja ilmaisinalgoritmeja arvioidaan sekä suorituskyvyn että toteutustulosten perusteella. K-best LSD-ilmaisimella on hyvä suorituskyky haastavissa kanavaolosuhteissa, mutta toteutus on monimutkainen ja tehonkulutus korkea. LMMSE-ilmaisin on energiatehokas, mutta suorituskyky on huono korreloivissa kanavissa. Poikkeuksia näihin tilanteisiin kuitenkin esiintyy, ja työssä esitetään suositus milloin yksinkertaista ilmaisinta voidaan käyttää tehonkulutuksen minimoimiseksi ja milloin taas monimutkainen ilmaisin on välttämätön luotettavan tiedonsiirron takaamiseksi.
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Modélisation, analyse et optimisation de réseaux hybrides unicast-broadcast pour la diffusion de services multimédias linéaires et non linéaires / Modeling, analysis and optimization of hybrid unicast-broadcast networks for linear and non-linear TV servicesFam, Pape Abdoulaye 09 February 2017 (has links)
L’émergence des utilisateurs mobiles et la popularité croissante des services multimédias linéaires ont entrainé, ces dernières années, une augmentation impressionnante du trafic de données au sein des réseaux mobiles. En effet, le principal moteur de cette croissance est lié à la consommation de contenus vidéo de façon linéaire (télévision) ou non (vidéo à la demande) par de nombreux utilisateurs sur des appareils mobiles (tablettes, smartphones, ordinateurs portables, etc.) connectés aux réseaux cellulaires. Cependant, l’acheminement de ce trafic via le mode de transmission unicast traditionnel des réseaux cellulaires risque de générer un engorgement rapide du réseau au détriment de la qualité du service rendu. Ainsi, pour faire face cette demande continuellement croissante en débit des utilisateurs mobiles et devant la raréfaction croissante du spectre radioélectrique, les opérateurs n’ont d’autre choix que de densifier leurs infrastructures d’accès au réseau radio (RAN) et déployer des réseaux d’accès hétérogènes et hybrides exploitant plusieurs technologies (WiFi/small cells (3G/4G)) permettant le délestage du trafic de données mobiles. Dans cette optique, cette thèse porte sur la modélisation et l’optimisation d’un réseau hybride de diffusion de contenus multimédias pouvant exploiter de façon complémentaire deux infrastructures réseaux existantes et radicalement différentes, à savoir les réseaux cellulaires (LTE) et les réseaux de diffusion (DVB-T2 Lite, DVB-NGH ou éventuellement le mode broadcast LTE-eMBMS).Dans un premier temps nous nous consacrons à la modélisation et à la simulation du réseau hybride en considérant un scénario d’extension de couverture, où les deux réseaux coopèrent pour distribuer des services linéaires aux utilisateurs mobiles. A l’aide d'un simulateur système, nous évaluons les performances du réseau hybride en termes de capacité, consommation de puissance et efficacité énergétique.Dans un second temps, nous nous intéressons à l’optimisation de la capacité, de la consommation énergétique et de l’efficacité énergétique du réseau hybride pour la diffusion de ces services linéaires. Sur la base du modèle hybride, nous proposons une approche théorique, basée sur la distribution des utilisateurs, pour trouver une expression analytique de la zone de couverture optimale du réseau de diffusion tout en tenant compte de la qualité du service rendu aux utilisateurs. Les résultats théoriques et ceux obtenus à l’aide du simulateur système sont très proches. Nous étudions également l’impact de la popularité du service (en termes de nombre d’utilisateurs demandant le service) sur cette zone de couverture optimale.Enfin, nous proposons une extension au modèle de réseau hybride pour la diffusion des services non linéaires comme la vidéo à la demande, le téléchargement de fichiers, etc. Nous proposons une formalisation du problème d’optimisation en tenant compte des contraintes liées à ces services non-linéaires, en particulier le temps d’attente et de téléchargement ainsi que la fiabilité des transmissions radios.L’approche analytique proposée dans cette thèse constitue un atout précieux pour l’hybridation des réseaux cellulaires et des réseaux de diffusion. Ce modèle pourrait également permettre, d’une part d’évaluer le gain de telles approches hybrides, et d’autre part, de mettre en évidence les scénarios et stratégies de transmission de contenus multimédias les plus avantageux en fonction de critères donnés dans le contexte des réseaux « 4G avancés » voire « 5G ». / The increasing popularity of linear multimedia services such as mobile TV, broadcasting live and sports events to mobile and portable devices, has led to a dramatic growth of the mobile data traffic. Indeed, the reason of this growth is related to the consumption of video content either as a linear service (live TV) or as a non-linear service (time-shifted or on demand), by many users on different devices (tablets, smartphones, laptops, etc.) connected to a cellular network. In cellular networks, these types of services are usually delivered over unicast connections, i.e. as many times as the number of users. This strategy is likely to lead to critical situations, e.g. network congestion at the expense of the quality of service. Thus, to deal with this mobile data traffic explosion and the lack of frequency bands, operators need to densify their radio access network infrastructure (RAN) and deploy heterogeneous and hybrid access networks using multiple technologies (WiFi / small cell (3G / 4G)), that enable data offloading.In this context, this thesis focuses on the definition and optimization of a hybrid network, where a unicast network (LTE) and a broadcast network (DVB-T2 Lite, DVB-NGH, LTE-eMBMS, etc.) cooperate to deliver multimedia content to mobile and portable devices.Firstly, we focus on the modeling and simulation of the hybrid unicast-broadcast network for the delivery of linear services. We consider a coverage extension scenario, where the coverage area of the broadcast network can be adjusted with respect to the distribution of the users and the number of users requesting the service. Using the TU-Wien system level simulator, we evaluate the performance of the hybrid network in terms of capacity, power consumption and energy efficiency.Secondly, with the proposed model, we provide a theoretical method to find an analytical expression of the broadcast coverage area that optimizes the service capacity, the power consumption and the energy efficiency of the hybrid network with respect to the quality of service requirements. Indeed, the theoretical results are in agreements with the simulation ones. Based on the proposed model, we analyze the impact of the number of users requesting the service on the optimal broadcast coverage area.Finally, we focus on the extension of the proposed hybrid network for the delivery of the non-linear services such as video on demand and file download services. We state an optimization problem regarding the constraints of these non-linear services, especially the waiting and downloading time and the transmission errors. This thesis provides great insights on the potential benefits that such hybrid approaches may bring in a context of “4G advanced” and “5G” networks where the UHF broadcasting spectrum is under pressure for being partly or completely attributed to mobile broadband operators due to the predicted explosion of the mobile data traffic.
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Quality of Service Provisioning and Performance Analysis in Vehicular Network / Approvisionnement de qualité de services et l'analyse des performances des réseaux véhiculesBouchemal, Naila 25 June 2015 (has links)
Les accidents de la circulation sont un des plus grands problèmes de sureté publique. Par conséquent la sécurité routière a toujours été la principale préoccupation des acteurs de la sécurité des transports. Durant les dernières décennies, les pouvoirs publics et les entreprises du secteur automobile ont été impliqués dans l'amélioration de nos systèmes de transport de la sécurité en réduisant les conséquences des accidents imminents et en diminuant le nombre d'accidents de la route. Néanmoins, la plupart de ces mesures préventives ne peut assurer la sécurité passive , car ils se concentrent sur la phase de collision. En fait, les matériaux comme les airbags réduisent l'impact d'un accident, mais ne l'empêchent pas. Cette reconnaissance de l'insuffisance de ces mesures passives a orienté à des perspectives industrielles nouvelles et innovantes qui cherchent à éviter les accidents et de détecter les dangers à l'avance au lieu de minimiser les dommages. En fait, selon des études pertinentes, 60 pers des accidents peuvent être évités si le conducteur avait été alerté d'une demi-seconde avant la collision. Des mesures drastiques sont déjà prises par les constructeurs automobiles afin d'offrir aux conducteurs une télématique plus large et donc d'améliorer leur gamme de sensibilisation. Si une collision est inévitable, la technologie de sécurité active peut préparer de manière proactive le véhicule pour l'impact à réduire les dommages. Par exemple, les capteurs de véhicules sont utilisés pour mesurer et évaluer l'état et de l'environnement d'un véhicule, permettant l'émission d'alertes précoces aux conducteurs. [...] / Road traffic crashes are one of the world's largest public health and injury problems. Therefore road security has always been the main concern of transportation security stakeholders. During the last decades, public authorities and automotive companies have been involved in the safety improvement of our transportation systems by reducing the consequences of imminent accidents and decreasing the number of road injuries. Nevertheless, most of these preventive measures can only provide passive safety since they focus on the post collision phase. In fact, materials of energy absorption like airbags reduce the impact of an accident but do not prevent it. This recognition of the inadequacy of these passive measures has oriented industrials to new and innovative perspectives that seek to avoid accidents and detect dangers in advance rather than minimize the damage. In fact, according to relevant studies, 60pers of accidents can be avoided if the driver had been alerted half a second before the collision. Drastic steps are already taken by automobile manufacturers to offer to drivers a larger telematics horizon and therefore enhance their range of awareness. If a collision is inevitable, active safety technology can proactively prepare the vehicle for the impact to reduce injuries. For example, vehicles' sensors are employed to measure and assess a vehicle' s condition and environment, enabling the issuance of early warnings to drivers. On the other hand, a remarkable and similar step in that direction is achieved by networking research community using vehicular networks within Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS)
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Power allocation in overlaid DVB-LTE systems / Allocation de puissance pour des systèmes DVB et LTE en présence de recouvrement spectralBawab, Hiba 16 December 2015 (has links)
L'avènement de terminaux avancés permet l'accès à des services toujours plus gourmands en bande passante, avec notamment le déploiement de services de vidéo mobile sans couture offert par le mode diffusion mobile intégré standardisé par le 3GPP. Dans le même temps, la communauté << broadcast » s'est adaptée aux nouveaux usages de télévision mobile avec la norme DVB-NGH (Digital Video Broadcasting - Next Generation Handheld). Dans ce contexte, l'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier la convergence spectrale entre les deux réseaux DVB et LTE en déployant une petite cellule LTE au sein d'une grande cellule DVB. Les deux technologies utilisent une forme d'onde OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing), en liaison descendante pour le LTE, ct possèdent donc quelques similarités tout en étant assez différentes par leurs caractéristiques. Dans ces travaux, nous nous intéressons aux performances atteignables lorsque les deux systèmes se recouvrent spectralement sans coopération. Le problème considéré étant analogue à un problème d’utilisateur secondaire opérant en mode recouvrement avec un utilisateur primaire, on commence par étudier le problème de la capacité ergodique du système secondaire, i.e. utilisateur LTE, sous contraintes de puissance moyenne générée par le secondaire sur le primaire, i.e LTE sur DVB, et de puissance crête au secondaire lorsque l'utilisateur primaire interfère sur le secondaire. Le problème est résolu analytiquement dans le cas général du canal croisé avec évanouissements de Rayleigh. Dans un deuxième temps nous étendons cette étude préliminaire au cas où la forme d'onde des deux systèmes primaire et secondaire est effectivement de type OFDM. En considérant d'abord un modèle simple de recouvrement total des sous-porteuses, nous délivrons la capacité ergodique globale ce qui nous permet d'évaluer l'influence des paramètres des systèmes, comme le nombre de sous-porteuses de chaque système ou les puissances interférentes, sur les capacités globales et individuelles. Nous nous intéressons ensuite à l'optimisation de la capacité globale où deux stratégies sont étudiées. D'une part, la capacité globale étant la somme de deux fonctions convexe et concave respectivement, la solution obtenue conduit au minimum de capacité globale mais mène à une situation d'équilibre entre les systèmes DVB et LTE. D'autre part, la maximisation de la capacité globale sous contrainte conduit à favoriser largement un système sur l'autre. Enfin, une étude fine de l'interférence causée par un système sur l'autre par recouvrement partiel est menée. L'effet de la variation du taux de recouvrement spectral entre les bandes du DVB et du LTE sur l'efficacité spectrale globale est étudié. On suppose ensuite que le récepteur possède une capacité de réjection de l'interférence permettant de déterminer le recouvrement optimal maximisant la capacité globale. Les différentes contributions de ces travaux ont permis d'avoir une approche théorique sur la modalité d'allocation de puissance des deux systèmes DVB et LTE co-existants et sur le taux de recouvrement approprié entre leurs spectres respectifs. Cette étude pourrait être ut le pour les opérateurs intéressés par un scénario de déploiement dense afin de choisir les configurations optimales des ressources dans une perspective de réutilisation agressive des fréquences. / Since the launch of the first numerical mobile telecommunications networks in the nineties, the quantity of the transmitted data over the networks is increasing year by year. Advanced user equipments enable to implement more and more bandwidth consuming services such as mobile T and multimedia internet, available in the integreted mobile broadcast mode recently standardized by the 3GPP group. In the meanwhile, the digital vide broadcasting - next generation handled (DVB-NGH) has been released in order to satisfy the increasing demand for mobile TV. These technologies compete for a more and more constrained spectral resource leading to question the possibility to deploy DVB and Long Term Evolution (LTE) service in a spectral overlay mode as it has been investigated by the Ml project funded by the National Research Agency. In this context, this thesis aims at studying the spectral convergence between DVB and LTE networks by deploying a small LTE cell in a large DVB cell. Both technologies present some similarities, i.e. both use orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) waveform (in downlink for LTE), but technical characteristics remain rather different between those. In this work, we deal with achievable performance when DVB and LTE spectrally overlap without cooperation. The considered problem being analog to the Seconda1y User (SU) - Primary User (PU) coexistence in overlay scenario, the SU ergodic capacity under average power generated on PU and peak power at SU constaints is investigated. An analytic solution is proposed in X-Channel with Rayleigh fading. In a second time, SU and PU are considered to be LTE and DVB respectively with their particular OFDM signal characteristics. With a first model of overlapping subcarriers, LTE and DVB ergodic capacities and global capacity as well are derived in closed form allowing to study the influence of several system parameters on ergodic capacities. The global capacity is then optimized using a convex-concave procedure leading to the minimum on the global capacity but to balanced capacity on individual links. On a second hand, global capacity maximization leads to favor one system over the other. Last but not least, a careful study of the interference caused by one system over the other by partial overlay is led. The effect of spectral overlap ratio between DVB and LTE systems over the global spectral efficiency is investigated. Advanced interference rejection ability is then assumed at receivers and the optimal spectral overlap, i.e. maximizing the global capacity, is then derived in that case. The different contributions in this work give a theoretical approach on the power allocation modality of two coexisting DVB and LTE systems and on the appropriate spectral overlap ratio between their respective spectrums. This study can be useful for operators interested in dense network deployment scenarios to decide the operating point of allocated resources in a very aggressive frequency reuse pattern.
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WiFi and LTE Coexistence in the Unlicensed SpectrumRupasinghe, Nadisanka 26 March 2015 (has links)
Today, smart-phones have revolutionized wireless communication industry towards an era of mobile data. To cater for the ever increasing data traffic demand, it is of utmost importance to have more spectrum resources whereby sharing under-utilized spectrum bands is an effective solution. In particular, the 4G broadband Long Term Evolution (LTE) technology and its foreseen 5G successor will benefit immensely if their operation can be extended to the under-utilized unlicensed spectrum. In this thesis, first we analyze WiFi 802.11n and LTE coexistence performance in the unlicensed spectrum considering multi-layer cell layouts through system level simulations. We consider a time division duplexing (TDD)-LTE system with an FTP traffic model for performance evaluation. Simulation results show that WiFi performance is more vulnerable to LTE interference, while LTE performance is degraded only slightly. Based on the initial findings, we propose a Q-Learning based dynamic duty cycle selection technique for configuring LTE transmission gaps, so that a satisfactory throughput is maintained both for LTE and WiFi systems. Simulation results show that the proposed approach can enhance the overall capacity performance by 19% and WiFi capacity performance by 77%, hence enabling effective coexistence of LTE and WiFi systems in the unlicensed band.
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Extended Coverage for Public Safety and Critical Communications Using Multi-hop and D2D CommunicationsBabun, Leonardo 26 March 2015 (has links)
In this thesis, we proposed the use of device-to-device (D2D) communications for extending the coverage area of active base stations, for public safety communications with partial coverage. A 3GPP standard compliant D2D system level simulator is developed for HetNets and public safety scenarios and used to evaluate the performance of D2D discovery and communications underlying cellular networks. For D2D discovery, the benefits of time-domain inter-cell interference coordi- nation (ICIC) approaches by using almost blank subframes were evaluated. Also, the use of multi-hop is proposed to improve, even further, the performance of the D2D discovery process. Finally, the possibility of using multi-hop D2D communications for extending the coverage area of active base stations was evaluated. Improvements in energy and spectral efficiency, when compared with the case of direct UE-eNB communi- cations, were demonstrated. Moreover, UE power control techniques were applied to reduce the effects of interference from neighboring D2D links.
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AETOS: An Architecture for Offloading Core LTE Traffic Using Software Defined Networking ConceptsNasim, Kamraan January 2016 (has links)
It goes without saying that cellular users of today have an insatiable appetite for bandwidth and data. Data-intensive applications, such as video on demand, online gaming and video conferencing, have gained prominence. This, coupled with recent innovations in the mobile network such as LTE/4G, poses a unique challenge to network operators in how to extract the most value from their deployments all the while reducing their Total Cost of Operations(TCO). To this end, a number of enhancements have been proposed to the ”conventional” LTE mobile network. Most of these recognize the monolithic and non-elastic nature of the mobile backend and propose complimenting core functionality with concepts borrowed from Software Defined Networking (SDN). In this thesis we shall attempt to explore some existing options within the LTE standard to mitigate large traffic churns. We will then review some SDN-enabled alternatives, and attempt to derive a proof based critique on their merits and drawbacks.
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Network-Based Positioning Using Last Visited Cells ReportOlofsson, Tor January 2017 (has links)
The positioning performance with the LVC (Last Visited Cells) report is evaluated and compared with extended reports with signal strength data. The LVC report contains cell identities and time spent in the last cells listened to. This is an off-line data source and the purpose of the positioning is to extract information about users’ whereabouts, which for example can be used to optimize the cellular network or vehicular traffic. The positioning evaluation is done in Matlab with a log-distance model, a fingerprinting algorithm, and a new LVC specific algorithm. A particle filter and a particle smoother is used to process simulated LVC reports and extended reports with different amount of information. The results are compared and evaluated with regard to the positioning accuracy and the information density of the reports.
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Device to Device Communications for Smart GridShimotakahara, Kevin 17 June 2020 (has links)
This thesis identifies and addresses two barriers to the adoption of Long Term Evolution (LTE) Device-to-Device (D2D) communication enabled smart grid applications in out of core network coverage regions. The first barrier is the lack of accessible simulation software for engineers to develop and test the feasibility of their D2D LTE enabled smart grid application designs. The second barrier is the lack of a distributed resource allocation algorithm for LTE D2D communications that has been tailored to the needs of smart grid applications.
A solution was proposed to the first barrier in the form of a simulator constructed in
Matlab/Simulink used to simulate power systems and the underlying communication
system, i.e., D2D communication protocol stack of Long Term Evolution (LTE). The
simulator is built using Matlab's LTE System Toolbox, SimEvents, and Simscape Power Systems in addition to an in-house developed interface software to facilitate D2D communications in smart grid applications. To test the simulator, a simple fault location, isolation, and restoration (FLISR) application was implemented using the simulator to show that the LTE message timing is consistent with the relay signaling in the power system.
A solution was proposed to the second barrier in the form of a multi-agent Q-learning based resource allocation algorithm that allows Long Term Evolution (LTE) enabled
device-to-device (D2D) communication agents to generate orthogonal transmission schedules outside of network coverage. This algorithm reduces packet drop rates (PDR) in distributed D2D communication networks to meet the quality of service requirements of microgrid communications. The PDR and latency performance of the proposed algorithm was compared to the existing random self-allocation mechanism introduced under the Third Generation Partnership Project's LTE Release 12. The proposed algorithm outperformed the LTE algorithm for all tested scenarios, demonstrating 20-40% absolute reductions in PDR and 10-20 ms reductions in latency for all microgrid applications.
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