La progression naturelle des tumeurs consiste en une extension locale, puis à distance (métastase) par migration de cellules dans le sang et la lymphe vers des sites secondaires. Il est donc primordial de pouvoir détecter des cellules tumorales circulantes en plus de l’analyse morphologique et de l’immunocytochimie. De plus, deux technologies (cytométrie en flux et RT-PCR quantitative en temps réel) sont adaptées pour une analyse automatisée, rapide et sensible d’une très faible quantité de cellules. Le but de notre travail a été de mettre au point des systèmes de détection pour l’identification de cellules cancéreuses dans les épanchements péritonéaux et dans le sang. L’étude des biomarqueurs moléculaires apparaît comme une approche complémentaire intéressante pour améliorer l'efficacité du diagnostic dans ce type d'échantillons biologiques. Nous nous sommes intéressés à la mise en évidence de nouveaux marqueurs tumoraux qui pourront être utilisés pour le diagnostic précoce et le pronostic des cancers en utilisant les nouvelles techniques de biologie moléculaire. Il est probable que l'utilisation de multiples marqueurs moléculaires puisse permettre d’évoquer plus particulièrement certains types de cancers. Nous avons pu mettre en place une technique de PCR quantitative en temps réel, nettement plus sensible que la cytologie classique, et nous avons appliqué cette technique à l'étude de marqueurs tumoraux dans les liquides d’épanchement, mais aussi dans le sang pour rechercher et doser l’ARN messager. Nos résultats montrent que la cytométrie en flux adaptée à des lignées cellulaires ne l’est pas pour des prélèvements cliniques. Par la PCR quantitative, il a été possible de quantifier le niveau d’expression des marqueurs tumoraux étudiés en utilisant des plasmides de référence qui ont été préparés pour chaque gène. Plusieurs marqueurs permettent de différencier des épanchements malins et des épanchements bénins, mais surtout les antigènes CLDN4 et Ep-CAM étaient significativement plus élevés (68% et 57%, respectivement) chez les patients avec épanchements malins. L’ARN messager circulant de la CLDN4 était détectable et significativement plus élevée dans les sérums de patients atteints de cancer du sein (64% p<0,05). Les résultats indiquent que l'utilisation d'une combinaison de marqueurs comportant laclaudine 4 est plus susceptible de détecter des cellules malignes et d'être utiles pour le suivi de patients / The natural progression of tumors is a local extension, and remotely (metastasis) by migrating cells in the blood and the lymph to secondary sites. It is therefore essential to detect circulating tumor cells in addition to morphological analysis and immunocytochemistry. In addition, two technologies (flow cytometry and RT-PCR in real time) are suitable for a rapid and sensitive automated analysis of a very small quantity of cells. The aim of our work was to develop detection systems for identification of cancer cells in peritoneal effusions and blood. The study of molecular biomarkers appears as an attractive complementary approach to improve the efficiency of diagnosis in this type of biological samples. We are interested in the identification of new tumor markers that can be used for early diagnosis and prognosis of cancer using new techniques of molecular biology. It is likely that the use of multiple molecular markers can help to raise some specific types ofcancers. We were able to develop a quantitative PCR technique in real time, significantly more sensitive than conventional cytology, and we applied this technique to the study of tumor markers in effusions, but also in blood for detecting messenger RNA. Our results show that flow cytometry well-adapted to cell lines, is not unusable for clinical specimens. For quantitative PCR, it was possible to quantify the expression levels of tumor markers using reference plasmids prepared for each gene. Several markers can differentiate malignant and benign effusions, but especially CLDN4 and Ep-CAM antigens were significantly higher (68% and 57% respectively) in patients with malignant effusions.The circulating CLDN4 mRNA was detectable and significantly higher in the sera of patients with breast cancer (64% p <0.05). The results indicate that using a combination of markers including claudin 4 is more likely to detect malignant cells and be useful for monitoring patients

Sedan 1969 har identitet och livsfrågor varit en av fyra underrubriker i det centrala innehållet för religionskunskap i årskurs 4–6. Trots 50 år i läroplanen har lärare skilda uppfattningar om hur undervisningen kring identitet och livsfrågor ska utformas. Syftet med litteraturstudien är att beskriva hur lärare skulle kunna arbeta, samt de utmaningar som de möter, med identitet och livsfrågor i religionsundervisningen för årskurs 4–6 enligt aktuell forskning. I denna litteraturstudie har tidigare forskning i ämnet sammanställts och analyserats utifrån olika inklusionskriterier, så som exempelvis forskning riktat mot den svenska skolan och religionskunskap. Det analyserade materialet är till övervägande del svensk forskning där författarna är endera forskare inom områdena för didaktik och religion eller undervisande lärare inom religionskunskap.   I resultatet beskrivs flera framgångsrika arbetssätt för att lyfta identitet och livsfrågor i klassrummet, exempelvis genom att arbeta med populärkultur. Det framkommer även att en av orsakerna till att lärare tycker det är svårt att undervisa om identitet och livsfrågor är på grund av bristande kunskaper om hur ämnet ska tas upp i undervisningen, då lärarutbildningen inte förbereder dem för detta. Utifrån symbolisk interaktionism och Erikssons interaktionsteori om identitetsutveckling diskuteras hur resultatet kan kopplas samman till vår framtida roll som religionslärare i årskurs 4–6. En slutsats som dras är att vidare forskning inom ämnet behövs för att genom undervisningen främja elevers identitetsutveckling.

by Cheung Siu Tim. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 155-160). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Polyesters have been realised as a viable replacement for slow or non-degrading petroleum derived polymers. A variety of aliphatic polyesters, e.g. poly(lactic acid), have received a lot of attention because they are produced from renewable feedstocks and have the ability to biodegrade and bioassimilate. Poly(lactic acid)'s broader family, poly(α-hydroxy acid)s, have been produced with a wide variety of properties, that has given polyesters the potential for a more diverse range of applications. However, their synthesis has proven difficult. This thesis investigates a family of 1,3-dioxolan-4-ones as a monomer source to ease difficulties in current synthetic routes. Polymerisation of the parent 1,3-dixoxolan-4-one was tested. The copolymerisation of Llactide and 1,3-dioxolan-4-one was conducted with various monomer feedstocks. Ringopening polymerisation of 1,3-dioxolan-4-one led to the formation of paraformaldehyde as a polymerisation by-product. The copolymerisation was found to be best controlled when using a coordination-insertion type catalyst. 1,3-dioxolan-4-one was also copolymerised with ε-caprolactone and β-butyrolactone to produce copolymers with various compositions. The formation of poly(lactic acid) and poly(mandelic acid) from 5-methyl-1,3-dioxolan- 4-one and 5-phenyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-one was investigated. Poly(lactic acid) and poly(mandelic acid) were synthesised with either isotactic or atactic tacticities. Molecular weights were found to be lower than the expected values. A variety of MeAl(salen) catalysts were explored for the polymerisation of 5-methyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-one and catalysts ligated with tertiary-butyl substituted salens were found to have higher rates of polymerisation and reached high conversions. Altering the diimine bridge in the ligand led to variations in rates of polymerisation and molecular weights. The cause of the decrease in molecular weight was found to be caused by a side reaction. The side reaction was bypassed by polymerising 2,2,5- trimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-one and 2,2-dimethyl-5-phenyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-one to form poly(lactic acid) and poly(mandelic acid), respectively, with the expulsion of acetone. The scope of 1,3-dioxolan-4-ones capable of being polymerised to form poly(α-hydroxy acid)s was expanded to include iso-propyl, cyclohexyl, normal-butyl, iso-butyl, propargyl, chloromethyl and benzyloxymethyl substituents at the five position. The glass transition temperatures accessible from this synthetic route was expanded (22-105 °C). Kinetic experiments revealed the impact of the substituents steric bulk on the rate of polymerisation and points toward a coordination-insertion mechanism. Poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) was copolymerised with 5-propargyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-one to incorporate alkynyl functionality and hence Raman spectroscopy showed the polymer had a distinct peak at 2128 cm-1. Following post-polymerisation modification of poly(lactic acid-co-3-chloro-2-hydroxypropanoic acid) copolymers, acrylate functionalised polymers were produced. The copolymers were shown to be capable of crosslinking poly(α-hydroxy acid) and poly(methyl methacrylate).

Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-01T23:30:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_10277_Felipe Mattar Mestrado Dissertação FINAL web.pdf: 1673293 bytes, checksum: 036f9607500815b73f5bde0db2d58b01 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-31 / O trabalho apresenta o estudo acerca das influências do hiper-realismo sonoro no cinema contemporâneo brasileiro. Para isso, buscou-se estudar as relações entre o homem e o som no seu cotidiano e a experiência sonora no cinema. Identificar como, quando e onde surgiu essa estética hiper-realista no tratamento sonoro no cinema contemporâneo e buscar suas características e implicações na construção do espaço sonoro dos filmes. Por fim, analisar os filmes O Som ao Redor (2012), de Kleber Mendonça Filho, Mar Negro (2013) e de Rodrigo Aragão, onde são abordadas questões acerca do hiper-realismo sonoro, som dentro e fora de tela, presença dos ruídos, música e o conjunto do som com a mise en scène. Palavras-chave: 1. Cinema. 2. Realismo no cinema. 3. Cinema Sonoplastia. 4. Som. 5. O Contemporâneo.

Práce se zaměřuje na specifický obor mobilní komunikace ? infotainment&entertainment (též contentové služby), který představuje informačně zábavné služby v mobilním telefonu ? a na marketingovou strategii, kterou mobilní operátor aplikuje v rámci těchto služeb. Strategie je analyzována z hlediska modelu 4P. ?Product? představuje detailní zmapování služeb, ?Price? nejen celu ale i spotřební rozhodování na trhu contentových služeb, ?Promotion? nejdůležitější nástroje komunikačního mixu, ?Place? souhrn činností, které vedou k tomu, že je konečnému zákazníkovi poskytnuto perfektní plnění. Důraz je kladen také na aplikaci efektivních postupů při organizaci činností a moderních technologií využívaných pro mobilní služby.

The aim of diploma thesis is to suggest new marketing strategy of ski and snowboard school SCHOOL 4 FUN for this year 2011/2012 including proposals and recommendation for its improvement. Suggested marketing strategy is the solution for suitable position of limited financial means for the company to maintain competitive advantage, increase its sale, thus increase its revenue at the same time. To achieve given aim, the technique of competitive analysis, marketing mix and SWOT analysis was used. Diploma thesis is divided into two parts: theoretical and practical. The theoretical part deals with the specification of basic terms. In the practical part the theory of competitive analysis, marketing mix and SWOT analysis is applied.

La physiopathologie du diabète de type II se caractérise par de sévères anomaliesmétaboliques telles que l’hyperglycémie et les dyslipidémies contribuant au développementdes maladies cardiovasculaires. Une altération de l’activité de l’AMPK dans les tissus tels quele muscle squelettique et le foie est associée à ces désordres métaboliques alors que sonactivation pharmacologique permet de les rétablir. Toutefois, le complexe hétérotrimériqueαβγ tissu-spécifique de l’AMPK confère une régulation et des rôles distincts qui demeurentinexplorés dans l’intestin, un organe favorisant pourtant l’augmentation de l’absorption desnutriments en situation de diabète de type II. La présente étude démontre une prépondérancedu complexe α1β2γ1 de l’AMPK dans les cellules intestinales Caco-2 dont l’un des rôles de lasous-unité α1 est de réguler l’ACC, l’enzyme de synthèse des acides gras. Contrairement àl’AMPK exprimée dans le foie, elle ne régule pas l’HMG-CoA Réductase impliquée dans lasynthèse du cholestérol. L’activation de l’AMPK mime l’effet de l’insuline en réduisantl’absorption intestinale du glucose et des lipides alors que son altération en situationd’insulino-résistance (e.g : induite par le 4-HHE dans un modèle cellulaire Caco-2 ou induitepar la diète dans le modèle animal Psammomys obesus) favorise l’absorption du glucose etdes lipides, ce qui exacerberait l’hyperglycémie et la dyslipidémie postprandiale associées audiabète de type II. L’AMPK au niveau intestinal constitue donc une cible thérapeutiquepotentielle complémentaire pour la prévention et le traitement du diabète de type II. / Physiopathology of type II Diabetes is characterized by severe metabolic abnormalities suchas hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia also implicated in development of cardiovasculardiseases. Impaired AMPK activity in tissues such as skeletal muscle and liver is associatedwith these metabolic disorders whereas its pharmacologic activation is able to restore suchabnormalities. Nevertheless, tissue-specific heterotrimeric αβγ AMPK likely confers distinctroles and regulation that remain unexplored in intestine, an organ promoting enhancednutrients absorption in type II diabetes situation. This study demonstrates α1β2γ1 AMPKcomplex preponderance in intestinal Caco-2 cells whose α1 subunit role is to regulate ACCenzyme responsible of fatty acid synthesis. Unlike in the liver, AMPK doesn’t regulate HMGCoAreductase enzyme implicated in cholesterol synthesis. AMPK activation mimics insulineffect by reducing intestinal glucose and lipids absorption whereas its alteration in insulinresistancesituation (e.g.: induced by 4-HHE in Caco-2 cell model or in Psammomys obesusanimal model) enhances glucose and lipids absorption which could exacerbate postprandialhyperglycemia and dyslipidemia associated to type II diabetes. Thus, AMPK at the intestinallevel could be a potential therapeutic target in prevention and treatment of type II diabetes

Ce travail de thèse porte sur l’étude numérique de la propagation d’ondes de choc dans les écoulements compressibles multiphasiques et en interaction (fluide-structure). Deux approches sont étudiées pour la résolution numérique de la partie fluide : L’approche ALE (Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian) et l’approche lagrangienne SPH (Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics) ; la partie structure, quant à elle, est résolue par une approche classique EF (Éléments finis). L’étude des méthodes ALE et SPH constituent les deux principaux axes de recherche. La problématique des coups de bélier dans l’ingénierie nucléaire est abordée dans cette thèse. Lors d’un coup de bélier, les nombreuses réflexions d’ondes de choc dans les tuyauteries nucléaires peuvent faire baisser la pression de l’eau en dessous de sa pression de saturation et générer localement de la cavitation. Le modèle HEM (Homogeneous Equilibrium Model) de changement de phase proposé par Saurel et al. (1999) à trois équations est étudié et appliqué aux coups de bélier. Les résultats obtenus sont comparés aux données expérimentales. Malgré l’utilisation des techniques de renormalisation en SPH, des instabilités (oscillations numériques) se développent à l’interface entre les particules de matériaux différents. Ces instabilités restreignent l’utilisation des schémas SPH classiques pour des problèmes à faible ratio de densité. Afin de résoudre les problèmes de choc, le schéma proposé par Hu et Adams (2006) est adapté au régime fortement compressible en considérant le couplage entre la densité et la longueur de lissage. Les différents schémas SPH sont comparés entre eux pour les problèmes de chocs multiphasiques en 1-D et 2-D. Les résultats SPH sont validés avec la solution exacte pour les problèmes 1-D et la solution ALE pour les problèmes 2-D. / This thesis focuses on the numerical study of the propagation of shock waves in compressible multiphase flows and fluid structure interaction. Two approaches are being studied for the numerical solution of the fluid part: the ALE approach (Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian) and the Lagrangian SPH (Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics) approach; while the structure part is solved by a conventional FE (Finite Element). The numerical investigation of the ALE and SPH methods are the two main areas of research.Water Hammers phenomena occuring in nuclear industries are investigated in this thesis. During a Water Hammer, the shock waves reflections in nuclear piping may drop locally the water pressure below its saturation pressure and generate cavitation. The three equations HEM (Homogeneous Equilibrium Model) phase change model proposed by Saurel et al. (1999) is studied and applied to solve water hammers. The obtained results are compared with experimental data. Despite the use of renormalization techniques in SPH, instabilities (numerical oscillations) are developed at the interface between particles from different materials. These instabilities restrict the use of traditional SPH schemes to problems with low density ratio. In order to solve the shock problems in the compressible regime, the scheme originally proposed by Hu and Adams (2006) is adapted to fully compressible regime (FC-SPH) by considering the coupling between the density and the smoothing length. The different SPH schemes are compared for 1-D and 2-D multiphase shock problems. Validation is performed in comparison with exact solutions for 1-D problems and ALE solution for 2-D problems.

A Radioterapia em arco modulado volumétrico (VMAT) é uma das modalidades mais avançadas em teleterapia para o tratamento de câncer. Os diversos avanços tecnológicos, bem como a evolução das técnicas de tratamento tornaram o VMAT como uma das modalidades de estado da arte para o tratamento de alguns cânceres. Parte deste avanço é creditada à melhoria na acurácia e na prescrição de dose absorvida recomendada ao paciente ao longo dos anos. Este avanço permite que atualmente seja possível realizar os cálculos dosimétricos, por meio de sistemas de planejamento computadorizado, considerando as heterogeneidades dos pacientes, tais como: tecidos e órgãos com composições diferentes da água (meio de referência em radioterapia), contorno do paciente individualizado e o movimento dos tumores com a respiração. Tais avanços demandam o controle de qualidade destas ferramentas, com objetivo de assegurar que todo o processo de tratamento seja satisfatório e acurado. A comunidade dispõe poucos sistemas experimentais capazes de avaliar, considerando os níveis de incerteza, se os sistemas de planejamento computadorizados são aptos a considerar a movimentação dos alvos nos tratamentos com VMAT. Neste trabalho serão apresentados os resultados obtidos empregando um objeto simulador Fricke Xylenol Gel, com capacidade de mensurar as diferenças introduzidas pela movimentação, utilizando Imagem por Ressonância Magnética - MRI e comparando qualitativamente e quantitativamente os resultados. São discutidas as principais etapas de desenvolvimento deste objeto simulador, seus resultados experimentais, conclusões. / Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT) is one of the methods most commonly used in teletherapy to treat cancer. The various technological advances and the evolution of treatment techniques made the VMAT as one of the state of the art methods for the treatment of some cancers. Part of this improvement is credited to improvements in accuracy and prescription dose absorbed recommended to the patient over the years. This advance allows currently is possible to perform dosimetric calculations by means of the computerized planning system, considering the heterogeneity of patients, such as tissues and organs with different water compositions medium (reference radiation), and individual patient contour the movement of tumors breathing. Such advances require quality control of these tools, in order to ensure that the entire treatment process is satisfactory and accurate. Up to now, the community lacks an experimental system capable of evaluating, considering the uncertainty levels if the computerized planning systems are able to consider the movement of targets in the treatments with VMAT. In this paper, will be presented the results obtained with the phantom Fricke Xylenol Gel, capable of measuring the differences introduced by movement using the Magnetic Resonance Image - MRI and compared qualitatively and quantitatively. The main stages of the phantom development, their experimental results, conclusions and comparisons with other systems are discussed.