No / Discussions between the children's services manager at an National Health Service trust, and a children's nursing lecturer from the trust's partnering university clarified that there was a need to establish a greater understanding of the local circumstances surrounding adverse events in drug administration - particularly when those events involved nurses. Indeed it is claimed that nurses spend up to 40% of their time administering drugs. It was agreed that a collaborative research study, specifically designed to explore the nature of drug administration errors, could inform future trust policies and procedures around both drug administration and error, as well as the various university curricula concerning drug administration. This study, supported by senior management in the trust, and the chair of the local research ethics committee, has commenced. The first part of this study -- an introductory literature review, is presented here. The work of O'Shea [J Clin Nurs (1999)8:496-504] is significant in structuring the review that bears a number of recurring themes. It is not the intention of this literature review to reappraise O'Shea's original critique but to expand on her work, offer a contemporaneous perspective in the light of studies and reports published since 1999, and reset the topic in the context of clinical governance. This literature review has already provided an underpinning framework for a pilot questionnaire to staff who have been involved in drug administration errors and is also the basis for curricular input to preregistration students on the subject of risk management and drug administration. In conclusion, several recommendations about the shape of future research are offered.

ITC/USA 2006 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Second Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 23-26, 2006 / Town and Country Resort & Convention Center, San Diego, California / This paper presents a case study of the commercialisation of an ad-hoc wireless network technology from a subsidiary of a multinational company. The paper does not disclose any intellectual property specifics, the organisations or individuals involved. Instead the paper focuses on generic issues associated with technology transfer; exploration of market opportunities, market validation, the identification of a novel business model and economic validation. The paper wraps the case study within the academic context of commercialisation providing substantive literature sources, tools and techniques for readers faced with similar challenges; tools and techniques that can be applied irrespective of the underlying technology.

Despite a general consensus concerning the relevance of supply partnerships to agility, the literature reveals disagreements and contradictions regarding their characteristics and, in particular, their duration. This is, whether partnerships in an agile strategy should be long-term (strategic partnerships) or short-term (agile partnerships). The research joins this debate by investigating the types and characteristics of supply partnerships to achieve agility. The underlying premise of the work is that the type of supply partnership is contingent on the degree of turbulence an agile strategy is designed to face. The research was carried out in the fashion industry, given the relevance of agility in this industry. Specifically, the research focused the supply partnerships developed by the footwear companies in the Macerata-Fermo district, the largest footwear district in Italy. The focus on district companies allow the comparison of several companies sharing a very similar business context, allowing a better control of external variables and increasing the internal validity of the study. The field research consisted of a preliminary survey on agility drivers and agile capabilities in the Macerata-Fermo footwear district, followed by an in-depth investigation on supply partnerships using multiple embedded cases studies. Overall six medium-large footwear companies have been analysed in their supply relationships with respect to five key supply categories. For each supply category, the buyer view of the focal firms has been complemented with a view from the supplier side. In total the fieldwork is built upon 30 interviews with 22 informants from 18 companies for a total of more than 23 hours of interviews. In all cases, except two, the key informant was owner, CEO or general manager of the company, eventually supported by another company manager. In two cases, the interviews data have been strengthened by a longitudinal analysis of purchase orders over eight years. The fieldwork highlights that agility drivers and agile capabilities impact on the footwear companies’ decision of developing agile supply partnerships. Specifically footwear companies that are under the pressure of high-turbulence agility drivers (here represented by a high collection renewal rate) and that have developed strong agile capabilities (here represented by a local supply network and a purchase orders postponement) choose agile supply partnerships with respect to supply categories that are sensitive to the fashion trends and therefore difficult to be sourced in a stable way – season after season – from the same suppliers. The main contribution to theory is related to the characteristics of supply partnerships in an agile strategy and specifically to the apparent paradox of “high-involvement & short- term” relationships (i.e. agile supply partnerships). In spite of the presence of time compression diseconomies in building up partnership and of the loss of relational (non- redeployable) benefits in closing down partnerships, scenarios of high-turbulence can give companies an incentive to look for short-term partnerships. Such finding can support a wider claim that different levels of turbulence call for different agility strategies requiring different capabilities and practices. The main contribution to practice is related to the way agile partnerships are selected, started and ended. Given that many industries are facing an increase in market turbulence, it appears that many companies – even outside the fashion industry – might have to learn how to balance high-involvement supply relationships with respect to a shorter time horizon.

Bakgrund: HIV är en infektionssjukdom som kan överföras vid bland annat oskyddade samlag, via blod och transplanterad vävnad. Då det idag finns antivirala läkemedel ses HIV inte längre som en dödlig utan en kronisk sjukdom. Personer med HIV/AIDS upplever att sjukdomen påverkar den fysiska och psykiska hälsan negativt. Sjuksköterskor har bristande kunskaper om sjukdomen samt är ovilliga att ge omvårdnad till dessa personer. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturöversikten var att beskriva personers upplevelser av att leva med HIV/AIDS. Metod: Litteraturöversikten baserades på 13 artiklar med kvalitativ design som analyserades enligt Fribergs femstegsmodell. En induktiv ansats användes. Resultat: Huvudtemat stigmatisering identifierades tillsammans med temat transition med tillhörande fem underteman samt temat rädsla med tillhörande tre underteman. Slutsats: Personerna med HIV/AIDS upplevde sig stigmatiserade av närstående, i samhället och i kontakt med hälso- och sjukvården. För att stigmatiseringen ska upphöra behöver sjuksköterskor mer kunskap om HIV/AIDS. För att nå ett personcentrerat förhållningssätt behöver sjuksköterskor se personerna bakom sjukdomen samt medvetandegöra sina attityder och förutfattade meningar mot personerna som lever med HIV/AIDS. / Background: HIV is an infectious disease which can be transmitted through for example unprotected sexual intercourse, through blood and transplanted tissues. Because of today’s antiviral drugs HIV is seen as a chronic disease instead of a mortal. People with HIV/AIDS experience that the disease affects the physical and mental health negatively. Nurses have poor knowledge about the disease and are reluctant to give care to these people. Aim: The aim of the literature review was to describe people's experiences of living with HIV/AIDS. Method: The literature review was based on 13 articles with qualitative design which were analyzed according to Friberg’s five-step model. An inductive approach was used. Results:  The main theme stigma was identified along with the theme transition with five sub- themes and the theme fear with three sub- themes. Conclusion: People with HIV/AIDS felt stigmatized by family, society and in contact with health services. To reduce stigma nurses need more knowledge about HIV/AIDS. To reach a person-centered approach nurses need to see the people behind the disease and raise awareness of their attitudes and prejudices against people living with HIV/AIDS.

Bakgrund: Antalet personer som lever med en demenssjukdom i Sverige är uppskattningsvis mellan 110 000 till 170 000. Den verbala och ickeverbala kommunikationen är betydelsefull för att möta denna grupp av personer i samspelet och i vårdandet. Svårigheter att förstå och tolka personen med demenssjukdomen komplicerar omvårdnadssituationen vilket gör att kommunikationen blir till en utmaning för vårdaren. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva vårdares kommunikation med personer med demenssjukdom. Metod: En litteraturöversikt genomfördes där åtta artiklar söktes fram genom att använda kombinerade sökord. Analysen genomfördes med hjälp av Fribergs metodbeskrivning över analys vid litteraturöversikt där fokus låg på att skapa en översikt över den aktuella befintliga forskningen. Resultat: I litteraturöversikten identifierades tre teman: Kommunikationens betydelse i omvårdnadssituationen berörde hur verbal och icke verbal kommunikation ökade förståelsen för personen, Kommunikationens betydelse i bekräftande omvårdnad berörde hur vårdarens följsamhet för personens känsla av verklighet präglade omvårdnadssituationen och Kommunikationens betydelse för det relationsskapande vårdandet berörde hur individuellt anpassad omvårdnad påverkade samspelet med personen. Diskussion: Diskussionen fördjupade sig kring ämnena Relationens betydelse i vårdandet, vårdares kompetens och kunskap och kommunikationsstrategier som en omvårdnadsåtgärd, samt återkopplade till Feils teori om validationsmetoden och det vårdvetenskapliga konsensusbegreppet vårdande. / Background: The number of persons with dementia disease in Sweden is approximately between being around 110 000 – 170 000. The verbal and non-verbal communication is important to meet this group of people while interacting and caring for this group. Difficulties in understanding and interpreting persons with dementia complicate the care situation, which means that communication becomes a challenge for the caregiver. Aim: The objective was to describe carers’ communication with persons with dementia disease. Method: A literature review was conducted in which eight articles were sought through the use of combined keywords such as carer, communication and dementia. The analysis was conducted using the method of literature reviews described by Friberg which focused on creating an overall summarization of the existing research. Results: The literature review identified three different main themes: The importance of communication that involves verbal and nonverbal communication and its effects in the interaction with the person. The importance of communication in confirming nursing involves how the effect of knowledge of the person’s lifeworld characterized nursing situations. The importance of communication when creating caring relationships involved how individually adapted caring actions effected interactions with the person. Discussion: The discussion focused on the topics: the meaning of the caring relationship, the knowledge and competence of the carer, and communication strategies as a caring action. It also made connections to Feil’s theory on validation and the common nursing concept of caring.

M.Med.(Internal Medicine), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 2009. / In Africa, infective endocarditis (IE) is still a disease of young adults with underlying rheumatic heart disease (RHD). As of 2006, almost two-thirds of all persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are living in sub-Saharan Africa. Southern Africa thus remains the epicentre of the global HIV epidemic. The HIV sero-prevalence data reported in Southern Africa are as high as 20% - 30% of the adult population aged between 15 and 49 years. In South Africa, the prevalence of HIV among adults aged 15 - 49 is 18.8%. Based on a simple extrapolation, there is a higher possibility of encountering a significant number of patients infected with HIV and underlying RHD with IE in Southern Africa than in any other part of the world. In Africa because both HIV and valvular heart disease are relatively common, the co-existence of the two conditions in individual patients is not rare. Despite the major advances in diagnosis and management of this classical disease, the overall mortality rates for both native-valve and prosthetic-valve endocarditis remain as high as 20 to 25 percent after 1 year and at 50% after 10 years. However, the mortality rate varies, depending on a number of factors, such as: • the causative microorganism • the presence of complications • the development of perivalvular extension or a myocardial abscess • neurological events • the existence of conditions such as congestive heart failure • renal failure • severe immunosuppression due to HIV infection in intravenous drug abusers • the use of combined medical therapy and surgical therapy in appropriate patients. vi The clinical outcome of infective endocarditis in HIV patients is poor, severe immunodeficiency in IVDAs with IE has been reported to be associated with poor outcome. However, such an association has never been documented in non-IVDAs, particularly in Africa, where the expected majority patients with HIV and IE are non- IVDAs. The clinical profile including bacteriology of infective endocarditis in HIV patients is different from HIV uninfected patients. The clinical impact of the HIV epidemic on infective endocarditis in Africa has not been elucidated in the world literature and there is, moreover, a paucity of literature describing this clinical entity of HIV and IE in Africa. Objective The objective of this study was to highlight the co-existence of infective endocarditis in HIV positive, non-intravenous drug abuse in South Africa and Africa by: reporting three cases admitted at the researcher’s institution within a period of two months; and undertaking a literature review. Methods This was a retrospective case report and literature review study of IE in HIV infected patients. Three HIV positive patients with IE and with or without underlying chronic rheumatic heart disease were reported. The patients were admitted at the researcher’s institution within a period of two months. All three patients did not report intravenous drug abuse. However, all patients died within a short period of admission to the hospital. The systematic review of cases published in the literature was delivered from MEDLINE SEARCH from January 1985 to December 2006. The following key words were used: Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, Rheumatic Heart Disease, Infective Endocarditis, and Intravenous Drug Abusers and Non-Intravenous Drug Abusers. Most of the articles were identified in English; where articles were identified in Spanish and French, only abstracts were used. vii Literature emanating from Africa was emphasized. In addition, the references quoted in this study were reviewed for relevance on the topic. Results Three patients with definitive IE and infected with HIV were reported: one patient was without underlying chronic rheumatic valvular heart disease and two showed underlying chronic rheumatic valvular heart disease. There are few reported studies of IE not related to intravenous drug abuse in HIV infected patients in the literature, which is probably attributable to the reported low prevalence of IE in this sub-group of patients. Most of these published studies are limited to a series of case reports and very little data or reports originate from Africa. Conclusion The clinical pattern of IE in HIV positive patients who are not IVDAs is not well described in literature. However, in this anecdotal case report, the three patients studied retrospectively had a poor outcome. Based on this anecdotal report of three cases described, if an extrapolation was done from these numbers and a prospective analysis performed, we would observed a substantial number of non-IVDU cases with infective endocarditis and HIV/AIDS in Africa. The literature review in its current form may shed some light on HIV and IE in non-IVDU patients, but doesn’t specifically address the issue of the potential co-existence of HIV and IE in Africa. Given the high prevalence both HIV/AIDS and rheumatic valvular heart disease in Africa, in future, we are more likely to see a significant proportion of patients with IE and underlying rheumatic valvular heart disease who are coincidentally HIV infected. There is a useful need for prospective studies describing the prevalence and outcome and for subsequently defining the management of this condition in Africa.

Dentre os tratamentos possíveis para feridas, um deles, ainda pouco discutido e divulgado, é o uso terapêutico do ozônio. A finalidade desta revisão foi verificar se há benefícios neste uso em feridas. Os objetivos foram: buscar evidências científicas sobre estes benefícios por meio da revisão sistemática da literatura científica; realizar levantamento bibliográfico de estudos primários sobre a temática; analisar a qualidade metodológica destes estudos e discutir sobre as evidências de seus resultados. A metodologia utilizada foi a revisão sistemática da literatura científica, de acordo com o preconizado pelo Centro Cochrane do Brasil. Foram selecionadas oito bases de dados eletrônicas que disponibilizam publicações de pesquisas na área da saúde (CINAHAL, COCHRANE, EMBASE, LILACS, MEDLINE, OVID, PubMed, USP/Sibi/DEDALUS). Além destas bases, um estudo foi encontrado em um livro alemão específico sobre a temática. A busca foi feita de acordo com os Descritores em Ciências da Saúde baseado no MESH (Medical Subject Headings of U.S. National Library of Medicine). Foram encontrados 1637 estudos, sendo 55 pré-selecionados, e apenas 23 incluídos para a revisão. Dentre os principais resultados destacam-se: 52,2% dos estudos incluídos foram ensaios clínicos não controlados, 21,7% ensaios clínicos randomizados controlados abertos, 17,4% ensaios clínicos não randomizados controlados e 8,7% relatos de casos. A maioria dos estudos considerou como desfecho a cicatrização total da ferida ou a estimulação do processo de cicatrização, seguidos da melhora do aspecto da ferida, diminuição da dor/sintomas, melhora dos exames laboratoriais e, um deles relatou diminuição de odor da ferida. Foi analisado o quanto cada estudo controlou ou não variáveis intrínsecas e extrínsecas e quem foram os sujeitos de pesquisa em cada um deles. Analisou-se, ainda, se houve estratificação de variáveis entre os grupos controle e experimental nos estudos controlados e aplicou-se a Escala adaptada de Jadad para verificar a validade interna dos estudos randomizados, cujas pontuações obtidas foram inferiores ao mínimo estabelecido para um estudo de alta qualidade. Como conclusão, ao considerar apenas como estudos de qualidade aqueles randomizados, é possível reconhecer evidência forte do benefício do uso do ozônio, o que confirma a hipótese desta revisão. Mas, a partir da análise de sua validade interna, controle de variáveis interferentes e quantidade e tipo de população, os estudos apresentam problemas de condução e não é possível esse mesmo reconhecimento. Não é desprezível, porém, o fato de que todos os estudos obtiveram resultados favoráveis com o uso de ozônio, o que enseja a recomendação de viabilidade de realização de mais estudos, do tipo ensaios clínicos controlados e bem conduzidos, com estratificação de variáveis intrínsecas e extrínsecas e, principalmente, que utilizem como única intervenção o próprio ozônio, sem associar qualquer tipo de método que interfira no processo de cicatrização. Finalmente, considerando todos os aspectos discutidos e a realidade brasileira, o ozônio, poderia ser uma importante opção de tratamento para feridas e trazer diversos benefícios aos seus portadores, caso isso fosse provado por estudos bem delineados e de qualidade / Among the possible treatments for wounds there is one that is still very little discussed and divulged: the therapeutic use of the ozone. The purpose of this review is to verify if there are benefits of that use. These were the following goals: to search for scientific evidence of those benefits through systematic scientific literature review; to the bibliographic research of basic studies related to this theme; to analyze the methodological quality of those studies and to discuss the evidence of their results. The methodology used was the systematic scientific literature review, according to what is stated by the Cochrane Center of Brazil. Eight electronic data bases that contain publications of researches in the health area were selected (CINAHAL, COCHRANE, EMBASE, LILACS, MEDLINE, OVID, PubMed, USP/Sibi/DEDALUS). Apart from those data bases, one study was found in a Germany book specific on that theme. The research was done according to the Health Science Key-words based on the MESH (Medical Subject Headings of U.S. National Library of Medicine). 1637 studies were found, 55 were pre-selected and only 23 were included in the review. The main results were the following: 52,2% of the included studies were non-controlled clinical trials, 21,7% were open-label randomized controlled clinical trials, 17,4% were non-randomized controlled clinical trials and 8,7% were case reports. Most part of the studies considered the complete wound healing or the healing process stimulation as outcomes, followed by improvement of the wound aspects, reduction in the pain/symptoms, improvement on the laboratory exams and one of them reported the wound smell reduction. This review analyzed how many intrinsic and extrinsic variables were controlled and who the subjects were in each study. Besides that, it was analyzed if there were variables stratification among the control and the experimental groups in the controlled trials and the adapted Jadad Scale was applied to verify the internal validity of the randomized trials, whose obtained scores were less than the minimum standardized for a high quality study. To sum up, when only randomized trials are considered as of quality, it is possible to recognize strong evidence of benefit in the use of the ozone, which confirms the hypothesis of this review. But, when analyzing the internal validity, the controlled variables and the number and the kind of subjects, the studies presented execution problems and it is not possible to recognize the same thing. It is needless to say that all studies have obtained favorable results in the use of the ozone, which triggers the need to carry out more related studies, as well as to conduct controlled clinical trials, with intrinsic and extrinsic variables stratification and, mainly, that the ozone without associating any method that can interfere in the wound healing is used as unique intervention. Finally, considering all discussed aspects and the Brazilian reality, the ozone could be an important option of wound treatment and it could bring many benefits to its carriers if this was proofed by well conducted quality studies

For several decades, management scholars have extolled the virtues of using real option logic when making decisions under uncertainty. Real option logic suggests that in such situations, firms might be better off deferring or staging investments, reducing potential financial losses, while at the same time securing an option to grow (or abandon) the investment when uncertainty abates. Our analysis of the empirical research published in leading management journals over the past 25 years suggests that while some progress has been made, much more work needs to be done. We still do not have the answers to critical questions such as: Which entrepreneurial/managerial traits impact the identification or exploitation of real options? Do multiple types of uncertainties interact with each other and influence real option decisions? Addressing these and other issues identified in our study can help improve our understanding of the usefulness of real option logic in management.

In recent years, the entertainment industry has begun to announce the release dates of many of their movies years in advance. This leads one to believe that movie studios are not taking into account the quality of a movie when a studio decides its release date. This paper will be an analysis in whether there is a difference in seasonality between different qualities of movies. If a studio announces the release date before filming even begins, it is clear that they do not know, and therefore cannot properly consider, the quality of the movie when they make its release date public. I will use films that make over a million dollars at the box office from 2000-2016 to examine the seasonality of good, average, and bad movies. My models will control for variables that were found to be significant in previous research. These include budget, MPAA rating, genre, and Oscar nominations. I will prove that there is a difference in seasonality between all three of these qualities groups. This will show that the Hollywood is now dismissing a key component in the difficult decision process that is movie release dates.

Practically speaking, a well-conducted review of literature is central to a scholar’s ability to pose pertinent and timely questions within their field. As part of the culminating written assessment of a Ph.D. candidate, the dissertation literature review provides a unique vantage point to explore future scholars’ preparation. In spite of its central role within the research process, research about how future scholars are taught the doctoral competencies necessary to conduct a review of the literature for the dissertation or how the dissertation literature reviews are assessed is limited. In two separate studies, this research uses the Boote and Beile’s Literature Review Scoring Rubric as a framework to explore the textbooks used in the early stages of doctoral education and the quality of dissertation literature reviews from a field of education research. In the first study, seven of the top selling education research methods textbooks from 2010 were analyzed to determine how well they cover the 12 performance criteria on the rubric. While the results were varied, the majority of textbooks were not adequate in their coverage of the performance criteria identified by Boote and Beile. In short, the materials used to prepare doctoral students may not be equal to conveying critical components of the literature review. Efforts were then devoted to a replication study of exploring the end results of doctoral training and preparation. In the second study, the Literature Review Scoring Rubric was used to assess the quality of 30 randomly selected dissertation literature reviews from Instructional Technology. The scores of the dissertation literature reviews were also varied. While some dissertation literature reviews in this study were of high quality and scored well, the majority of them were of a lower quality.